Researchers and decision-makers lack a shared understanding of resilience, and practical applications in environmental
resource management are rare. Here, we define social-ecological resilience as a property of social-ecological systems that
includes at least three main characteristics — resistance, recovery and robustness (the ‘three Rs’). We define socio-economic
resilience management as planning, adaptation and transformational actions that may influence these system characteristics.
We integrate the three Rs into a heuristic for resilience management that we apply in multiple management contexts to offer
practical, systematic guidance about how to realize resilience