This study investigated the use of Colocynth seeds oil as lubricating base oil. The Colocynth seeds were collected from Eastern Gezira and Western Kordofan. Viscosity index is 162 and 164; Flash point is 292oC and 288oC for Eastern Gezira and Western Kordofan samples, respectively. The pour point is -3oC for both samples. At 40oC, the kinematics viscosity is 34.37 cSt and 32.69 cSt, and at 100oC is 8.00 cSt and 7.77 cSt for Eastern Gezira and Western Kordofan samples, respectively. The study suggested that the Colocynth seeds oil is a suitable base fluid to produce lubricants

Abdelrahman, Maha A. A.

Abdou, Abdelnasir M.

Yassin, Atif A. A.

English

Journals Of University Of Gezira

EDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  Utilization of Colocynth (Handal) Seeds Oil as a Lubricating Base Oil  Maha A. A. Abdelrahman, Atif A. A. Yassin and Abdelnasir M. Abdou* *National Oilseed Processing Research Institute (NOPRI), University of Gezira, P.O.Box (20), Medani, Sudan. Email: mahoya 23209@hotmail.com  ABSTRACT  This study investigated the use of Colocynth seeds oil as lubricating base oil. The Colocynth seeds were collected from Eastern Gezira and Western Kordofan. Viscosity index is 162 and 164; Flash point is 292oC and 288oC for Eastern Gezira and Western Kordofan samples, respectively. The pour point is -3oC for both samples. At 40oC, the kinematics viscosity is 34.37 cSt and 32.69 cSt, and at 100oC is 8.00 cSt and 7.77 cSt for Eastern Gezira and Western Kordofan samples, respectively. The study suggested that the Colocynth seeds oil is a suitable base fluid to produce lubricants. Keyword: Colocynth seeds, Lubricating, oil, Eastern Gezira, Western Kordofan.    INTRODUCTION There has been a steady increase in the demand for environmentally friendly lubricants, due to unfavorable impacts on the environment by mineral oil based lubricants. The technical progress taking place in industry and agriculture, has caused an intensive exploitation of natural resources like mineral oil. The search for environmentally friendly, renewable and unlimited sources to replace the fuel and energy sector, has become essential EDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  (Erhan, 2005). Renewable resources like seed oils and their derivatives are being considered as potential replacements for mineral oil base stocks in certain lubricant applications. It is nontoxic, readily biodegradable, have a high viscosity and has a reasonable cost when compared to synthetic fluids (Mackenzie and Taylor, 1992; Erhan, 2005). On the negative side a high degree of multiple C-C unsaturation in the fatty acid chain of many vegetable oils causes poor thermal and oxidative stability and confine their use as lubricants (Adhvaryu and Erhan, 2002).  Vegetable oils, such as rapeseed oil and high oleic acid sunflower, are thought to be the best candidates to substitute for conventional petrol-based lubricating oils, as well as synthetic esters (Randles, 1992; Asadauskas et al, 1996). On the other hand, high demands of the world for oils and fats to meet the multiplied human consumption as edible oil restrict the industrial demand. The use of non edible oils as natural sources in production of lubricant is contributed for satisfaction industrial demand. The Colocynth seed oil (inedible oil), also known as bitter apple (Alhandal) and classified as Citrullus Colocynthis is a wild plant widely distributed in the northern, western, eastern and central parts of Sudan (Abdallah, 1997). The oil content of Colocynth is 20% (Alwathig, 1990). The fatty acid composition of Colocynth is close to the fatty acid composition of sunflower (Abdallah, 1997). The objective of this paper is to study the possibility of using inedible, Colocynth seeds oil (renewable resources) as lubricating base oil. MATERIALS AND METHODS  Samples of Colocynth seeds were obtained from Eastern Gezira (central of Sudan, to represent the seeds that are grown in muddy soil) and Western Kordofan (western Sudan, to represent the seeds that are grown in sandy soil). The Colocynth seeds were subjected to mechanical extraction using ZX10 expellers. The kinematics' viscosity was determined according to the American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) number D445 made in 2004. The Viscosity Index (VI) was determined according to ASTM number D2270 made in EDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  2004. The Flash point was determined according to ASTM number D93 made in 2002. The density and relative density of viscous oils were determined according to ASTM number D4052-96 (Reproved in 2002). The pour point was determined according to ASTM number D97-04.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  Table 1 and Fig. 1 show the Kinematic Viscosity of Colocynth Seeds Oil. At 40 oC and 100 oC, the Kinematics' Viscosity of Eastern Gezira Colocynth seeds oil was 34.369 cSt and 8.00 cSt, respectively, which was higher than the Kinematics' Viscosity of Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil (32.69 cSt and 7.77 cSt, respectively). As compared to the results obtained from Tapcco Company (TO), the results show that the Kinematics' Viscosity of Colocynth seeds oil is suitable for lubricant's base oil. Moreover, the Kinematics' Viscosity of Colocynth seeds oil is suitable for lubricant's base oil as compared to those reported by Mackenzie and Taylor, (1992) for different vegetable oils compared to 100 neutral oil. However, this kinematics' viscosity is equivalent to 150N base fluids for mineral oil, and assumed to be acceptable when compared to the result reported by Iran Petrochem, (2009) for Behran base oil N150.  Table 1: The Kinematics' Viscosity of Colocynth Seeds Oil Type of oil    Kinematics' Viscosity (cSt) 40oC Kinematics' Viscosity (cSt) 100oC EG WK TO 34.369 32.69 - 8 7.77 7-11     Note: - EG    :   Eastern Gezira Colocynth seeds oil    - WK   :   Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil - TO    :   Tapcco oil  EDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  Fig. 1: Comparison of Kinematics' Viscosity at 40°C and 100°C of the different oils. EG: Eastern Gezira Colocynth oil; WK:  Western Kordofan Colocynth oil; LER: Low erucic rapeseed oil; HOS: High oleic sunflower oil; VHOS: Very high oleic sunflower oil; SO: Soybean oil; NO: 100neutral oil; TO: The average result of Tapcco oil; 150N: hydraulic lubricant; BO: Behran base oil N150.            The result of the viscosity index are shown in Table (1) and Fig.(1).  The viscosity index of Eastern Gezira Colocynth seeds oil (162) is lower than the viscosity index of Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil (164). The results also show that the refractive indexes of Colocynth seeds oil are relatively high compared to Behran base oil N150 (Iran Petrochem, 2009), and relatively low as compared to the results reported by Mackenzie and Taylor (1992).    Table 2: The Viscosity Index of Colocynth Seeds Oil  Type of oil Viscosity Index EG WK 162 164     Note:   -EG : Eastern Gezira Colocynth seeds oil  -WK : Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil 01020304050EG LER VHOS NO 150NKinematicViscosity at40°C(cst)KinematicViscosity at100°C(cst)EDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences    Fig. 2: The Viscosity Index from Kinematics' Viscosity at 40°C and 100°C. EG: Eastern Gezira Colocynth oil; WK:  Western Kordofan Colocynth oil; LER: Low erucic rapeseed oil; HOS: High oleic sunflower oil; VHOS: Very high oleic sunflower oil; SO: Soybean oil; NO: 100neutral oil; BO: Behran base oil N150.    Table (3) and Fig. (3) show the flash point of different oils . The flash point of Eastern Gezira Colocynth seeds oil (292°C) is higher than that of the Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil (288°C). Compared to base fluid used by TO and BO, the Colocynth seed oil's flash point is relatively high, which means it is safe enough for handling and transportation. Also, it has a good value compared to flash point results for different vegetable oils compared to 100 types of neutral oil (Mackenzie and Taylor, 1992).  Table 3: The Flash Point Results of  Colocynth seeds and Tapcco oils       Type of oil Flash point oC  EG WK TO  292 288 240 Note:   -EG : Eastern Gezira Colocynth seeds oil    050100150200250EG LER VHOS NOViscosity IndexEDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences    -WK : Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil   -TO : Tapcco oil      Fig. 3: The Flash Point of different oils. EG: Eastern Gezira Colocynth oil; WK:  Western Kordofan Colocynth oil; LER: Low erucic rapeseed oil; HOS: High oleic sunflower oil; VHOS: Very high oleic sunflower oil; SO: Soybean oil; NO: 100neutral oil; TO: Tapcco oil; BO: Behran base oil N150.            Table (4) and Fig. (4) show the density and relative density of the different oils. The density and relative density of Eastern Gezira Colocynth seeds oil (0.9250 gm/ml and 0.9259 gm/ml respectively), which is higher than that of the Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil (0.9248 gm/ml and 0.9257 gm/ml respectively). The Colocynth seed oil's density and relative density were relatively high compared to the results obtained from TO and BO. Density represented individual parameters in determination viscosity, high-density appear good viscosity.  Table 4: The Density and Relative Density by Digital Density Meter at 15oC  Type of oil  Density g/ml Relative density 050100150200250300350EG LER VHOS NO BOFlash point(°C)EDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  EG WK TO 0.9250 0.9248 0.888 0.9259 0.9257 -     Note:       -EG : Eastern Gezira Colocynth seeds oil        -WK : Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil       -TO : Tapcco oil.   Fig. 4: Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter. EG: Eastern Gezira Colocynth oil; WK:  Western Kordofan Colocynth oil; TO: Tapcco oil; BO: Behran base oil N150.           Table (5) and Fig. (5) show the result of pour point of the oils. The pour point is-3oC for Eastern Gezira and Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil. It is clear that the results appear negative value that may affect the usage in cold area compared to those reported by Mackenzie and Taylor, (1992). Generally, the vegetable oils have a low cold's flow behavior.  Table 5: The Pour Point of the Colocynth Seeds Oil  Type of oil Pour Point EG -3 0.84000.85000.86000.87000.88000.89000.90000.91000.92000.9300EG WK TO BODensity at 15°CRelative density at15°CEDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  WK -3 Note:  -EG : Eastern Gezira Colocynth seeds oil     -WK: Western Kordofan Colocynth seeds oil. EDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences   Fig. 5:  The Pour Point (°C) of different oils. EG: Eastern Gezira Colocynth oil; WK: Western Kordofan Colocynth oil; LER: Low erucic rapeseed oil; HOS: High oleic sunflower oil; VHOS: Very high oleic sunflower oil; SO: Soybean oil; NO: 100neutral oil.            CONCLUSION This study succeeded to some extent in determining the preliminary data to accept the Colocynth seeds oil as a base fluid for lubricant. The kinematics' viscosity is equivalent to mineral base oils suitable for production of hydraulics lubricant (N150). The degree of change of the Colocynth seeds oil with temperature is acceptable (viscosity index is 162 and 164). The flash point results show that Colocynth seeds oil is safe in handling. The results of pour point gave a negative value in using Colocynth seeds oil in cold areas. The results encourage researchers to continue in this venue either by enhancing the properties of Colocynth seeds oil by modification or by blending with other good lubricating vegetable oils.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  This work was conducted with financial support from National Oilseed Processing Research Institute (NOPRI), University of Gezira. We gratefully acknowledge the National -20-15-10-50EG LER VHOS NOPour point…EDITORIAL    Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences vol 7 (1) 2012 2) 2011( 7vol Gezira Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences  Electricity Corporation-Central Laboratories. Also sincere appreciation goes to Lama Company, and Tappcco Company.  REFERENCES  Abdallah M.O.H. (1997). Studies on citrulus colocynthis oil seed physico-chemical properties and industrial application, M.Sc. Thesis, National Oilseed Processing Research Institute "NOPRI", U.of Gezira, Medani-Sudan.  Adhvaryu A. and Erhan S.Z. (2002). Epoxidized Soybean Oil as a Potential Source of high Temp. Lubricant, Industrial Crops and Products 15: 247-254. Alwathig M. (1990). Studies on Conventional and New Sources of Vegetable Oil in the Sudan. M.sc. thesis, Department of Applied Chemistry and chemical Technology, University of Gezira, Medani, Sudan. Asadauskas, S., J.M.Perez and J.L.Duda (1996). Oxidative Stability and Antiwear Properties of High –Oleic Vegetable oils, Lubri.Eng. Chapter 52: pp 877-882.  Erhan S.Z, (2005). Industrial uses of vegetable oils, Food and industrial oil unit, Printed in the United States of America, Current developments of biodegradable grease, Chapter 2:page 15-17,Vegetable oil-based engine oils:are they practical?, Chapter 3:pp 31.  Iran Petrochem, (2009).http://iran-petrochem.com/Base_oil.html/10-28-2009 11.00 am Mackenzie S.L and Taylor D.C.(1992). Seeds oil for the future, American oil chemists society, champaign. Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants, Chapter 3: pp 16, 17.  Randles, S.J. (1992). environmentally considerate ester lubrication for the automotive and engineering industries", J. Syn. Lubri.Chapter 9: pp.145-161.    

Utilization of Colocynth (Handal) Seeds Oil as a Lubricating Base Oil

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Utilization of Colocynth (Handal) Seeds Oil as a Lubricating Base Oil

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