(excerpt)
Urophora affinis Frfld. and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Diptera: Tephriti- dae) are Eurasian gallicolous fruit flies introduced to North America in 1972 as biological control agents for Centaurea biebersteinii DC (spotted knapweed, Asteraceae, = C. maculosa auct. non Lam.) (Harris 1980). Through natural dispersal and numerous introductions, both Urophora species have become distributed throughout the introduced range of C. biebersteinii (Foote et al. 1993, Lang et al. 1997, Mays and Kok 2003)

Marshall, Jordan M

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 40 Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 2007 Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 2007 Article 7 October 2007 Parasitism of Urophora Affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) by Aprostocetus Sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Michigan Jordan M. Marshall Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Marshall, Jordan M. 2007. "Parasitism of Urophora Affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) by Aprostocetus Sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Michigan," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 40 (2) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol40/iss2/7 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 166 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 40, Nos. 3 & 4PARASITISM OF UROPHORA AFFINIS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) BY APROSTOCETUS SP. (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) IN MICHIGANJordan M. Marshall1Urophora affinis Frfld. and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Diptera: Tephriti-dae) are Eurasian gallicolous fruit flies introduced to North America in 1972 as biological control agents for Centaurea biebersteinii DC (spotted knapweed, Asteraceae, = C. maculosa auct. non Lam.) (Harris 1980). Through natural dispersal and numerous introductions, both Urophora species have become distributed throughout the introduced range of C. biebersteinii (Foote et al. 1993, Lang et al. 1997, Mays and Kok 2003). Use as biological control agents for C. biebersteinii focused on the diversion of energy from seed production to the development of Urophora spp. larvae within galls (Harris 1980). In the introduced range of U. affinis and U. quadrifasciata, mortality of these species has occurred as a result of predation by bird and mammal species, as well as parasitism by Pteromalus cardui (Erdös) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (Story et al. 1995, Pearson 1999, Marshall et al. 2004).Aprostocetus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was initially observed emerg-ing from C. biebersteinii seed heads in rearing during Feburary 2008. Typically the subfamily Tetrastichinae, containing the genus Aprostocetus Westwood, is endoparasitic of eggs, larvae, or pupae of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidotera, with a distinct association with gall inducing hosts (Noyes 2003, Yegorenkova et al. 2007). Species within Aprostocetus, approximately 670, are distributed globally (Graham 1987, LaSalle 1994, Yegorenkova et al. 2007). Centaurea biebersteinii seed heads were collected from three sites in Livingston County, MI, on 18 February 2008. Sixty seed heads from each site were randomly selected and placed into 8 dram plastic shell vials for rearing. Vials were a third filled with wet sand, topped with a layer of dry sand, and were capped with cotton fabric. Each vial contained 2 C. biebersteinii seed heads (30 vials/site), stored at 80° C at 45 percent humidity, and were checked every 2 days until emergence began. Following initial emergence, vials were checked daily and Aprostocetus sp. adults were removed and sexed. Adult Urophora species were identified using Foote et al. (1993). Chi-square tests were used to test for the independence of U. affinis from the occurrence of Aprostocetus sp. A t-test was used to test for differences in U. affinis emergence in the presence of Aprostocetus sp. Aprostocetus sp. first emerged after 14 days. Seed heads were left in vials for an additional 10 weeks, which resulted in 34.4 percent of vials producing a total of 373 adult Aprostocetus sp. All emergence of Aprostocetus sp. occurred during days 14-17. In vials that produced adult Aprostocetus sp., 12.03 ± 9.04 individuals emerged per vial with a sex ratio of 0.36 males/females. A total of 36 adult U. affinis emerged from 26.7 percent of vials with a sex ratio of 0.89 males/females. In vials that produced adult U. affinis, 1.50 ± 0.83 individuals emerged per vial. The presence of U. affinis was independent of the presence of Aprosto-cetus sp. individuals (χ2 = 0.404, df = 1). There was no significant difference in the count of U. affinis in vials with and without Aprostocetus sp. emergence (t = 0.672, df = 88). In addition to Aprostocetus sp. and U. affinis, three P. cardui females and 10 U. quadrifasciata (6 males and 4 females) emerged.Seed heads not placed into rearing were dissected and inspected for U. af-finis and U. quadrifasciata galls. Galls produced by these two Urophora species are structurally different, with U. affinis producing woody, lignified galls and 1Michigan Technological University, Cooperative Emerald Ash Borer Project, 5936 Ford Ct. Suite 200, Brighton, MI, 48116. (e-mail: jmmarsha@mtu.edu).1Marshall: Parasitism of Urophora Affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) by <Published by ValpoScholar, 20072007 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 167U. quadrifasciata producing papery, non-lignified galls (White and Korneyev 1989, Burkhardt and Zwölfer 2002). Only galls produced by U. affinis were en-countered. A sample of 15 U. affinis galls was dissected and 8 contained multiple Aprostocetus sp., with a mean parasitism rate of 8.36 ± 4.07 Aprostocetus sp. individuals per U. affinis gall.The gregarious endoparasitism of Aprostocetus sp. on U. affinis caused mortality in U. affinis at the sites in Livingston County, MI, where seed heads were collected. While this mortality did reduce the mean number of U. affinis individuals emerging within vials, it did not create significant differences in the vials with and without Aprostocetus sp. and did not significantly influence the presence of U. affinis individuals. With this first record of Aprostocetus sp. parasitizing U. affinis, further investigations into host selection and the geo-graphic distribution of this parasitoid within the introduced ranges of Urophora spp. are warranted.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe author would like to thank Roger A. Burks (University of California, Riverside) for the identification of Aprostocetus sp. and Jonathan P. Lelito (The Pennsylvania State University) for lab assistance. Voucher specimens are held in the personal collection of the author.LITERATURE CITEDBurkhardt, B., and H. Zwölfer. 2002. Macro-evolutionary tradeoffs in the tephritid Uro-phora: benefits and costs of an improved plant gall. Evol. Ecol. Research 4: 61-77.Foote, R. H., F. L. Blanc, and A. L. Norrbom. 1993. Handbook of the Fruit Flies (Dip-tera: Tephritidae) of America North of Mexico. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.Harris, P. 1980. Establishment of Urophora affinis Frfld. and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Canada for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed. Z. Angew. Entomol. 89: 504-514.Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1987. A reclassifi cation of the European Tetrastichinae (Hy-menoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Entomol. Series 55:1-392.Lang, R. F., R. D. Richard, and R. W. Hansen. 1997. Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae) released and monitored by USDA, APHIS, PPQ as biological control agents of spotted and diffuse knapweed. Gt. Lakes Entomol. 30: 105-113.LaSalle, J. 1994. North American genera of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). J. Nat. Hist. 28: 109-236.Marshall, J. M., R. A. Burks, and A. J. Storer. 2004. First host record for Pteromalus cardui (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Urophora quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephriti-dae) in spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii, Asteraceae) in Michigan, U.S.A. Entomol. News 115: 273-278.Mays, W. T., and L. T. Kok. 2003. Population dynamics and dispersal of two exotic bio-logical control agents of spotted knapweed, Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae), in southwestern Virginia from 1986 and 2000. Biological Control 27: 43-52.Noyes, J. S. 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. The Natural History Museum, London. Available at: <http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/> Pearson, D. E. 1999. Deer mouse predation on the biological control agent, Urophora spp., introduced to control spotted knapweed. Northwest. Nat. 80: 26-29.2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 40, No. 2 [2007], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol40/iss2/7168 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 40, Nos. 3 & 4Story, J. M., K. W. Boggs, W. R. Good, L. J. White, and R. M. Nowierski. 1995. Cause and extent of predation on Urophora spp. larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in spotted knapweed capitula. Environ. Entomol. 24: 1467-1472.White, I. M., and V. A. Korneyev. 1989. A revision of the western Palaearctic species of Urophora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tephritidae). Systematic Entomol. 14: 327-374.Yegorenkova, E. N., Z. A. Yefremova, and V. V. Kostjukov. 2007. Contributions to the knowledge of tetrastichine wasps (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Tetrastichinae) of the Middle Volga Region. Entomol. Review 87: 1180-1192.3Marshall: Parasitism of Urophora Affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) by <Published by ValpoScholar, 2007

Parasitism of \u3ci\u3eUrophora Affinis\u3c/i\u3e (Diptera: Tephritidae) by \u3ci\u3eAprostocetus\u3c/i\u3e Sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Michigan

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 40 
Numbers 3 & 4 - Fall/Winter 2007 Numbers 3 & 
4 - Fall/Winter 2007 
Article 7 
October 2007 
Parasitism of Urophora Affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) by 
Aprostocetus Sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Michigan 
Jordan M. Marshall 
Michigan Technological University 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Marshall, Jordan M. 2007. "Parasitism of Urophora Affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) by Aprostocetus Sp. 
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Michigan," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 40 (2) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol40/iss2/7 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
166 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 40, Nos. 3 & 4
PARASITISM OF UROPHORA AFFINIS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) 
BY APROSTOCETUS SP. (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) 
IN MICHIGAN
Jordan M. Marshall1
Urophora affinis Frfld. and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) (Diptera: Tephriti-
dae) are Eurasian gallicolous fruit flies introduced to North America in 1972 
as biological control agents for Centaurea biebersteinii DC (spotted knapweed, 
Asteraceae, = C. maculosa auct. non Lam.) (Harris 1980). Through natural 
dispersal and numerous introductions, both Urophora species have become 
distributed throughout the introduced range of C. biebersteinii (Foote et al. 
1993, Lang et al. 1997, Mays and Kok 2003). Use as biological control agents 
for C. biebersteinii focused on the diversion of energy from seed production to 
the development of Urophora spp. larvae within galls (Harris 1980). In the 
introduced range of U. affinis and U. quadrifasciata, mortality of these species 
has occurred as a result of predation by bird and mammal species, as well as 
parasitism by Pteromalus cardui (Erdös) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (Story 
et al. 1995, Pearson 1999, Marshall et al. 2004).
Aprostocetus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was initially observed emerg-
ing from C. biebersteinii seed heads in rearing during Feburary 2008. Typically 
the subfamily Tetrastichinae, containing the genus Aprostocetus Westwood, is 
endoparasitic of eggs, larvae, or pupae of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, 
and Lepidotera, with a distinct association with gall inducing hosts (Noyes 2003, 
Yegorenkova et al. 2007). Species within Aprostocetus, approximately 670, are 
distributed globally (Graham 1987, LaSalle 1994, Yegorenkova et al. 2007). 
Centaurea biebersteinii seed heads were collected from three sites in 
Livingston County, MI, on 18 February 2008. Sixty seed heads from each site 
were randomly selected and placed into 8 dram plastic shell vials for rearing. 
Vials were a third filled with wet sand, topped with a layer of dry sand, and 
were capped with cotton fabric. Each vial contained 2 C. biebersteinii seed heads 
(30 vials/site), stored at 80° C at 45 percent humidity, and were checked every 
2 days until emergence began. Following initial emergence, vials were checked 
daily and Aprostocetus sp. adults were removed and sexed. Adult Urophora 
species were identified using Foote et al. (1993). Chi-square tests were used to 
test for the independence of U. affinis from the occurrence of Aprostocetus sp. 
A t-test was used to test for differences in U. affinis emergence in the presence 
of Aprostocetus sp. 
Aprostocetus sp. first emerged after 14 days. Seed heads were left in vials 
for an additional 10 weeks, which resulted in 34.4 percent of vials producing a 
total of 373 adult Aprostocetus sp. All emergence of Aprostocetus sp. occurred 
during days 14-17. In vials that produced adult Aprostocetus sp., 12.03 ± 9.04 
individuals emerged per vial with a sex ratio of 0.36 males/females. A total of 36 
adult U. affinis emerged from 26.7 percent of vials with a sex ratio of 0.89 males/
females. In vials that produced adult U. affinis, 1.50 ± 0.83 individuals emerged 
per vial. The presence of U. affinis was independent of the presence of Aprosto-
cetus sp. individuals (χ2 = 0.404, df = 1). There was no significant difference in 
the count of U. affinis in vials with and without Aprostocetus sp. emergence (t 
= 0.672, df = 88). In addition to Aprostocetus sp. and U. affinis, three P. cardui 
females and 10 U. quadrifasciata (6 males and 4 females) emerged.
Seed heads not placed into rearing were dissected and inspected for U. af-
finis and U. quadrifasciata galls. Galls produced by these two Urophora species 
are structurally different, with U. affinis producing woody, lignified galls and 
1Michigan Technological University, Cooperative Emerald Ash Borer Project, 5936 
Ford Ct. Suite 200, Brighton, MI, 48116. (e-mail: jmmarsha@mtu.edu).
1
Marshall: Parasitism of Urophora Affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) by <
Published by ValpoScholar, 2007
2007 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 167
U. quadrifasciata producing papery, non-lignified galls (White and Korneyev 
1989, Burkhardt and Zwölfer 2002). Only galls produced by U. affinis were en-
countered. A sample of 15 U. affinis galls was dissected and 8 contained multiple 
Aprostocetus sp., with a mean parasitism rate of 8.36 ± 4.07 Aprostocetus sp. 
individuals per U. affinis gall.
The gregarious endoparasitism of Aprostocetus sp. on U. affinis caused 
mortality in U. affinis at the sites in Livingston County, MI, where seed heads 
were collected. While this mortality did reduce the mean number of U. affinis 
individuals emerging within vials, it did not create significant differences in 
the vials with and without Aprostocetus sp. and did not significantly influence 
the presence of U. affinis individuals. With this first record of Aprostocetus sp. 
parasitizing U. affinis, further investigations into host selection and the geo-
graphic distribution of this parasitoid within the introduced ranges of Urophora 
spp. are warranted.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would like to thank Roger A. Burks (University of California, 
Riverside) for the identification of Aprostocetus sp. and Jonathan P. Lelito (The 
Pennsylvania State University) for lab assistance. Voucher specimens are held 
in the personal collection of the author.
LITERATURE CITED
Burkhardt, B., and H. Zwölfer. 2002. Macro-evolutionary tradeoffs in the tephritid Uro-
phora: benefits and costs of an improved plant gall. Evol. Ecol. Research 4: 61-77.
Foote, R. H., F. L. Blanc, and A. L. Norrbom. 1993. Handbook of the Fruit Flies (Dip-
tera: Tephritidae) of America North of Mexico. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 
New York.
Harris, P. 1980. Establishment of Urophora affinis Frfld. and U. quadrifasciata (Meig.) 
(Diptera: Tephritidae) in Canada for the biological control of diffuse and spotted 
knapweed. Z. Angew. Entomol. 89: 504-514.
Graham, M. W. R. de V. 1987. A reclassifi cation of the European Tetrastichinae (Hy-
menoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. 
Hist.), Entomol. Series 55:1-392.
Lang, R. F., R. D. Richard, and R. W. Hansen. 1997. Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata 
(Diptera: Tephritidae) released and monitored by USDA, APHIS, PPQ as biological 
control agents of spotted and diffuse knapweed. Gt. Lakes Entomol. 30: 105-113.
LaSalle, J. 1994. North American genera of Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). 
J. Nat. Hist. 28: 109-236.
Marshall, J. M., R. A. Burks, and A. J. Storer. 2004. First host record for Pteromalus 
cardui (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Urophora quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephriti-
dae) in spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii, Asteraceae) in Michigan, U.S.A. 
Entomol. News 115: 273-278.
Mays, W. T., and L. T. Kok. 2003. Population dynamics and dispersal of two exotic bio-
logical control agents of spotted knapweed, Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata 
(Diptera: Tephritidae), in southwestern Virginia from 1986 and 2000. Biological 
Control 27: 43-52.
Noyes, J. S. 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. The Natural History Museum, 
London. Available at: <http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/> 
Pearson, D. E. 1999. Deer mouse predation on the biological control agent, Urophora 
spp., introduced to control spotted knapweed. Northwest. Nat. 80: 26-29.
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 40, No. 2 [2007], Art. 7
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol40/iss2/7
168 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 40, Nos. 3 & 4
Story, J. M., K. W. Boggs, W. R. Good, L. J. White, and R. M. Nowierski. 1995. Cause 
and extent of predation on Urophora spp. larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in spotted 
knapweed capitula. Environ. Entomol. 24: 1467-1472.
White, I. M., and V. A. Korneyev. 1989. A revision of the western Palaearctic species 
of Urophora Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tephritidae). Systematic Entomol. 14: 
327-374.
Yegorenkova, E. N., Z. A. Yefremova, and V. V. Kostjukov. 2007. Contributions to the 
knowledge of tetrastichine wasps (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae, Tetrastichinae) of the 
Middle Volga Region. Entomol. Review 87: 1180-1192.
3
Marshall: Parasitism of Urophora Affinis (Diptera: Tephritidae) by <
Published by ValpoScholar, 2007

https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2187&amp;context=tgle

Parasitism of \u3ci\u3eUrophora Affinis\u3c/i\u3e (Diptera: Tephritidae) by \u3ci\u3eAprostocetus\u3c/i\u3e Sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Michigan

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