(excerpt)
Young red pines, Pinus resinosa Ait., during the first few years after planting in the Lake States, are vulnerable to several injurious agents, including white grubs, the larvae of May beetles, Phyllophaga spp. (Kittredge, 1929; Craighead, 1950). The pesticide aldrin3 has frequently been applied at planting time to protect seedlings from white grubs. More than 12,000 acres of national forest land were treated with aldrin from 1960 to 1967 in the Lake States; almost 10,000 of these were on the Hiawatha National Forest (Fowler, 1973)

Fowler, Richard F

Wilson, Louis F

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 8 Number 4 - Winter 1975 Number 4 - Winter 1975 Article 7 December 1975 Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grubs and Other Agents Richard F. Fowler U.S. Department of Agriculture Louis F. Wilson U.S. Department of Agriculture Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Fowler, Richard F. and Wilson, Louis F. 1975. "Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grubs and Other Agents," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 8 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol8/iss4/7 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST PROJECTED RED PINE YIELDS FROM ALDRIN-TREATED AND UNTREATED STANDS DAMAGED BY WHITE GRUBS AND OTHER AGENTS Richard F. Fowler1 and Louis F. WilsonZ ANNOTATION Growth and yield projections were made for the surviving red pines in aldrin-treated and in untreated plots. Greater financial returns were projected for untreated plots in three of four plantations. Grubs lowered the stocking levels to  near optimum in three, and below optimum in the fourth plantation. INTRODUCTION Young red pines, Pinus resinosa Ait., during the first few years after planting in the Lake States, are vulnerable to several injurious agents, including white grubs, the larvae of May beetles, Phyllophaga spp. (Kittredge, 1929; Craighead, 1950). The pesticide aldrin3 has frequently been applied at planting time to protect seedlings from white grubs. More than 12,000 acres of national forest land were treated with aldrin from 1960 to  1967 in the Lake States; almost 10,000 of these were on  the Hiawatha National Forest (Fowler, 1973). Definitive studies were begun in 1967 on the Hiawatha National Forest to  assess white grub injury and to determine the effectiveness of three different aldrin treatments on white grub populations. The studies revealed that white grubs killed many trees and reduced vigor, but that improper planting practices, diseases, and other agents combined, accounted for more than half of the total mortality during the f i s t  five years after planting (Fowler and Wilson, 1971a, 1974). Because of restrictions on the use of hard pesticides, such as aldrin, in 1974 we set out to determine what degree of damage was tolerable before a pesticide should be used for grub control. To do this we assessed the overall impact of grubs and other agents by projecting the growth and yield of the remaining trees in the affected plantations used in the previous studies. STUDY AREA AND TREATMENTS Four white-grub-infested research areas on the Hiawatha National Forest were machine planted with 3-0 and 2-1 nursery stock in 1967. A randomized complete block design replicated five times in each planting was used to evaluate three aldrin treatments. As all aldrin treatments were equally effective, the treatment results are pooled for analysis in these studies. Further detail of the methods and results of the tests are found in Fowler and Wilson (1971b, 1974). The four study plantations, designated Bird, Raco, Townhall, and Townline Lake, were planted at various stockings from 450 t o  1037 treestacre because of variability in 'Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Upper Darby, Pa. 19082. Z ~ o r t h  Central Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East Lansing, Michigan 48824.(office maintained in cooperation with Michigan State Univer- sity . &%is publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommen- dations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION.: Pesticides can be injurious to  humans. domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. 1Fowler and Wilson: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated StandPublished by ValpoScholar, 1975228 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 8,  No. 4 terrain and obstacles. The Townline Lake area, converted from a poorly stocked hardwood stand, had the lowest stocking. White grubs, improper planting, and diseases and other agents reduced the stock considerably in the first three years after planting. Thereafter, most such "juvenile" problems diminished and mortality nearly ceased by the fifth year after planting (Fowler and Wilson, 1974). We thus considered the plantations stable at that time, and disregarding uncertain future problems from other agents, we began the growth and yield projections based on the trees remaining at plantation age 5. GROWTH AND YIELD PROGRAM Projected values for the study plantings were determined using the "red pine growth, yield and evaluation" computer program developed by A. L. Lundgren4. Basic inputs include the following: 1. Nature of the stand (new plantation). 2. Site index of stand (55 and 65, Table 1). 3. Age of stand (3 years at planting). 4. Number of trees per acre (number surviving 5 years after planting, Table 1). 5. Value of expected products (cordwood a t  $5.00/cord, sawtimber at $20/1000 bd. ft.). The management provisions of the program were drawn from the Timber Management Plan of the Hiawatha National Forest which basically provides for the growing of red pine for timber under relatively long rotation. In compliance with the plan, the projected stands were thinned at 10-year intervals beginning at age 30 or 35 by cutting the stand back to  90 square feet of basal area. Twenty years before harvest a shelterwood cut was made by removing half the remaining basal area. The residual stand was then projected, the last 20 years without thinning, t o  final harvest at  115 or 120 years depending upon the age at which thinning could begin. At the start of the program all plantations were considered to  be age zero, but the trees were actually three years old, the age of the planting stock. We programmed the computer for projections at five year intervals from age zero (three years) to rotations age (115 or 120 years). The model assumes 67 percent of the trees are within 2 inches in diameter of each other at  d.b.h. of 1 0  inches (i.e., 9 to 11 inches), and 95 percent of the trees are within 4 inches in diameter of each other (i.e., 8 to  12 inches). Cubic foot volume is the total stem volume, not limited by a merchantable top. Board foot volume is the volume of saw-timber in trees 9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger using the International 114 inch rule. A cord includes all mechantable volume in trees 5.0 to 8.9 inches d.b.h. Interest rates expressed as internal rates of return (IRR) were also computed for each stand after each projection period, beginning at  about stand age 70 years. Lundgren (1966) gives the IRR as the rate earned over an investment period on all the invested capital. It is the rate of interest that would make the sum of all compounded costs equal to  the sum of all compounded incomes. The 1RR is one measure frequently used to indicate the period during which the stand should be harvested to  realize maximum profits. The white grubs and other injurious agents that reduced the planted stock seldom kiu randomly, which is important to the forest manager because of the resulting "clumped" distribution of living trees. Pockets of dead trees and the remaining live trees were not clumped badly enough to  cause concern and we expect that the uneven distribution will be evened out during the early thinnings. The costs of the chemical and application were not included in the basic inputs into the computer program. The chemical itself cost less than $l/acre. Except for periodic 4 ~ r .  Lundgren is Principal Economist North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101. The computer program, not yet published, is based on growth and yield equations developed by Dr. Robert Buckman (1962) and Dr. Robert Wambach (1967), formerly with the North Central Station. 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 8, No. 4 [1975], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol8/iss4/71975 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 2 29 filling of the dispensing apparatus on the planting machine, extra time or effort was not expended when the granular form of aldrin was used. Other forms of the chemical and application methods may add to the cost. Table 1. Total financial return from red pine cordwood and sawlogs in aldrin-treated and untreated plots for white grub research areas (in dollars). Cordwood value* Sawlog value Total value Research area Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Bird 608 566 1120 1197 1728 1762 Raco 6 09 638 1152 1196 1761 1834 Townhall 783 773 1589 1603 2372 2376 Townline Lake 739 68 1 1760 1753 2499 2434 *Values are derived from projected growth and yield analyses and are anticipated totals at time of harvest at 115-120 years rotation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The growth and yield projections indicated that the plots not treated by aldrin yielded greater financial returns than the ones treated in all plantings except Townline Lake, suggesting that the seedling mortality caused by white grubs was beneficial to most of the stands (Table 1). This apparent benefit occurs because at the higher stocking levels at  the Raco, Townhall, and Bird areas (Table 2); the wood that is produced is spread over more trees, resulting in smaller diameter trees in any given year. At Townline Lake the treated plots yielded greater financial returns, presumably because there were too few trees left in the untreated plots t o  completely utilize the site after grub-caused mortality. The stocking level was near optimum before grub activity, and the aldrin treatment simply kept the stocking level near optimum on the treated plots by preventing grub injury. Had grubs killed more trees in the untreated Townline Lake plots, the loss in yield would have been significantly greater. The apparent inefficiency of a "well stocked" stand can further be seen by comparing the financial returns from the Townhall and Townline Lake stands (Table I), which are on similar sites. The Townline Lake stand earned the most money, yet it had only about one-third as many trees (Table 2) as the Townhall stand. Sawlogs provided a slightly greater proportion of the financial return at Townline Lake (about 72 per cent) compared to Bird, Raco, and Townhall (68, 65,  and 67 per cent). Pulpwood was less abundant at  Townline Lake because of the lower stocking, but the pulpsticks were larger and could be harvested sooner than those in the other stands. Site played a significantly greater role in growth and yield than white grubs in this study. The two stands with site indices of 65,  Townhall and Townline Lake, yielded far greater returns than the Raco and Bird stands with site indices of 55,  whether they were treated for white grubs or not. Table 2. Number of trees per acre for aldrin-treated and untreated stands at plantation age 5 years old. Trees/Acre Research area Site index Treated Untreated Bird 55 628 45 9 Rado 5 5 737 609 Townhall 65 829 745 Townline Lake 65 346 25 2 3Fowler and Wilson: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated StandPublished by ValpoScholar, 1975230 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 8, No. 4 The calculated internal rates of return (IRR) for the plot ranged from 2.8 to 3.6 per cent-the higher rates occuring on the site index 65 areas. Maximum IRR's were achieved between plantation ages of 75 and 85 years at the Townline Lake and Townhall plots, whereas rnaximunl IRR's wcre reached at 85 and 90 years in the Bird and Raco plots. Based on an econonlic rotation, those stands on the best sites could be harvested up to 15  years earlier than the others. CONCLUSION White grubs, which are normally considered destructive, may actually be beneficial in plantations where stocking densities are far above those necessary for optimum growth and yield. Although further research is needed to determine the best stockin,. densities for optimum growth and yield under different grub population levels. our experience indicates that a stand planted in excess of 1000 treeslacre certainlj- could lose one-half or more of its trees before growth and yield losses from grubs would be significant. Thus, where trees are planted at more than 1000 treeslacre and the management plan caUs for sawtimber production, chemical treatment for white grub control would k of no value (or of negative value) and should not be recommended. LITERATURE CITED Buckman, R. E. 1962. Growth and yield of red pine in Minnesota. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Tech Bull. 1272, SO p. Craighead, F. C. 1950. Insect enemies of eastern forests. U.S.D.X. 3Lisc. Publ. 657, 679 p. Fowler, R. F. 1973. Insecticide use in the National Forests of the Lake Stater a history. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northeastern Area S&PF, St. Paul Field Ofi3c~. St. Paul, Minn., Report S-72-8,50 p. Fowler, R. F. and L. F. Wilson. 1971a. White grub populations. F f z . v l l o ~ g ~ ~  spp., in relation to damaged red pine seedlings in Michigan and Xiisconsin plantations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Mich. Entomol. 4:23-28. Fowler, R. F. and L. F. Wilson. 1971b. Evaluation of thres aldrin a p p h d o n  mcthods for white grub, Phyllophaga spp., control (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae'r. -Wch. Entomol. 4:89-91. Fowler, R. F. and L. F. Wilson. 1974. Injury to aldrin-treated and u n t ~ a i e d  red pine by white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and other agents during f i  fi\-e Fears after planting. Great Lakes Entomol. 7:81-88. Kittredge, J., Jr. 1929. Forest planting in the Lake States. U.S.D.X. Bull. 1497. 88 p. Lundgren, A. L. 1966. Estimating investiment return from groajng red pine. E.S.D.A. Forest Service, Resource Paper NC-2, 48 p. Wambach, R. R. 1967. A silvicultural and economic appraisal of initial s p a c k ~  in red pine. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, 282 p. 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 8, No. 4 [1975], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol8/iss4/7

Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grubs and Other Agents

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 8 
Number 4 - Winter 1975 Number 4 - Winter 
1975 
Article 7 
December 1975 
Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated 
Stands Damaged by White Grubs and Other Agents 
Richard F. Fowler 
U.S. Department of Agriculture 
Louis F. Wilson 
U.S. Department of Agriculture 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Fowler, Richard F. and Wilson, Louis F. 1975. "Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated 
Stands Damaged by White Grubs and Other Agents," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 8 (4) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol8/iss4/7 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 
PROJECTED RED PINE YIELDS FROM 
ALDRIN-TREATED AND UNTREATED STANDS 
DAMAGED BY WHITE GRUBS AND OTHER AGENTS 
Richard F. Fowler1 and Louis F. WilsonZ 
ANNOTATION 
Growth and yield projections were made for the surviving red pines in aldrin-treated 
and in untreated plots. Greater financial returns were projected for untreated plots in 
three of four plantations. Grubs lowered the stocking levels to  near optimum in three, 
and below optimum in the fourth plantation. 
INTRODUCTION 
Young red pines, Pinus resinosa Ait., during the first few years after planting in the 
Lake States, are vulnerable to several injurious agents, including white grubs, the larvae 
of May beetles, Phyllophaga spp. (Kittredge, 1929; Craighead, 1950). 
The pesticide aldrin3 has frequently been applied at planting time to protect seedlings 
from white grubs. More than 12,000 acres of national forest land were treated with aldrin 
from 1960 to  1967 in the Lake States; almost 10,000 of these were on  the Hiawatha 
National Forest (Fowler, 1973). 
Definitive studies were begun in 1967 on the Hiawatha National Forest to  assess 
white grub injury and to determine the effectiveness of three different aldrin treatments 
on white grub populations. The studies revealed that white grubs killed many trees and 
reduced vigor, but that improper planting practices, diseases, and other agents combined, 
accounted for more than half of the total mortality during the f i s t  five years after 
planting (Fowler and Wilson, 1971a, 1974). 
Because of restrictions on the use of hard pesticides, such as aldrin, in 1974 we set 
out to determine what degree of damage was tolerable before a pesticide should be used 
for grub control. To do this we assessed the overall impact of grubs and other agents by 
projecting the growth and yield of the remaining trees in the affected plantations used in 
the previous studies. 
STUDY AREA AND TREATMENTS 
Four white-grub-infested research areas on the Hiawatha National Forest were 
machine planted with 3-0 and 2-1 nursery stock in 1967. A randomized complete block 
design replicated five times in each planting was used to evaluate three aldrin treatments. 
As all aldrin treatments were equally effective, the treatment results are pooled for 
analysis in these studies. Further detail of the methods and results of the tests are found 
in Fowler and Wilson (1971b, 1974). 
The four study plantations, designated Bird, Raco, Townhall, and Townline Lake, 
were planted at various stockings from 450 t o  1037 treestacre because of variability in 
'Northeastern Area, State and Private Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Upper 
Darby, Pa. 19082. 
Z ~ o r t h  Central Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, East 
Lansing, Michigan 48824.(office maintained in cooperation with Michigan State Univer- 
sity . 
&%is publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommen- 
dations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. 
All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies 
before they can be recommended. 
CAUTION.: Pesticides can be injurious to  humans. domestic animals, desirable plants, 
and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides 
selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus 
pesticides and pesticide containers. 
1
Fowler and Wilson: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stand
Published by ValpoScholar, 1975
228 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 8,  No. 4 
terrain and obstacles. The Townline Lake area, converted from a poorly stocked 
hardwood stand, had the lowest stocking. 
White grubs, improper planting, and diseases and other agents reduced the stock 
considerably in the first three years after planting. Thereafter, most such "juvenile" 
problems diminished and mortality nearly ceased by the fifth year after planting (Fowler 
and Wilson, 1974). We thus considered the plantations stable at that time, and 
disregarding uncertain future problems from other agents, we began the growth and yield 
projections based on the trees remaining at plantation age 5. 
GROWTH AND YIELD PROGRAM 
Projected values for the study plantings were determined using the "red pine growth, 
yield and evaluation" computer program developed by A. L. Lundgren4. Basic inputs 
include the following: 
1. Nature of the stand (new plantation). 
2. Site index of stand (55 and 65, Table 1). 
3. Age of stand (3 years at planting). 
4. Number of trees per acre (number surviving 5 years after planting, Table 1). 
5. Value of expected products (cordwood a t  $5.00/cord, sawtimber at 
$20/1000 bd. ft.). 
The management provisions of the program were drawn from the Timber Management 
Plan of the Hiawatha National Forest which basically provides for the growing of red 
pine for timber under relatively long rotation. In compliance with the plan, the projected 
stands were thinned at 10-year intervals beginning at age 30 or 35 by cutting the stand 
back to  90 square feet of basal area. Twenty years before harvest a shelterwood cut was 
made by removing half the remaining basal area. The residual stand was then projected, 
the last 20 years without thinning, t o  final harvest at  115 or 120 years depending upon 
the age at which thinning could begin. 
At the start of the program all plantations were considered to  be age zero, but the 
trees were actually three years old, the age of the planting stock. We programmed the 
computer for projections at five year intervals from age zero (three years) to rotations 
age (115 or 120 years). 
The model assumes 67 percent of the trees are within 2 inches in diameter of each 
other at  d.b.h. of 1 0  inches (i.e., 9 to 11 inches), and 95 percent of the trees are within 
4 inches in diameter of each other (i.e., 8 to  12 inches). Cubic foot volume is the total 
stem volume, not limited by a merchantable top. Board foot volume is the volume of 
saw-timber in trees 9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger using the International 114 inch rule. A 
cord includes all mechantable volume in trees 5.0 to 8.9 inches d.b.h. 
Interest rates expressed as internal rates of return (IRR) were also computed for each 
stand after each projection period, beginning at  about stand age 70 years. Lundgren 
(1966) gives the IRR as the rate earned over an investment period on all the invested 
capital. It is the rate of interest that would make the sum of all compounded costs equal 
to  the sum of all compounded incomes. The 1RR is one measure frequently used to 
indicate the period during which the stand should be harvested to  realize maximum 
profits. 
The white grubs and other injurious agents that reduced the planted stock seldom kiu 
randomly, which is important to the forest manager because of the resulting "clumped" 
distribution of living trees. Pockets of dead trees and the remaining live trees were not 
clumped badly enough to  cause concern and we expect that the uneven distribution will 
be evened out during the early thinnings. 
The costs of the chemical and application were not included in the basic inputs into 
the computer program. The chemical itself cost less than $l/acre. Except for periodic 
4 ~ r .  Lundgren is Principal Economist North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. 
Paul, Minnesota 55101. The computer program, not yet published, is based on growth 
and yield equations developed by Dr. Robert Buckman (1962) and Dr. Robert Wambach 
(1967), formerly with the North Central Station. 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 8, No. 4 [1975], Art. 7
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol8/iss4/7
1975 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 2 29 
filling of the dispensing apparatus on the planting machine, extra time or effort was not 
expended when the granular form of aldrin was used. Other forms of the chemical and 
application methods may add to the cost. 
Table 1. Total financial return from red pine cordwood and sawlogs in aldrin-treated and 
untreated plots for white grub research areas (in dollars). 
Cordwood value* Sawlog value Total value 
Research area Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Treated Untreated 
Bird 608 566 1120 1197 1728 1762 
Raco 6 09 638 1152 1196 1761 1834 
Townhall 783 773 1589 1603 2372 2376 
Townline Lake 739 68 1 1760 1753 2499 2434 
*Values are derived from projected growth and yield analyses and are anticipated totals 
at time of harvest at 115-120 years rotation. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The growth and yield projections indicated that the plots not treated by aldrin 
yielded greater financial returns than the ones treated in all plantings except Townline 
Lake, suggesting that the seedling mortality caused by white grubs was beneficial to most 
of the stands (Table 1). This apparent benefit occurs because at the higher stocking levels 
at  the Raco, Townhall, and Bird areas (Table 2); the wood that is produced is spread over 
more trees, resulting in smaller diameter trees in any given year. At Townline Lake the 
treated plots yielded greater financial returns, presumably because there were too few 
trees left in the untreated plots t o  completely utilize the site after grub-caused mortality. 
The stocking level was near optimum before grub activity, and the aldrin treatment 
simply kept the stocking level near optimum on the treated plots by preventing grub 
injury. Had grubs killed more trees in the untreated Townline Lake plots, the loss in 
yield would have been significantly greater. 
The apparent inefficiency of a "well stocked" stand can further be seen by comparing 
the financial returns from the Townhall and Townline Lake stands (Table I), which are 
on similar sites. The Townline Lake stand earned the most money, yet it had only about 
one-third as many trees (Table 2) as the Townhall stand. 
Sawlogs provided a slightly greater proportion of the financial return at Townline 
Lake (about 72 per cent) compared to Bird, Raco, and Townhall (68, 65,  and 67 per 
cent). Pulpwood was less abundant at  Townline Lake because of the lower stocking, but 
the pulpsticks were larger and could be harvested sooner than those in the other stands. 
Site played a significantly greater role in growth and yield than white grubs in this 
study. The two stands with site indices of 65,  Townhall and Townline Lake, yielded far 
greater returns than the Raco and Bird stands with site indices of 55,  whether they were 
treated for white grubs or not. 
Table 2. Number of trees per acre for aldrin-treated and untreated stands at plantation age 
5 years old. 
Trees/Acre 
Research area Site index Treated Untreated 
Bird 55 628 45 9 
Rado 5 5 737 609 
Townhall 65 829 745 
Townline Lake 65 346 25 2 
3
Fowler and Wilson: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stand
Published by ValpoScholar, 1975
230 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 8, No. 4 
The calculated internal rates of return (IRR) for the plot ranged from 2.8 to 3.6 per 
cent-the higher rates occuring on the site index 65 areas. Maximum IRR's were achieved 
between plantation ages of 75 and 85 years at the Townline Lake and Townhall plots, 
whereas rnaximunl IRR's wcre reached at 85 and 90 years in the Bird and Raco plots. 
Based on an econonlic rotation, those stands on the best sites could be harvested up to 
15  years earlier than the others. 
CONCLUSION 
White grubs, which are normally considered destructive, may actually be beneficial in 
plantations where stocking densities are far above those necessary for optimum growth 
and yield. Although further research is needed to determine the best stockin,. densities 
for optimum growth and yield under different grub population levels. our experience 
indicates that a stand planted in excess of 1000 treeslacre certainlj- could lose one-half or 
more of its trees before growth and yield losses from grubs would be significant. Thus, 
where trees are planted at more than 1000 treeslacre and the management plan caUs for 
sawtimber production, chemical treatment for white grub control would k of no value 
(or of negative value) and should not be recommended. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Buckman, R. E. 1962. Growth and yield of red pine in Minnesota. U.S.D.A. Forest 
Service, Tech Bull. 1272, SO p. 
Craighead, F. C. 1950. Insect enemies of eastern forests. U.S.D.X. 3Lisc. Publ. 657, 679 p. 
Fowler, R. F. 1973. Insecticide use in the National Forests of the Lake Stater a history. 
U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northeastern Area S&PF, St. Paul Field Ofi3c~. St. Paul, 
Minn., Report S-72-8,50 p. 
Fowler, R. F. and L. F. Wilson. 1971a. White grub populations. F f z . v l l o ~ g ~ ~  spp., in 
relation to damaged red pine seedlings in Michigan and Xiisconsin plantations 
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Mich. Entomol. 4:23-28. 
Fowler, R. F. and L. F. Wilson. 1971b. Evaluation of thres aldrin a p p h d o n  mcthods 
for white grub, Phyllophaga spp., control (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae'r. -Wch. Entomol. 
4:89-91. 
Fowler, R. F. and L. F. Wilson. 1974. Injury to aldrin-treated and u n t ~ a i e d  red pine by 
white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and other agents during f i  fi\-e Fears after 
planting. Great Lakes Entomol. 7:81-88. 
Kittredge, J., Jr. 1929. Forest planting in the Lake States. U.S.D.X. Bull. 1497. 88 p. 
Lundgren, A. L. 1966. Estimating investiment return from groajng red pine. E.S.D.A. 
Forest Service, Resource Paper NC-2, 48 p. 
Wambach, R. R. 1967. A silvicultural and economic appraisal of initial s p a c k ~  in red 
pine. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, 282 p. 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 8, No. 4 [1975], Art. 7
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Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grubs and Other Agents

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