Simple, low cost methods are needed to determine the effect of pesticides on non-target aquatic organisms. In this report, embryos of Paratanytarsus parthenogenetic us were exposed from deposition to hatch to five pesticides. Four of the five pesticides affected development or hatch only at concentrations which exceeded 96-h LC50 values of other non-target invertebrates. One pesticide, fenitrothion, affected hatch at 13 Ilgll which is similar to 96-h LC50 values for other aquatic invertebrates. Because of the low sensitivity of the embryo to pesticides, this method may not be a useful pesticide screening test for non-target invertebrates

Anderson, Richard L

Shubat, Pam

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 16 Number 4 - Winter 1983 Number 4 - Winter 1983 Article 14 December 1983 Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos of Paratanytarsus Parthenogeneticus (Diptera: Chironomidae) Richard L. Anderson U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pam Shubat University of Wisconsin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Richard L. and Shubat, Pam 1983. "Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos of Paratanytarsus Parthenogeneticus (Diptera: Chironomidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 16 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/14 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 177 INSECTICIDE EFFECTS ON NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND HATCH OF EMBRYOS OF PARATANYTARSUS PARTHENOGENETICUS (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) Richard L. Andersonl and Pam Shubat2 ABSTRACT Simple, low cost methods are needed to determine the effect of pesticides on non-target aquatic organisms. In this report, embryos of Paratanytarsus parthenogenetic us were exposed from deposition to hatch to five pesticides. Four of the five pesticides affected development or hatch only at concentrations which exceeded 96-h LC50 values of other non-target invertebrates. One pesticide, fenitrothion, affected hatch at 13 Ilgll which is similar to 96-h LC50 values for other aquatic invertebrates. Because of the low sensitivity of the embryo to pesticides, this method may not be a useful pesticide screening test for non-target invertebrates. The effect of pesticides on non-target aquatic macroinvertebrates has been documented in many reports. Generally, the reports describe exposures of immature insects or immature and adult crustaceans for 2, 4, and up to 28 days of continual exposure to th  chemical. The animals used in these tests are often collected from natural habitats and only a few, such as chironomids or amphipods are routinely reared in the laboratory. The need for and expense of collecting and holding the animals in the laboratory, coupled with seasonal availability, are a major restraint of research whieh determines the toxicity f pesticides to non-target animals. Also, emphasis on a single portion of the life cycle does not provide a complete picture of the potential for unwanted effects. The effect of an insecticide on the embryonic developmental stage has not been extensively studied. Friesen (1979) used the eggs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida MeDunnough in exposures to methoxychlor and found that the eggs were sensitive to methoxychlor and could be a useful toxicity test material. This study showed a potential for using embryological material for toxicity testing. However, this type of test is limited by the seasonal availability of eggs and the extended developmental times for many species. Chironomids provide life-cycle characteristics which remove the short-comings of other inseet orders and many may be candidates for a rapid screening method for determining toxicity. This report describes an egg exposure system and the results of exposures f the eggs of the chironomid Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus to five pesticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS A colony of Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus (Freeman) has been maintained at this laboratory for over 10 yea s. The laboratory life eycle of this insect has been recently described by Anderson (1980). A unique feature of the life cycle is the parthenogenetic mode of reproduction whieh is reflected in th  specifie name. A detailed description of the insect is given in Sasa (1979). Routine rearing procedures are described in Anderson (1980). At temperatures of 20-22°C a life cycle is completed in about two weeks. IU. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN 55804. 2Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior. Present address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331. 1Anderson and Shubat: Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos ofPublished by ValpoScholar, 1983178 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 16, No.4 Eggs are deposited on the surface of the water and immediately begin absorbing water which resl1lts in full sized eggs surrounded by a sticky sheath. The mass is cylindrical, contains up to 250 eggs, and can be as long as 5 mm. The eggs are arranged in a linear manner through the center of the sheath. This arrangement allows, with the use of a stereomicroscope, easy counting and monitoring of the embryo development. Exposure Procedure. One goal of these tests was to expose the eggs from deposition to hatch to simulate the extreme exposure situation. To accomplish this goal, freshly­emerged adults were collected from the rearing colony with a mouth aspirator and transferred to a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask which contained about 75-100 ml of a pre­selected concentration of pesticide prepared in Lake Superior water. The flasks were checked at no greater than 60-min intervals. At each check, egg masses deposited in that time period were removed and individually transferred to 150 x 20 mm test tubes which contained about 10 m1 of the same water. The test tubes were placed in a water bath at 22°C for incubation. At 22°C, normal development is completed and hatching has begun within 52 h after deposition. In the exposures, control and exposed egg masses were usually assessed for development at both 24 and 48 h. The tent f developm nt at e ch check was compared to the control and to a set of previously prepared normal development photographs taken at J-h intervals. Delayed development and hatch success were used as end-points. All assessments were accomplished using either a Zeiss Universal photo microscope or a Bausch and Lomb stereomicroscope. Toxicant Preparation and Analysis. Because the sensitivity of chironomid eggs to pesticides was unknown, each chemical exposure series started with a saturated or near saturated water solution. The saturated solutions were diluted with Lake Superior water and the dilutions were tested until a concentration was found that did not affect development or hatch. The saturated solutions were prepared using either a modified saturator (Veith and Comstock 1975) system or by mixing in lake water with the aid of a stirrer. No solvents were used in either method. Samples for analysis were taken for each pesticide and analyzed according to pro­cedures described by Thompson (1974). To determine the accuracy of the extraction procedures, known amounts of each pesticide were added to a control water sample before extraction. All reported values are based on measured concentrations not corrected for recovery. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Five pesticides, representing three classes, were tested: a synthetic pyrethroid. AC 222 705; two chlorinated, pentachlorophenol and endrin; and two organophosphate, fenitrothion and malathion. The data from these exposures show a wide range in sensitivity of the hatching process and a low sensitivity of the development process unless the embryos were exposed to unnaturally high concentrations. Fenitrothion was the only pesticide which showed deleterious effects at concentrations which approximate traditionally obtained 4-day LC50 values (Fig. 1). The highest exposure concentration that resulted in > 95% hatch was 13 Ilgll. The next concentration tested. 20 Ilgll, resulted in about 85% hatch. Concentrations greater than 20 !lgil resulted in a disruption of the hatch process and none of the fully developed larva survived. Concentrations of fenitrothion substantially higher than 20 Ilgll were tested and apparently normal development occurred until concentrations greater than 7400 flgll were used. Within the limits established by the concentrations tested, no partial effects were seen. At 7400 Ilgll, or less, 100% of the embryos developed normally but did no hatch. At 10,000 Ilgll, none of the eggs developed. Effects seen at the 24-h check included a drawing in of the vitelline membrane from the chorion, a loss of cellular integrity in the embryo, and a swelling of the chorion. The other organophosphate pesticide tested, malathion, did not show toxic effect until the concentration exceeded 350 Ilgll (Fig. I). No embryos hatched at 3500 Ilg/l. Because of the wide difference between 350 and 3500 I-lg/l it is not possible to define the exact 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 16, No. 4 [1983], Art. 14https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/141983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 179 FENITROTHION MALATHION Normol Development Normal Development c 1.0 2.0 3,0 4,0 5.0 00 10 Concentration (log jJg/I) Concentration (log 1-19Il) ENDRIN PENTACHLOROPHENOL . .100 Norma! Developmen1 80 .t= u 060 J: E Q) ~ 40 Normal Abnormal Development Development 20 20 o ~--::..L-_-----L... .J °C~~710~-~~--,o~~=74~0~~5,0c 1.0 2,0 3.0 4.0 5.0 Concentration (log 1-19Il) Concentration (log 1-19/1) Fig, 1. Effect of fenitrothion, malathion, endrin and pentachlorophenol on hatch and development of eggs of P. parthenogeneticus, effect concentration. However, a conservative comparison of the safe (350 fJ,g/l) concentra­tion with data from 4-day exposures of other invertebrates (Johnson and Finley 1980) show that for malathion, the embryo exposure would not be a sensitive screening test. In 96-h tests with 16 invertebrates, only two (Atherix variegata Walker and Asellus SL Hilaire) exeeeded 350 fJ,g/1. Eleven of the 16 species had 4-day LC50 values of IO fJ,gll or less. In our exposures, only four out of the 1534 eggs exposed had abnormal development so malathion, at concentrations up to 3500 flg/I, did not affect embryo development. TWo chlorinated pesticides were tested and pentachlorophenol was toxie at a lower concentration than endrin (Fig. 1). This was a surprising result because endrin has been shown to be toxic to fish and invertebrates at concentrations of I flgll or less in 4-day exposures (Anderson and DeFoe 1980, Grant 1976). The no-effect-on-hatching concentra­tion for pentachlorophenol was between 500 flg!1 which did not affect hatch and 1200 flg/l which resulted in only 19% hatch. Only 49% of the embryos developed normally at 2500 fJ,g/l and > 93% developed normally at 1600 flgll or less. These pentachlorophenol 3Anderson and Shubat: Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos ofPublished by ValpoScholar, 1983180 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST VoL 16. No. " AC 222705 100 Normal Development 20 O'-__ ....L ____ ..~--~~--~ C 0.0 2.0 Concentrat ion (log fJg/1) Fig, 2. Effect of AC 222-705 on hatch of p, parthenogeneticlis. concentrations are substantially higher than 4-day values for fish which range from 32 to 205 IAgi1 (Johnson and Finley 1980). The synthetic pyrethroid AC 222 705 was the most toxic chemical tested (Fig. 21. At 3.1 IAgll, 46% of the embryo hatched. At 0,55 IAg!l, the hatch was 90%. Although this pesticide was the most toxic, a comparison of our effect concentration with other fish and invertebrate 4-day exposure data show that the embryos were not particularly sensiti\'e, For example, the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque has a 4-day LC50 value of 0,22/tgll and a predicted chronic no-effect concentration between 0.03 and 0,07 IAg!1 (Spehar et aL 1983), No effect on development was seen at our exposure concentrations. The results of this study show that only one of the pesticides, fenitrothion. affected a critical developmental event at a concentration which was similar to that affecting sUf\'ivaI of other aquatic animals. Because of the low correlation between embryo-sensiti\'ity and 4-day LC50 values of other aquatic animals, it is doubtful that this embryo exposure system would be useful as a surrogate test for determining the sensitivity of aquatic animals to pesticides, This embryo exposure technique may not be a sensitive test for pesticides, However. the chironomid is easy to culture, the eggs are easy to count, and development can be easily followed from deposition to hatch with simple equipment. These attributes of the system point toward its application to other toxicity situations, LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R. L. 1980. Chironomidae toxicity tests - biological background and pro­cedures. p. 70-80 in A, L Buikema, Jr., and 1. Cairns, Jr. (eds.) Aquatic inyertebrate bioassays, ASTM STP 715. Amer. Soc, for lesting and Materials, Anderson, R, L. and D. DeFoe, 1980, Toxicity and bioaccumulation of endrin and methoxyeh10r in aquatic invertebrates and fish, Environ. Poilu!. (Series A) 22: 111-1 21. Friesen, M. K. 1979, Toxicity testing using eggs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae), with methoxychlor as toxicant. p, 266-277 in Proc, Fifth Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Hamilton, Ontario. Nov. 7-9, 1978, Fish. Mar. Serv, Tech. Rep. 862. 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 16, No. 4 [1983], Art. 14https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/141983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 181 Grant, B. F. 1976. Endrin toxicity and distribution in freshwater: a review. Bul!. Environ. Contam. Toxico!. 15:283-290. Johnson. W. W. and M. T. Finley. 1980. Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals to fish and aquatic invertebrates. U. S. Dept. Inter. Fish Wild!. Servo Res. Pub. 137. 96 p. Sasa, M. 1979. A morphological study of adults and immature stages of 20 Japanese species of the family Chironomidae. Res. Rep. Nat. Inst. Environ. Stud. No 7: 1-148. Spehar, R. L., D. K. Tanner, and B. R. Nordling. 1983. Toxicity of the synthetic pyrethroids, Permethrin and AC 222, 705 and their accumulation in early life stages of fathead minnows and snails. Aquatic Toxico!. 3:171-182. Thompson, 1. F. (ed.). 1974. Manual of analytical methods for the analysis of pesticide residues in human and environmental samples. U.S. EPA, Environ. Toxico!. Div., Research Triangle Park, NC. 5Anderson and Shubat: Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos ofPublished by ValpoScholar, 1983

Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos of \u3ci\u3eParatanytarsus Parthenogeneticus\u3c/i\u3e (Diptera: Chironomidae)

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 16 
Number 4 - Winter 1983 Number 4 - Winter 
1983 
Article 14 
December 1983 
Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of 
Embryos of Paratanytarsus Parthenogeneticus (Diptera: 
Chironomidae) 
Richard L. Anderson 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 
Pam Shubat 
University of Wisconsin 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Anderson, Richard L. and Shubat, Pam 1983. "Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of 
Embryos of Paratanytarsus Parthenogeneticus (Diptera: Chironomidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, 
vol 16 (4) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/14 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 177 
INSECTICIDE EFFECTS ON NORMAL DEVELOPMENT AND HATCH 
OF EMBRYOS OF PARATANYTARSUS PARTHENOGENETICUS 
(DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) 
Richard L. Andersonl and Pam Shubat2 
ABSTRACT 
Simple, low cost methods are needed to determine the effect of pesticides on non-target 
aquatic organisms. In this report, embryos of Paratanytarsus parthenogenetic us were 
exposed from deposition to hatch to five pesticides. Four of the five pesticides affected 
development or hatch only at concentrations which exceeded 96-h LC50 values of other 
non-target invertebrates. One pesticide, fenitrothion, affected hatch at 13 Ilgll which is 
similar to 96-h LC50 values for other aquatic invertebrates. Because of the low sensitivity 
of the embryo to pesticides, this method may not be a useful pesticide screening test for 
non-target invertebrates. 
The effect of pesticides on non-target aquatic macroinvertebrates has been documented 
in 
many reports. Generally, the reports describe exposures 
of immature insects or 
immature and adult crustaceans for 2, 4, and up to 28 days of continual exposure to th  
chemical. The animals used in these tests are often collected from natural habitats and 
only a few, such as chironomids or amphipods are routinely reared in the laboratory. The 
need for and expense of collecting and holding the animals in the laboratory, coupled with 
seasonal availability, are a major restraint of research whieh determines the toxicity f 
pesticides to non-target animals. Also, emphasis on a single portion of the life cycle does 
not provide a complete picture of the potential for unwanted effects. 
The effect of an insecticide on the embryonic developmental stage has not been 
extensively studied. Friesen (1979) used the eggs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia 
rigida MeDunnough in exposures to methoxychlor and found that the eggs were sensitive 
to 
methoxychlor 
and could be a useful toxicity test material. This study showed a potential 
for using embryological material for toxicity testing. However, this type of test is limited 
by the seasonal availability of eggs and the extended developmental times for many 
species. 
Chironomids provide life-cycle characteristics which remove the short-comings of other 
inseet orders and many may be candidates for a rapid screening method for determining 
toxicity. This report describes an egg exposure system and the results of exposures f the 
eggs of the chironomid Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus to five pesticides. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
A colony of Paratanytarsus parthenogeneticus (Freeman) has been maintained at this 
laboratory for over 10 yea s. The laboratory life eycle of this insect has been recently 
described by Anderson (1980). A unique feature of the life cycle is the parthenogenetic 
mode of reproduction whieh is reflected in th  specifie name. A detailed description of the 
insect is given in Sasa (1979). Routine rearing procedures are described in Anderson 
(1980). At temperatures of 20-22°C a life cycle is completed in about two weeks. 
IU. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN 
55804. 
2Center for Lake Superior Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior. Present 
address: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331. 
1
Anderson and Shubat: Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos of
Published by ValpoScholar, 1983
178 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 16, No.4 
Eggs are deposited on the surface of the water and immediately begin absorbing water 
which resl1lts in full sized eggs surrounded by a sticky sheath. The mass is cylindrical, 
contains up to 250 eggs, and can be as long as 5 mm. The eggs are arranged in a linear 
manner through the center of the sheath. This arrangement allows, with the use of a 
stereomicroscope, easy counting and monitoring of the embryo development. 
Exposure Procedure. One goal of these tests was to expose the eggs from deposition 
to hatch to simulate the extreme exposure situation. To accomplish this goal, freshly­
emerged adults were collected from the rearing colony with a mouth aspirator and 
transferred to a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask which contained about 75-100 ml of a pre­
selected concentration of pesticide prepared in Lake Superior water. The flasks were 
checked at no greater than 60-min intervals. At each check, egg masses deposited in that 
time period were removed and individually transferred to 150 x 20 mm test tubes which 
contained about 10 m1 of the same water. The test tubes were placed in a water bath at 22°C 
for incubation. 
At 
22°C, normal development is completed and hatching has begun within 52 h after 
deposition. In the exposures, control and exposed egg masses were usually assessed for 
development at both 
24 and 48 h. The tent f developm nt at e ch check was compared 
to the control and to a set of previously prepared normal development photographs taken at 
J-h intervals. Delayed development and hatch success were used as end-points. All 
assessments were accomplished using either a Zeiss Universal photo microscope or a 
Bausch and Lomb stereomicroscope. 
Toxicant Preparation and Analysis. Because the sensitivity of chironomid eggs to 
pesticides was unknown, each chemical exposure series started with a saturated or near 
saturated water solution. The saturated solutions were diluted with Lake Superior water 
and the dilutions were tested until a concentration was found that did not affect 
development or hatch. The saturated solutions were prepared using either a modified 
saturator (Veith and Comstock 1975) system or by mixing in lake water with the aid of a 
stirrer. No solvents were used in either method. 
Samples for analysis were taken for each pesticide and analyzed according to pro­
cedures described by Thompson (1974). To determine the accuracy of the extraction 
procedures, known amounts of each pesticide were added to a control water sample before 
extraction. All reported values are based on measured concentrations not corrected for 
recovery. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Five pesticides, representing three classes, were tested: a synthetic pyrethroid. AC 222 
705; two chlorinated, pentachlorophenol and endrin; and two organophosphate, 
fenitrothion and malathion. The data from these exposures show a wide range in 
sensitivity of the hatching process and a low sensitivity of the development process unless 
the embryos were exposed to unnaturally high concentrations. 
Fenitrothion was the only pesticide which showed deleterious effects at concentrations 
which approximate traditionally obtained 4-day LC50 values (Fig. 1). The highest 
exposure concentration that resulted in > 95% hatch was 13 Ilgll. The next concentration 
tested. 20 Ilgll, resulted in about 85% hatch. Concentrations greater than 20 !lgil resulted 
in 
a disruption 
of the hatch process and none of the fully developed larva survived. 
Concentrations of fenitrothion substantially higher than 20 Ilgll were tested and 
apparently normal development occurred until concentrations greater than 7400 flgll were 
used. Within the limits established by the concentrations tested, no partial effects were 
seen. At 7400 Ilgll, or less, 100% of the embryos developed normally but did no hatch. 
At 10,000 Ilgll, none of the eggs developed. Effects seen at the 24-h check included a 
drawing in of the vitelline membrane from the chorion, a loss of cellular integrity in the 
embryo, and a swelling of the chorion. 
The other organophosphate pesticide tested, malathion, did not show toxic effect until 
the concentration exceeded 350 Ilgll (Fig. I). No embryos hatched at 3500 Ilg/l. Because 
of 
the wide difference between 350 and 3500 
I-lg/l it is not possible to define the exact 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 16, No. 4 [1983], Art. 14
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/14
1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 179 
FENITROTHION MALATHION 
Normol Development 
Normal 

Development 

c 1.0 2.0 3,0 4,0 5.0 00 10 
Concentration (log jJg/I) Concentration (log 1-19Il) 
ENDRIN PENTACHLOROPHENOL 
. .100 
Norma! Developmen1 
80 
.t= 
u 
060 
J: 
E 
Q) 
~ 40 Normal Abnormal 
Development 
Development 
20 20 
o ~--::..L-_-----L... .J °C~~710~-~~--,o~~=74~0~~5,0c 1.0 2,0 3.0 4.0 5.0 
Concentration (log 1-19Il) Concentration (log 1-19/1) 
Fig, 1. Effect of fenitrothion, malathion, endrin and pentachlorophenol on hatch and development of 
eggs of P. parthenogeneticus, 
effect concentration. However, a conservative comparison of the safe (350 fJ,g/l) concentra­
tion with data from 4-day exposures of other invertebrates (Johnson and Finley 1980) 
show that for malathion, the embryo exposure would not be a sensitive screening test. In 
96-h tests with 16 invertebrates, only two (Atherix variegata Walker and Asellus SL 
Hilaire) exeeeded 350 fJ,g/1. Eleven of the 16 species had 4-day LC50 values of IO fJ,gll or 
less. In our exposures, only four out of the 1534 eggs exposed had abnormal development 
so malathion, at concentrations up to 3500 flg/I, did not affect embryo development. 
TWo 
chlorinated pesticides were tested and pentachlorophenol was toxie 
at a lower 
concentration than endrin (Fig. 1). This was a surprising result because endrin has been 
shown to be toxic to fish and invertebrates at concentrations of I flgll or less in 4-day 
exposures (Anderson and DeFoe 1980, Grant 1976). The no-effect-on-hatching concentra­
tion for pentachlorophenol was between 500 flg!1 which did not affect hatch and 1200 flg/l 
which resulted in only 19% hatch. Only 49% of the embryos developed normally at 2500 
fJ,g/l 
and 
> 93% developed normally at 1600 flgll or less. These pentachlorophenol 
3
Anderson and Shubat: Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos of
Published by ValpoScholar, 1983
180 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST VoL 16. No. " 
AC 222705 
100 
Normal 
Development 
20 
O'-__ ....L ____ ..~--~~--~ 
C 0.0 2.0 
Concentrat ion (log fJg/1) 
Fig, 2. Effect of AC 222-705 on hatch of p, parthenogeneticlis. 
concentrations are substantially higher than 4-day values for fish which range from 32 to 
205 IAgi1 (Johnson and Finley 1980). 
The synthetic pyrethroid AC 222 705 was the most toxic chemical tested (Fig. 21. At 
3.1 IAgll, 46% of the embryo hatched. At 0,55 IAg!l, the hatch was 90%. Although this 
pesticide was the most toxic, a comparison of our effect concentration with other fish and 
invertebrate 4-day exposure data show that the embryos were not particularly sensiti\'e, 
For example, the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque has a 4-day LC50 
value of 0,22/tgll and a predicted chronic no-effect concentration between 0.03 and 0,07 
IAg!1 
(Spehar et 
aL 1983), No effect on development was seen at our exposure 
concentrations. 
The results of this study show that only one of the pesticides, fenitrothion. affected a 
critical developmental event at a concentration which was similar to that affecting sUf\'ivaI 
of other aquatic animals. Because of the low correlation between embryo-sensiti\'ity and 
4-day LC50 values of other aquatic animals, it is doubtful that this embryo exposure 
system would be useful as a surrogate test for determining the sensitivity of aquatic 
animals to pesticides, 
This embryo exposure technique may not be a sensitive test for pesticides, However. the 
chironomid is easy to culture, the eggs are easy to count, and development can be easily 
followed from deposition to hatch with simple equipment. These attributes of the system 
point toward its application to other toxicity situations, 
LITERATURE CITED 
Anderson, R. L. 1980. Chironomidae toxicity tests - biological background and pro­
cedures. p. 70-80 in A, L Buikema, Jr., and 1. Cairns, Jr. (eds.) Aquatic inyertebrate 
bioassays, ASTM STP 715. Amer. Soc, for lesting and Materials, 
Anderson, R, L. and D. DeFoe, 1980, Toxicity and bioaccumulation of endrin and 
methoxyeh10r in aquatic invertebrates and fish, Environ. Poilu!. (Series A) 22: 111-1 21. 
Friesen, M. K. 1979, Toxicity testing using eggs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia 
rigida (Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae), with methoxychlor as toxicant. p, 266-277 
in 
Proc, Fifth Annual 
Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Hamilton, Ontario. Nov. 7-9, 1978, 
Fish. Mar. Serv, Tech. Rep. 862. 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 16, No. 4 [1983], Art. 14
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/14
1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 181 
Grant, B. F. 1976. Endrin toxicity and distribution in freshwater: a review. Bul!. Environ. 
Contam. Toxico!. 15:283-290. 
Johnson. W. W. and M. T. Finley. 1980. Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals to fish 
and aquatic invertebrates. U. S. Dept. Inter. Fish Wild!. Servo Res. Pub. 137. 96 p. 
Sasa, M. 1979. A morphological study of adults and immature stages of 20 Japanese 
species of the family Chironomidae. Res. Rep. Nat. Inst. Environ. Stud. No 7: 1-148. 
Spehar, R. L., D. K. Tanner, and B. R. Nordling. 1983. Toxicity of the synthetic 
pyrethroids, Permethrin and AC 222, 705 and their accumulation in early life stages of 
fathead minnows and snails. Aquatic Toxico!. 3:171-182. 
Thompson, 1. F. (ed.). 1974. Manual of analytical methods for the analysis of pesticide 
residues in human and environmental samples. U.S. EPA, Environ. Toxico!. Div., 
Research Triangle Park, NC. 
5
Anderson and Shubat: Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos of
Published by ValpoScholar, 1983


https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1483&amp;context=tgle

Insecticide Effects on Normal Development and Hatch of Embryos of \u3ci\u3eParatanytarsus Parthenogeneticus\u3c/i\u3e (Diptera: Chironomidae)

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