Chinese cabbage plants grown in flats containing either aluminum foil mulch or no mulch cover were uniformly infested with a single apterous adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and exposed in a greenhouse to a free-flying population of the parasite Aphidius ervi (Haliday). Aphid fecundity. plant growth, and temperature were greater in reflective mulch plots. Aphid pardSitism was lower over mulched plots until foliage growth obscured the mulch. Later. parasitism was more frequent in mulched plots. The effects upon parasitism, fecundity. and microclimate may explain instances where aluminum mulches have not reduced aphid populations

Cranshaw, Whitney S

Zalmon, Frank G

English

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 14 Number 4 - Winter 1981 Number 4 - Winter 1981 Article 1 December 1981 Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of Apterous Myzus Persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) Frank G. Zalmon University of California Whitney S. Cranshaw University of Minnesota Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Zalmon, Frank G. and Cranshaw, Whitney S. 1981. "Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of Apterous Myzus Persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 14 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss4/1 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 171 EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM FOIL MULCH ON PARASITISM AND FECUNDITY OF APTEROUS MYZUS PERS/CAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) 1 Frank G. Zalom 2 and Whitney S. Cranshaw ABSTRACT Chinese cabbage plants grown in flats containing either aluminum foil mulch or no mulch cover were uniformly infested with a single apterous adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and exposed in a greenhouse to a free-flying population of the parasite Aphidius ervi (Haliday). Aphid fecundity. plant growth, and temperature were greater in reflective mulch plots. Aphid pardSitism was lower over mulched plots until foliage growth obscured the mulch. Later. parasitism was more frequent in mulched plots. The effects upon parasitism, fecun­dity. and microclimate may explain instances where aluminum mulches have not reduced aphid populations. Reflective mulches represent a unique approach to reducing the spread of nonpersistent viruses (Kring 1964). The mulches act by reflecting the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays, thus confusing the insect vector (Toscano et aI. 1979). Reduced numbers of alate aphids alighting on plants and increased yields often result from this treatment (e.g. Wyman et aI. 1979). Failure of mulches to adequately protect crops has been attributed to insufficient reflective surface (Dickson and Laird 1966, Rothman 1%7), overabundance of vectors (Kring 1972), and plant growth over the mulches (e.g. Shands and Simpson 1972). Cranshaw and Radcliffe (1980) observed that a significant reduction occurred in captures of alate green peach aphid, My::.us persicae (Sulzer), over mulched potato plots through midseason, but that apterae on foliage were not well correlated with the alate captures. They speculated that interference with natural control over mUlched plots may contribute to a higher rate of population growth by aphids colonizing mulched plots. Such secondary effects may obscure the evaluation of a mulch for plant protection particularly if primary spread by vectors early in the season is of greatest importance. and if the evaluation is made by checking apterae popUlations. Here we demonstrate that aluminum foil mulching influences parasitism, aphid fecundity, and plant groy,th when compared to unmulched controls. METHODS Twenty-four wooden flats were arranged in a row two deep and 12 across on the bench in a glasshouse on th  University of Minnesota campus. Each flat was filled with soil and seeded'll<ith Chinese cabbage at I3-cm intervals (12 plants/flat). Four adjacent flats consti­tuted one replication of a treatment (48 plants total). Treatments consisted of covering the soil, excluding a 1.5 em hole around the base of a seedling, with aluminum foil, or allowing the plants to grow over bare soil. Ultraviolet lamps were suspended 1 m above the surface of the flats to increase the intensity of UV light that was potentially reduced by the glass roof. A thermostat in the glasshouse remained set at 22°C for the experiment. A recording therm-I Research supported by Cniversity of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Project 17-48. Scientific Journal Series. Paper No. 11,363. 2 IPM Implementation Group, 210/ Wickson Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. 3 Department of Entomology. Fisheries. and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 1Zalmon and Cranshaw: Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of AptPublished by ValpoScholar, 1981172 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. .14, No.4 ograph measured the temperature immediately above the mulched and unrnulched treat­ments. Weeds were manually removed from each flat. When the first true leaf of each plant became fully expanded, a single apterous adult green peach aphid was transferred to the leaf. On the same day, 24 mature cabbage plants contain­ing numerous aphid mummies were removed from a colony cage of a braconid parasite, Aphidius ervi (Haliday), of the green peach aphid. The plants were evenly spaced along the length of the bench at least 25 cm from the nearest cabbage plant to allow equal dispersal of the parasites over control and treatment plots. One week following the aphid transfer and twice weekly thereafter, 12 plants from the central area of each block were inspected for total numbers of aphids, aphid mummies, and leaves. Aphid mummies were removed from the leaves after counting. Cabbage plants from border rows in each block were not considered. Final counts were made four weeks follow­ing the initial infestation as the plants had grown to cover the mulch. RESULTS Aphid mummies were recorded on some of the Chinese cabbage plants one week after infestation by aphids and subsequent release of parasites. Initially, the number of mummies on the plants in the unrnulched treatment exceeded that of the mulched treatment, but the trend was reversed beginning with the fourth sampling period (Fig. I). The differences between the treatments were significant (P < 0.05) in each of the first two and final two sampling periods when compared by 2-way analysis of variance. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was recorded in sampling periods 3 (F 1 4 2.627) or 4 (F 1 4 = 2.041). More aphids were recorded from mulched plots than un mulched plots on each sampling date (Fig. 2). Although the differences were not significant (P > 0.05) in sampling period I (F I 4 = 5.077) or 2 (F I 4 = 4. !O3), the differences were significant (P < 0.05) in each period thereafter when compared by 2-way analysis of variance. The Chinese cabbage plants from blocks covered with foil mulching appeared to be noticeably larger and more robust than those from unrnulched plots throughout the exper­iment. The mean total number leaves per 12 plants from mulched blocks was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that of unrnulched blocks during each sampling period when compared by 2-way analysis of variance (Fig. 3). The reflective surface was estimated to be 9<m occluded due to plant growth by the fourth sampling period. Large deposits of honeydew on leaf surfaces were noted beginning with the fifth sampling period. Air temperature im­mediately above the mulched plots was ca. 3°C warmer than over unrnulched plots prior to occlusion of the reflective surface. DISCUSSION Aluminum foil mulching seemed to ignificantly affect parasitism, aphid fecundity, and plant growth in our experiment. As all three factors may influence one another, the contri­bution of each could not be separated, but some general trends became apparent. Significantly less parasitism was noted over mulched plots than unrnulched plots before the plants grew so as to cover most of the foil, suggesting an effect on the parasites similar to that of alate aphids flying over reflective surfaces. Under these circumstances, a few initial colonizers could increase at a greater rate on mulched plots than unrnulched plots. The tremendous increase in aphid mummies on the final sampling dates within blocks with a reflective surface was probably a function of increased aphid abundance on those plants and lack of interference from the foil. 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 4 [1981], Art. 1https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss4/11981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 173 Navm>eka et aL (1975) showed that although alate aphids landing on lettuce were lowest in plots treated with aluminum foil mulch, the greatest production of winged aphids also occurred on those plots. Increased fecundity could have been due to the warmer temper­ature (Daniels 1957, Coon 1959) noted over mulched plots. Higher reproductive rates result­ing from the use of reflective mulches might require some other treatment o reduce the number of colonizers. en I­Z 130 -MULCHEDc:( ..J ..•.... NON-MULCHED120 C\I 0... ,... 110 ....... en w 100 :::!: :::!: :::) :::!: 0 :E 0... c:( U. 0 a:: w []) :::!: 40 :::) Z 30 ..J c:( .....: ........I- 20 0 1·.'l­·····Il 10 .•..-r,/Z :11"­c:( W 0 I "i' 558.33:!:.136.76 183.001198.27 ;!I.. 7 10 14 7 21 24 28:::!: DAYS AFTER INFEST A TION Figure I. Mean I::: SOl total number of green peach aphid mummies per 12 Chinese cabbage plants in fiats with and \\ithout reflective mulches. 3Zalmon and Cranshaw: Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of AptPublished by ValpoScholar, 1981174 THE GREAT L<\KES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No.4 Cf) I­Z5000« - MULCHEDit 4500 ........ NON-MULCHED C\I ::: 4000 Cf) g 3500 J: Q.« 3000 u. o 2500 a: ~ 2000 :E :::) Z ...J « I­o I­Z O~~--~~~~--~~~~~ Figure 2. Mean (± SD) total number of green peach aphids per 12 Chinese cabbage plants in flats with and without reflective mulches. « w :E 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 4 [1981], Art. 1https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss4/11981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 175 C/) 120I­Z ...J< 110 a.. C\I 100 .... C/) 90 -W > 80<W ...J 70u.. e 60a: W ID 50 ~ ::::l z 40 ...J < 30 l-e I- 20 Z < 10 W ~ 0 -MULCHED ........ NON-MULCHED r",yl ./ .r 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 DAYS AFTER INFEST ATION Figure 3. Mean (± SD) total number of leaves per 12 Chinese cabbage plants in flats with and without reflective mulches. 5Zalmon and Cranshaw: Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of AptPublished by ValpoScholar, 1981176 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No.4 LITERATURE CITED Coon, B. F. 1959. Aphid populations on oats grown in various nutrient solutions. J  Econ. Entomol. 52:624-626. Cranshaw, W. S. and E. B. Radcliffe. 1980. Effect of reflective mulch on potato insect populations. p. 134-136 in Proc. Ann. Potato Res. Plan. Rep. Conf. 230 pp. Daniels, N. E. 1957. Greenbug populations and their damage to winter wheat as affected by fertilizer applications. J Econ. Entomo!. 50:793-794. Dickson, R. C. and R. F. Laird. 1966. Aluminum foil to protect melons from watermelon mosaic virus. Plant Dis. Rep. 50:305. Kring, J. B. 1964. New ways to repel aphids. Frontiers Plant. Sci. 17:6-7. ____.1972. Hight behavior of aphids. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 17:461-492. Nawrocka, B. F., C. J. Eckenrode, J. K. Uyemoto, and D. H. Young. 1975. Reflective mulches and foliar sprays for suppression of aphid-borne viruses in lettuce. J. Econ. Entomo!' 68:694-8. Rothman, P. G. 1967. Aluminum foil fails to protect winter oats from aphid vectors of barley yellow dwarf. Plant Dis. Rep. 51:354-355. Shands, W. A. and G. W. Simpson. 1972. Effects of aluminum foil mulches upon abundance of aphids on and yield of potatoes in northeastern Maine. J. Econ Entomo!. 65:507-510. Toscano, N. C., J. Wyman, K. Kido, H. Johnson, and K. M yberry. 1979. Reflective mulches foil insects. California Agric. 33: 17-19. Whalon, M. E. and Z. Smilowitz. 1979. Temperature-dependent model for predicting field populations of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Canadian Entomol. Ill: 1026-1032. Wyman, J. A., N. C. Toscano, K. Kido, H. Johnson, and K. S. Mayberry. 1979. Effects of mulching on the spread of aphid-transmitted watermelon mosaic virus to summer squash. J. Econ. Entomol. 72:139-143. 6The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 4 [1981], Art. 1https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss4/1

Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of Apterous \u3ci\u3eMyzus Persicae\u3c/i\u3e (Homoptera: Aphididae)

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 14 
Number 4 - Winter 1981 Number 4 - Winter 
1981 
Article 1 
December 1981 
Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of 
Apterous Myzus Persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) 
Frank G. Zalmon 
University of California 
Whitney S. Cranshaw 
University of Minnesota 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Zalmon, Frank G. and Cranshaw, Whitney S. 1981. "Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and 
Fecundity of Apterous Myzus Persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 14 (4) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss4/1 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 171 
EFFECTS OF ALUMINUM FOIL MULCH ON PARASITISM 
AND FECUNDITY OF APTEROUS MYZUS PERS/CAE 
(HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) 1 
Frank G. Zalom 2 and Whitney S. Cranshaw 
ABSTRACT 
Chinese cabbage plants grown in flats containing either aluminum foil mulch or no mulch 
cover 
were uniformly infested with a single apterous adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and 
exposed in a greenhouse to a free-flying population of the parasite Aphidius ervi (Haliday). 
Aphid fecundity. plant growth, and temperature were greater 
in reflective mulch plots. 
Aphid pardSitism was lower over mulched plots until foliage growth obscured the mulch. 
Later. 
parasitism was more frequent in mulched plots. The effects upon parasitism, fecun­
dity. 
and microclimate may explain instances where aluminum mulches have not reduced 
aphid populations. 
Reflective mulches represent a unique approach to reducing the spread of nonpersistent 
viruses (Kring 1964). The mulches act by reflecting the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays, thus 
confusing the insect vector (Toscano et aI. 1979). Reduced numbers of alate aphids alighting 
on 
plants 
and increased yields often result from this treatment (e.g. Wyman et aI. 1979). 
Failure of mulches to adequately protect crops has been attributed to insufficient reflective 
surface (Dickson and Laird 1966, Rothman 1%7), overabundance of vectors (Kring 1972), 
and 
plant growth over the mulches (e.g. Shands and Simpson 
1972). Cranshaw and Radcliffe 
(1980) observed that a significant reduction occurred in captures of alate green peach aphid, 
My::.us persicae (Sulzer), over mulched potato plots through midseason, but that apterae on 
foliage were not well correlated with the alate captures. They speculated that interference 
with natural control over mUlched plots may contribute to a higher rate of population growth 
by aphids colonizing mulched plots. Such secondary effects may obscure the evaluation of a 
mulch for plant protection particularly if primary spread by vectors early in the season is of 
greatest importance. and if the evaluation is made by checking apterae popUlations. 
Here 
we demonstrate that aluminum foil mulching influences parasitism, aphid fecundity, and 
plant groy,th when compared to unmulched controls. 
METHODS 
Twenty-four wooden flats were arranged in a row two deep and 
12 across on the bench in 
a glasshouse on th  University of Minnesota campus. Each flat was filled with soil and 
seeded'll<ith Chinese cabbage at I3-cm intervals (12 plants/flat). Four adjacent flats consti­
tuted one replication of a treatment (48 plants total). Treatments consisted of covering the 
soil, excluding a 1.5 em hole around the base of a seedling, with aluminum foil, or allowing 
the 
plants 
to grow over bare soil. Ultraviolet lamps were suspended 1 m above the surface of 
the 
flats 
to increase the intensity of UV light that was potentially reduced by the glass roof. 
A thermostat in the glasshouse remained set at 22°C for the experiment. A recording therm-
I Research supported by Cniversity of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Project 17-48. 
Scientific Journal Series. Paper No. 11,363. 
2 IPM Implementation Group, 210/ Wickson Hall, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. 
3 Department of Entomology. Fisheries. and Wildlife, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 
1
Zalmon and Cranshaw: Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of Apt
Published by ValpoScholar, 1981
172 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. .14, No.4 
ograph measured the temperature immediately above the mulched and unrnulched treat­
ments. Weeds were manually removed from each flat. 
When the first true leaf of each plant became fully expanded, a single apterous adult green 
peach 
aphid was transferred to the leaf. On the same day, 
24 mature cabbage plants contain­
ing numerous aphid mummies were removed from a colony cage of a braconid parasite, 
Aphidius ervi (Haliday), of the green peach aphid. The plants were evenly spaced along the 
length of the bench at least 25 cm from the nearest cabbage plant to allow equal dispersal of 
the parasites over control and treatment plots. 
One week following the aphid transfer and twice weekly thereafter, 12 plants from the 
central area of each block were inspected for total numbers of aphids, aphid mummies, and 
leaves. Aphid mummies were removed from the leaves after counting. Cabbage plants from 
border 
rows in each block were not considered. Final counts were made four weeks follow­
ing 
the initial infestation as the plants had grown to cover the mulch. 
RESULTS 
Aphid mummies were recorded on some of the Chinese cabbage plants one week after 
infestation by aphids and subsequent release of parasites. Initially, the number of mummies 
on 
the plants in the unrnulched treatment exceeded that 
of the mulched treatment, but the 
trend was reversed beginning with the fourth sampling period (Fig. I). The differences 
between the treatments were significant (P < 0.05) in each of the first two and final two 
sampling periods when compared by 2-way analysis of variance. No significant difference (P 
> 0.05) was recorded in sampling periods 3 (F 1 4 2.627) or 4 (F 1 4 = 2.041). 
More aphids were recorded from mulched plots than un mulched plots on each sampling 
date (Fig. 2). Although the differences were not significant (P > 0.05) in sampling period I 
(F 
I 4 
= 5.077) or 2 (F I 4 = 4. !O3), the differences were significant (P < 0.05) in each period 
thereafter when compared by 2-way analysis of variance. 
The Chinese cabbage plants from blocks covered with foil mulching appeared to be 
noticeably larger and more robust than those from unrnulched plots throughout the exper­
iment. The mean total number leaves per 12 plants from mulched blocks was significantly (P 
< 0.05) greater than that of unrnulched blocks during each sampling period when compared 
by 
2-way analysis 
of variance (Fig. 3). The reflective surface was estimated to be 9<m 
occluded due to plant growth by the fourth sampling period. Large deposits of honeydew on 
leaf surfaces were noted beginning with the fifth sampling period. Air temperature im­
mediately above the mulched plots was ca. 3°C warmer than over unrnulched plots prior to 
occlusion of the reflective surface. 
DISCUSSION 
Aluminum foil mulching seemed to ignificantly affect parasitism, aphid fecundity, and 
plant growth in our experiment. As all three factors may influence one another, the contri­
bution of each could not be separated, but some general trends became apparent. 
Significantly less parasitism was noted over mulched plots than unrnulched plots before 
the plants grew so as to cover most of the foil, suggesting an effect on the parasites similar to 
that of alate aphids flying over reflective surfaces. Under these circumstances, a few initial 
colonizers could increase at a greater rate on mulched plots than unrnulched plots. The 
tremendous increase in aphid mummies on the final sampling dates within blocks with a 
reflective surface was probably a function of increased aphid abundance on those plants and 
lack of interference from the foil. 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 4 [1981], Art. 1
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss4/1
1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 173 
Navm>eka et aL (1975) showed that although alate aphids landing on lettuce were lowest in 
plots treated with aluminum foil mulch, the greatest production of winged aphids also 
occurred on those plots. Increased fecundity could have been due to the warmer temper­
ature (Daniels 1957, Coon 1959) noted over mulched plots. Higher reproductive rates result­
ing from the use of reflective mulches might require some other treatment o reduce the 
number of colonizers. 
en 
I­
Z 130 
-MULCHEDc:( 
..J ..•.... NON-MULCHED120 
C\I 
0... 
,... 110 
....... 

en 
w 100 
:::!: 
:::!: 
:::) 
:::!: 
0 
:E 
0... 
c:( 
U. 
0 
a:: 
w 
[]) 
:::!: 40 
:::) 
Z 30 
..J 
c:( 
.....: ........
I- 20 
0 1·
.'l­
·····Il 10 
.•..-r,/Z 
:11"­c:( 
W 0 
I 
"i' 
558.33:!:.136.76 
183.001198.27 
;!I
.. 
7 10 14 7 21 24 28:::!: 
DAYS AFTER INFEST A TION 
Figure I. Mean I::: SOl total number of green peach aphid mummies per 12 Chinese cabbage plants in fiats 
with and \\ithout reflective mulches. 
3
Zalmon and Cranshaw: Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of Apt
Published by ValpoScholar, 1981
174 THE GREAT L<\KES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No.4 
Cf) 
I­
Z5000
« - MULCHEDit 4500 ........ 
NON-MULCHED 

C\I 
::: 
4000 
Cf) 
g 3500 
J: 
Q.
« 3000 
u. 
o 2500 
a: 
~ 2000 
:E 
:::) 
Z 
...J 
« 
I­
o 
I­
Z O~~--~~~~--~~~~~ 
Figure 2. Mean (± SD) total number of green peach aphids per 12 Chinese cabbage plants in flats with and 
without reflective mulches. 
« 
w 
:E 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 4 [1981], Art. 1
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss4/1
1981 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 175 
C/) 120
I­
Z 

...J< 110 

a.. 
C\I 100 

.... 
C/) 90 
-
W 
> 80
<W 
...J 70
u.. 
e 
60
a: 
W 
ID 50 
~ 
::::l 
z 40 

...J 
< 30 
l-
e 
I- 20 

Z 
< 10 
W 
~ 0 
-MULCHED 
........ NON-MULCHED 
r",yl 
./ .r 
7 10 14 17 21 24 28 

DAYS AFTER INFEST ATION 
Figure 3. Mean (± SD) total number of leaves per 12 Chinese cabbage plants in flats with and without 
reflective mulches. 
5
Zalmon and Cranshaw: Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of Apt
Published by ValpoScholar, 1981
176 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 14, No.4 
LITERATURE CITED 
Coon, 
B. F. 
1959. Aphid populations on oats grown in various nutrient solutions. J  Econ. 
Entomol. 52:624-626. 
Cranshaw, W. S. and E. B. Radcliffe. 1980. Effect of reflective mulch on potato insect 
populations. p. 134-136 in Proc. Ann. Potato Res. Plan. Rep. Conf. 230 pp. 
Daniels, N. E. 1957. Greenbug populations and their damage to winter wheat as affected by 
fertilizer applications. J Econ. Entomo!. 50:793-794. 
Dickson, R. C. and R. F. Laird. 1966. Aluminum foil to protect melons from watermelon 
mosaic virus. Plant Dis. Rep. 50:305. 
Kring, J. B. 1964. New ways to repel aphids. Frontiers Plant. Sci. 17:6-7. 
____
.1972. Hight behavior 
of aphids. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 17:461-492. 
Nawrocka, B. F., C. J. Eckenrode, J. K. Uyemoto, and D. H. Young. 1975. Reflective 
mulches and foliar sprays for suppression of aphid-borne viruses in lettuce. J. Econ. 
Entomo!' 68:694-8. 
Rothman, P. G. 1967. Aluminum foil fails to protect winter oats from aphid vectors of barley 
yellow dwarf. Plant Dis. Rep. 51:354-355. 
Shands, W. A. and G. W. Simpson. 1972. Effects of aluminum foil mulches upon abundance 
of 
aphids 
on and yield of potatoes in northeastern Maine. J. Econ Entomo!. 65:507-510. 
Toscano, N. C., J. Wyman, K. Kido, H. Johnson, and K. M yberry. 1979. Reflective 
mulches foil insects. California Agric. 33: 17-19. 
Whalon, M. E. and Z. Smilowitz. 1979. Temperature-dependent model for predicting field 
populations of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Canadian 
Entomol. Ill: 1026-1032. 
Wyman, J. A., N. C. Toscano, K. Kido, H. Johnson, and K. S. Mayberry. 1979. Effects of 
mulching on the spread of aphid-transmitted watermelon mosaic virus to summer squash. 
J. Econ. Entomol. 72:139-143. 
6
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 14, No. 4 [1981], Art. 1
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss4/1


https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1397&amp;context=tgle

Effects of Aluminum Foil Mulch on Parasitism and Fecundity of Apterous \u3ci\u3eMyzus Persicae\u3c/i\u3e (Homoptera: Aphididae)

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