L'objectiu d'aquest article és de suggerir una interpretació del sistema col·loquial dels clítics del dialecte barceloní (així com d'altres dialectes) mitjanqant l'ús de la noció objecte fonèticament buit. L'anàlisi proposada es basa en les consideracions de Farrell (1990) sobre objectes buits en el portuguès del Brasil

Gavarró, Anna

Gavarró Algueró, Anna

Diposit Digital de Documents de la UAB

A NOTE ON CATALAN CLITICS Anna Gavarró Universi tei t van Amsterdam The purpose of this paper is to suggest an interpretation of the colloquial clitic system of Barcelona Catalan (and other dialects) in the light of the notion of "phonetically empty object". The analysis proposed draws on some considerations on empty objects in Brazilian Portupese found in Farrell(1990). In this paper I discuss in what way the arguments of a head may be realised in a Government- Binding grammar. The particular instance of such realisation dealt with is that of the third person clitic arguments in some (colloquial) dalects of Catalan, though it is beyond the scope of this paper to give a full account of the clitic system of Catalan. In broad terrns, it seems to be the case, though, that both colloquial and prescribed Catalan coincide in presenting simple sequences of clitics of first, second and third person. What is meant by simple is that each clitic can be identified in the sequence (together wi th epenthetic vowels which for the present purposes can be ignored). This is illustrated in (1). (1) a. Et veig 2 I-see 'I see you' b. La veig 3-F I-see 'I see her/itf Catalan Working Papers in Linguistics (CWPL), 1991: 65-73 Universitat Autbnoma de Barcelona (1) c. Me les dóna 1 3-F-PL slhe-gives 'Slhe gives them to me' In all these examples, each clitic can be identified with an argument of the verb, in the same way as a full NP complement; e.g. La veig can be a paraphrase of Veig la sabata 'I see the shoe' and in both sentences all the arguments of the verb veure 'to see', EXPERIENCER and THEME, are satisfied. This contrasts with the ungrammaticality of (Z), where one of the arguments of the verb, the THEME in this case, is not realised -giving rise to a violation of the Projection Principle. In common practise, the complementari ty of cli tics and full complements (cli tic doubling aside) is expressed by postulating the following lund of structure representation for sentences with clitics: (3) Lai veig [proli 3-F I-see That is, clitics satisfy the thematic requirements of their heads by coindexation with an empty object pro which is in argumenta1 position (rather than being themselves in an argumenta1 position). Nothing here depends on this mechanism; what matters is that the well-formedness of a sentence rests universally on the satisfaction of the argumenta1 requirements of its constituents. The hitherto regular pattern of a one-to-one correspondence between theta roles and clitics (or complements) does not apparently hold with third person clitics in some dialects of Catalan, the ' Barcelona one arnong them: (4) a. Li dono la carta [li] I-give the letter 'I give himlher the letter' b. L'hi dono [li] I-give 'I give it to himlher' (5) a. Els hi dono la carta [alzi] I-give the letter 'I give them the letter' b. Els hi dono [alzi] I-give 'I give it to them' In these examples the clitic (or clitic sequence) lildlzi seems to stand for a DAT 3 person in (4a, Sa), and for a DAT 3 person and an ACC 3 person in (4b, Sb). Descriptions of this system can be found in the literature (e.g. Fabra (1912), Fabra (1956), Badia (1%2), Wheeler (1979), Mascar6 (1986)). On the understanding that it is not "extraño y bárbaro" (Fabra ( 1912: 167)), but must confonn in some way to the principies of UG, 1'11 suggest a syntactic account of this construction. Notice that [li] and [alzi] are phonetically identicd in the two examples in (4) and (5) respectively (though the orthographic convention is that (44 and (4b) are not written the same). I see no reason to expect a solution to the problem presented in the PF component of the grammar. Let us first go through the occurrence of third person clitics systematically. (6) and (7) display the occurrences of one clitic only, (8) those of two clitics. (6) a. El dono a la Marialal Joan 3-M I-give to Marialto Joan 'I give it(M) to Marialto Joan' b. La dono a la Marialal Joan 3-F 'I give it(F) to Marialto Joan c. Els dono a la Marialal Joan 3-M-PL 'I give them(M) to Marialto Joan' d . Les dono a la Marida1 Joan 3-F-PL 'I give them(F) to Marialto Joan' (7) a. pi] dono el lli brella llibreta 3-DAT I -give the book(M)/the booknote(F) 'I give himlher the booklbooknote' b. [dlzi] dono el llibrella llibreta 3-PL-DAT 'I give them the booklbooknote' (8) a. [li] dono [3 DAT, 3 ACCI b. [dlzi] dono [3 DAT, 3 PL ACCI b ' . [ldzi] dono [3 DAT, 3 F PL ACCI c.  [dlzi] dono [3 PL DAT, 3 M PL ACCI (8) d .  [alzi] dono [3 PL DAT, 3 F PL ACCI Some of the features that characterise the paradigms in (6) and (7) above are as follows: (a) all third person clitic clusters include [l]; (b) 3 ACC clitics may be marked as [+FEM] or [-FEM]; cf. (6a) and (6b), or (6c) and (6d). This distinction does not hold for first and second person; (c) 3 ACC clitics may be marked as [+PL] or [-PL] ; cf. (6a) and (6c), or (6b) and (6d); (d) sequences including a 3 DAT are always marked by [i], and (e) 3 P DAT appear in sequences always marked by [z], i.e. as [+PL]. Does thls characterisation carry through to (8), though? It is certainly true that (d) holds in (8), since all the clitic sequences stand for DATS and include an [i]. As for (a), all examples in (8) involve a third person marker [I], even though only one. With respect to (b), only one of the forns in (8) includes a [+FEM] marker: Les hi dono (les llibretes, a ellla ). 'I give the booknotes (F) to himlher' In other cases, the distinction [+FEM]/[-FEM] is blurred. In connection with (c) and (e), i.e. for the markers for [+PL], we find one in all examples from (8b) to (8d); in (8b) and (8b') it can only correspond to the ACC argument, while in (&) it can onl y correspond to the DAT. In (8d) the plural marker seems to be attributable to either DAT or ACC. The problem of attribution and distribution of markers to DAT or ACC clitics remains. Farrell(1990) analyses sentences such as those in (9) of Brazilian Portuguese as involving an empty object. (9) EU conheci ec numa festa I met ec at-a party These empty objects alternate with overt full pronouns and ACC clitics, as in (10a) and (10b) respectively: (10) a. EU conheci ele numa festa b. EU o conheci numa festa 'I met him at a party' Farrell argues that the empty category in (9) is correctly characterised as pro, rather than as a variable bound by an operator a la Huang 1984. What concerns us in the present context is the solution to the identification problem that (9) raises. That is, in what way does the grammar guarantee that the pro in (9) is identified in order for (9) not to be ruled out as a violation of the Projection Pnnciple (i.e. as a sentence missing an argument that must be saturated)? In this case, obviously, agreement on the head category is not the identificatory feature which licenses the empty object, since, unlike with empty subjects in Romance, there is no such agreement. Fan-ell proposes, then, to broaden the notion of identification. In his view, the intrinsic specification of features should count as identification. Accordingly, the pro recoverability principle of Rizzi (1986) which appears in ( 1 1) is broadened with the clause in (1 1'). (1 1) Let X be the licensing head of an occurrence of pro: then pro has the grammatical specifications of the features on X coindexed with it. (1 1') Orpro has the grammatical specifications of designated features. In particular, in Brazilian Portuguese, the only objects that are licensed are in the third person. First and second person pronouns must be overt in object position, as shown in (12): (12) Coitado do Jo?io/*de miml*de voce. O chefe mandou ec embora 'Poor Jo?iol*mel*you. The boss sacked ec' The licensing of pro in Brazilian Portuguese is possible, under (1 I'), by identifying it intrinsically with the feature [+3 person]. Hence, by (1 I'), the ec of Brazilian Portuguese is allowed to occur without identifying morphology. I suggest that in the problematic examples of Catalan above it is also possible to postulate an empty category with the same designated features as in Brazilian Portuguese, i.e. [+3 person]: (13) a. [li] ec dono [3 DAT, 3 ACCI b. [alzi] ec dono [3 PL DAT, 3 M ACCI c. [alzi] ec dono [3 PL DAT, 3 F ACCI (The position of the empty category is irrelevant here.) Postulating such an empty category in these examples allows us to explain some phenomena othenvise unaccounted for: the lack of overt gender markers normally present in ACC forms (cf. (I)), as well as the presence of one PL marker only in (13b,c), attributed now to the DAT plural. However, we still have to account for the distribution of this empty object of Catalan, which we will assume to be pronominal, i.e. pro, as in Brazilian Portuguese. Given the ungrammaticality of (2), *Veig, we know that a structure such as that in (14) must be ruled out: ( 14) *Veig pro 'I-see itlherlhimlthem' In actual fact, the e c  at issue seems to occur only when a third person DAT complement has cliticised onto the verb. (I am leaving aside other possible occurrences of empty objects in Catalan whlch involve generic interpretation, etc.) In general, the dialects of Catalan that we are dealing with exclude any sequence of clitics where a given clitic occurs more than once. This is not so in prescribed Catalan, where e.g. Els els dono 'I give them to them' is gooci. Suppose then that the grarnmar of colloquial Barcelona Catalan includes a principle excluding more than one occurrence of any given clitic in a clitic sequence. Also, this grammar includes clause (1 1') for the licensing of pro. However, unlike in Brazilian Portuguese, this pro only occurs when it is forced to by the "single-occurrence-of-a-clitic" filter above. Notice, by the way, that this last filter (a filter possibly derivable from Case theory, something that I'm not going to go into here) correctly rules out sentences such as (15), where, conceivably, the two clitics hi and en could have different sources (i.e., stand for different theta roles), so that the sentences in (15) are not problematic for theta theory. (15) *Lthi hi dono *En en porta un To summarise, the third person clitic system is constituted by the sequence of l+a+z+i, which stand respectively for [+3 person], [+FEM], [+PL], and [+DAT] (or, more accurately, a complement introduced by the preposition a). Cliticisation is ruled by the principles of the grarnmar, to which the clitic filter above is added, together with the licensing conditions on pro.1 It becomes clear that the clitic system under scrutiny is consistent with a grarnmar which requires all argumental relationships to be recoverable. *The author wishes to acknowledge that the research reported here is supported by a post-doctoral grant of the Spanish Ministeri0 de Educación y Ciencia. Any comments on it will be welcome at the author's address. Notes 1 The caveat must be made that a DAT singular can possibly be l+i (with ACC singular) or just i (with ACC plural), since for most speakers *[la i] (DAT singular, ACC feminine singular) is out. References Badia i Margarit, A. M. (1962) Grm'tica catalana, Gredos, Madrid. Fabra, P. (1912) Grm'tica de la lengua catalana, L'Avenq, Barcelona. Fabra, P. (1956) Gramcitica catalana, Teide, Barcelona. Farrell, P. (1990) 'Null Objects in Brazilian Portuguese', Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8, 325-346. Huang, J. (1984) 'On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns', Linguistic Inquiry 15, 53 1-575. Mascaró, J. (1986) Morfologia, Enciclopkdia Catalana, Barcelona. Rizzi, L. (1986) 'Null Objects in Italian and the Theory of pro', Linguistic Inquiry 9,507-557. Wheeler, M. (1979) Phonology of Catalan, Basi1 Blackwell, Oxford. Algemene Taalwetenschap Universiteit van Amsterdam Spuistraat 21 0 NL-1012 VT Amsterdam 

A Note on Catalan Clitics

Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert

A NOTE ON CATALAN CLITICS 
Anna Gavarró 
Universi tei t van Amsterdam 
The purpose of this paper is to suggest an interpretation of the colloquial clitic system of 
Barcelona Catalan (and other dialects) in the light of the notion of "phonetically empty 
object". The analysis proposed draws on some considerations on empty objects in 
Brazilian Portupese found in Farrell(1990). 
In this paper I discuss in what way the arguments of a head may be realised in a Government- 
Binding grammar. The particular instance of such realisation dealt with is that of the third person 
clitic arguments in some (colloquial) dalects of Catalan, though it is beyond the scope of this paper 
to give a full account of the clitic system of Catalan. In broad terrns, it seems to be the case, though, 
that both colloquial and prescribed Catalan coincide in presenting simple sequences of clitics of first, 
second and third person. What is meant by simple is that each clitic can be identified in the sequence 
(together wi th epenthetic vowels which for the present purposes can be ignored). This is illustrated 
in (1). 
(1) a. Et veig 
2 I-see 
'I see you' 
b. La veig 
3-F I-see 
'I see her/itf 
Catalan Working Papers in Linguistics (CWPL), 1991: 65-73 
Universitat Autbnoma de Barcelona 
(1) c. Me les dóna 
1 3-F-PL slhe-gives 
'Slhe gives them to me' 
In all these examples, each clitic can be identified with an argument of the verb, in the same way as 
a full NP complement; e.g. La veig can be a paraphrase of Veig la sabata 'I see the shoe' and in both 
sentences all the arguments of the verb veure 'to see', EXPERIENCER and THEME, are satisfied. 
This contrasts with the ungrammaticality of (Z), where one of the arguments of the verb, the 
THEME in this case, is not realised -giving rise to a violation of the Projection Principle. 
In common practise, the complementari ty of cli tics and full complements (cli tic doubling aside) is 
expressed by postulating the following lund of structure representation for sentences with clitics: 
(3) Lai veig [proli 
3-F I-see 
That is, clitics satisfy the thematic requirements of their heads by coindexation with an empty object 
pro which is in argumenta1 position (rather than being themselves in an argumenta1 position). 
Nothing here depends on this mechanism; what matters is that the well-formedness of a sentence 
rests universally on the satisfaction of the argumenta1 requirements of its constituents. 
The hitherto regular pattern of a one-to-one correspondence between theta roles and clitics (or 
complements) does not apparently hold with third person clitics in some dialects of Catalan, the ' 
Barcelona one arnong them: 
(4) a. Li dono la carta 
[li] I-give the letter 
'I give himlher the letter' 
b. L'hi dono 
[li] I-give 
'I give it to himlher' 
(5) a. Els hi dono la carta 
[alzi] I-give the letter 
'I give them the letter' 
b. Els hi dono 
[alzi] I-give 
'I give it to them' 
In these examples the clitic (or clitic sequence) lildlzi seems to stand for a DAT 3 person in (4a, Sa), 
and for a DAT 3 person and an ACC 3 person in (4b, Sb). Descriptions of this system can be found 
in the literature (e.g. Fabra (1912), Fabra (1956), Badia (1%2), Wheeler (1979), Mascar6 (1986)). 
On the understanding that it is not "extraño y bárbaro" (Fabra ( 1912: 167)), but must confonn in 
some way to the principies of UG, 1'11 suggest a syntactic account of this construction. Notice that 
[li] and [alzi] are phonetically identicd in the two examples in (4) and (5) respectively (though the 
orthographic convention is that (44 and (4b) are not written the same). I see no reason to expect a 
solution to the problem presented in the PF component of the grammar. 
Let us first go through the occurrence of third person clitics systematically. (6) and (7) display the 
occurrences of one clitic only, (8) those of two clitics. 
(6) a. El dono a la Marialal Joan 
3-M I-give to Marialto Joan 
'I give it(M) to Marialto Joan' 
b. La dono a la Marialal Joan 
3-F 
'I give it(F) to Marialto Joan 
c. Els dono a la Marialal Joan 
3-M-PL 
'I give them(M) to Marialto Joan' 
d . Les dono a la Marida1 Joan 
3-F-PL 
'I give them(F) to Marialto Joan' 
(7) a. pi] dono el lli brella llibreta 
3-DAT I -give the book(M)/the booknote(F) 
'I give himlher the booklbooknote' 
b. [dlzi] dono el llibrella llibreta 
3-PL-DAT 
'I give them the booklbooknote' 
(8) a. [li] dono 
[3 DAT, 3 ACCI 
b. [dlzi] dono 
[3 DAT, 3 PL ACCI 
b ' . [ldzi] dono 
[3 DAT, 3 F PL ACCI 
c.  [dlzi] dono 
[3 PL DAT, 3 M PL ACCI 
(8) d .  [alzi] dono 
[3 PL DAT, 3 F PL ACCI 
Some of the features that characterise the paradigms in (6) and (7) above are as follows: (a) all third 
person clitic clusters include [l]; (b) 3 ACC clitics may be marked as [+FEM] or [-FEM]; cf. (6a) 
and (6b), or (6c) and (6d). This distinction does not hold for first and second person; (c) 3 ACC 
clitics may be marked as [+PL] or [-PL] ; cf. (6a) and (6c), or (6b) and (6d); (d) sequences including 
a 3 DAT are always marked by [i], and (e) 3 P DAT appear in sequences always marked by [z], i.e. 
as [+PL]. 
Does thls characterisation carry through to (8), though? It is certainly true that (d) holds in (8), since 
all the clitic sequences stand for DATS and include an [i]. As for (a), all examples in (8) involve a 
third person marker [I], even though only one. With respect to (b), only one of the forns in (8) 
includes a [+FEM] marker: Les hi dono (les llibretes, a ellla ). 'I give the booknotes (F) to himlher' 
In other cases, the distinction [+FEM]/[-FEM] is blurred. In connection with (c) and (e), i.e. for the 
markers for [+PL], we find one in all examples from (8b) to (8d); in (8b) and (8b') it can only 
correspond to the ACC argument, while in (&) it can onl y correspond to the DAT. In (8d) the plural 
marker seems to be attributable to either DAT or ACC. The problem of attribution and distribution 
of markers to DAT or ACC clitics remains. 
Farrell(1990) analyses sentences such as those in (9) of Brazilian Portuguese as involving an empty 
object. 
(9) EU conheci ec numa festa 
I met ec at-a party 
These empty objects alternate with overt full pronouns and ACC clitics, as in (10a) and (10b) 
respectively: 
(10) a. EU conheci ele numa festa 
b. EU o conheci numa festa 
'I met him at a party' 
Farrell argues that the empty category in (9) is correctly characterised as pro, rather than as a 
variable bound by an operator a la Huang 1984. What concerns us in the present context is the 
solution to the identification problem that (9) raises. That is, in what way does the grammar 
guarantee that the pro in (9) is identified in order for (9) not to be ruled out as a violation of the 
Projection Pnnciple (i.e. as a sentence missing an argument that must be saturated)? In this case, 
obviously, agreement on the head category is not the identificatory feature which licenses the empty 
object, since, unlike with empty subjects in Romance, there is no such agreement. Fan-ell proposes, 
then, to broaden the notion of identification. In his view, the intrinsic specification of features 
should count as identification. Accordingly, the pro recoverability principle of Rizzi (1986) which 
appears in ( 1 1) is broadened with the clause in (1 1'). 
(1 1) Let X be the licensing head of an occurrence of pro: then pro has the grammatical 
specifications of the features on X coindexed with it. 
(1 1') Orpro has the grammatical specifications of designated features. 
In particular, in Brazilian Portuguese, the only objects that are licensed are in the third person. First 
and second person pronouns must be overt in object position, as shown in (12): 
(12) Coitado do Jo?io/*de miml*de voce. O chefe mandou ec embora 
'Poor Jo?iol*mel*you. The boss sacked ec' 
The licensing of pro in Brazilian Portuguese is possible, under (1 I'), by identifying it intrinsically 
with the feature [+3 person]. Hence, by (1 I'), the ec of Brazilian Portuguese is allowed to occur 
without identifying morphology. I suggest that in the problematic examples of Catalan above it is 
also possible to postulate an empty category with the same designated features as in Brazilian 
Portuguese, i.e. [+3 person]: 
(13) a. [li] ec dono 
[3 DAT, 3 ACCI 
b. [alzi] ec dono 
[3 PL DAT, 3 M ACCI 
c. [alzi] ec dono 
[3 PL DAT, 3 F ACCI 
(The position of the empty category is irrelevant here.) Postulating such an empty category in these 
examples allows us to explain some phenomena othenvise unaccounted for: the lack of overt gender 
markers normally present in ACC forms (cf. (I)), as well as the presence of one PL marker only in 
(13b,c), attributed now to the DAT plural. 
However, we still have to account for the distribution of this empty object of Catalan, which we will 
assume to be pronominal, i.e. pro, as in Brazilian Portuguese. Given the ungrammaticality of (2), 
*Veig, we know that a structure such as that in (14) must be ruled out: 
( 14) *Veig pro 
'I-see itlherlhimlthem' 
In actual fact, the e c  at issue seems to occur only when a third person DAT complement has 
cliticised onto the verb. (I am leaving aside other possible occurrences of empty objects in Catalan 
whlch involve generic interpretation, etc.) In general, the dialects of Catalan that we are dealing with 
exclude any sequence of clitics where a given clitic occurs more than once. This is not so in 
prescribed Catalan, where e.g. Els els dono 'I give them to them' is gooci. Suppose then that the 
grarnmar of colloquial Barcelona Catalan includes a principle excluding more than one occurrence of 
any given clitic in a clitic sequence. Also, this grammar includes clause (1 1') for the licensing of 
pro. However, unlike in Brazilian Portuguese, this pro only occurs when it is forced to by the 
"single-occurrence-of-a-clitic" filter above. 
Notice, by the way, that this last filter (a filter possibly derivable from Case theory, something that 
I'm not going to go into here) correctly rules out sentences such as (15), where, conceivably, the 
two clitics hi and en could have different sources (i.e., stand for different theta roles), so that the 
sentences in (15) are not problematic for theta theory. 
(15) *Lthi hi dono 
*En en porta un 
To summarise, the third person clitic system is constituted by the sequence of l+a+z+i, which stand 
respectively for [+3 person], [+FEM], [+PL], and [+DAT] (or, more accurately, a complement 
introduced by the preposition a). Cliticisation is ruled by the principles of the grarnmar, to which the 
clitic filter above is added, together with the licensing conditions on pro.1 
It becomes clear that the clitic system under scrutiny is consistent with a grarnmar which requires all 
argumental relationships to be recoverable. 
*The author wishes to acknowledge that the research reported here is supported by a post-doctoral 
grant of the Spanish Ministeri0 de Educación y Ciencia. Any comments on it will be welcome at the 
author's address. 
Notes 
1 The caveat must be made that a DAT singular can possibly be l+i (with ACC singular) or just i 
(with ACC plural), since for most speakers *[la i] (DAT singular, ACC feminine singular) is out. 
References 
Badia i Margarit, A. M. (1962) Grm'tica catalana, Gredos, Madrid. 
Fabra, P. (1912) Grm'tica de la lengua catalana, L'Avenq, Barcelona. 
Fabra, P. (1956) Gramcitica catalana, Teide, Barcelona. 
Farrell, P. (1990) 'Null Objects in Brazilian Portuguese', Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 
8, 325-346. 
Huang, J. (1984) 'On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns', Linguistic Inquiry 15, 
53 1-575. 
Mascaró, J. (1986) Morfologia, Enciclopkdia Catalana, Barcelona. 
Rizzi, L. (1986) 'Null Objects in Italian and the Theory of pro', Linguistic Inquiry 9,507-557. 
Wheeler, M. (1979) Phonology of Catalan, Basi1 Blackwell, Oxford. 
Algemene Taalwetenschap 
Universiteit van Amsterdam 
Spuistraat 21 0 
NL-1012 VT Amsterdam 


A Note on Catalan Clitics

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