A high level of turbulence is generated in the region upstream of the leading edge of a wing. The phenomenon has been investigated on two-dimensional wings and the existence of coherent structures at the stagnation point has been observed. The present paper deals with the flow upstream of the leading edge of a swept wing. A swept wing with a blunt leading edge has been used as a model in order to have a relatively thick boundary layer on the attachment line. The experiment has been carried out in a low turbulence wind tunnel and the freestream turbulence has been changed through a metallic string positioned ahead of the model. Two different configurations for the same string have been studied and compared to the clean case

Atkin, C.J.

Fumarola, I.

Gaster, M.

City Research Online

              City, University of London Institutional RepositoryCitation: Fumarola, I., Gaster, M. & Atkin, C.J. (2016). Experimental investigation of the vorticity amplification on a swept wing with a blunt leading edge. Paper presented at the 52nd 3AF International Conference on Applied Aerodynamics, 27-29 Mar 2017, Lyon, France. This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link:  http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17555/Link to published version: Copyright and reuse: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to.City Research Online:            http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/            publications@city.ac.ukCity Research Online52nd 3AF International Conferenceon Applied Aerodynamics27 – 29 March 2017, Lyon – FranceFP20-AERO2017-fumarolaExperimental investigation of the vorticity amplification on a swept wing witha blunt leading edgeIsabella Fumarola, Michael Gaster, Chris AtkinCity, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK , isabella.fumarola.1@city.ac.ukAbstractA high level of turbulence is generated in the regionupstream of the leading edge of a wing. The phenomenonhas been investigated on two-dimensional wings and theexistence of coherent structures at the stagnation pointhas been observed. The present paper deals with the flowupstream of the leading edge of a swept wing.A swept wing with a blunt leading edge has been used asa model in order to have a relatively thick boundary layeron the attachment line. The experiment has been carriedout in a low turbulence wind tunnel and the freestreamturbulence has been changed through a metallic stringpositioned ahead of the model. Two different configura-tions for the same string have been studied and comparedto the clean case.1. INTRODUCTIONThe region upstream of the leading edge of an aerofoilis a centre of disturbances in which a high level ofturbulence intensity is established. This observation,firstly studied by Piercy and Richardson in 1928 [9],led to the vorticity amplification theory developed bySutera et al. in 1963 [15]. Superimposing a sinusoidalperturbation onto the incoming flow the theory analyseshow the stretching and tilting of the vortex tubes generatea local increase of the turbulence. Furthermore, thetheory demonstrates that the vorticity is amplified onlyif properly oriented and if the wavelength is greaterthan the natural wavelength λ0, which depends on thegeometry of the body and on the flow conditions.A first experimental investigation was carried out bySadeh et al. [12] on a normal flat plate. The meanand the fluctuating components of the velocity weremeasured using a hot-wire anemometer. In agreementwith the theory, the experiment revealed an incrementin the fluctuating component of the velocity at the edgeof the boundary layer. Furthermore, the existence ofcoherent structures at the edge of the boundary layerwere demonstrated by flow visualization using smoke.To study the influences of the oncoming freestreamturbulence on those structures, Sadeh et al. extended theexperiment by inserting different grids in the wind tunnelahead of the model. The amplification was in somecases even higher than 100%. The same phenomenon ondifferent bodies has been reported by several researchers.In particular, Sadeh et al.[11] found amplification upto 255% on a cylinder, Bearman studied a wing with ablunt leading edge [1], Sadeh and Sullivan observed thestructures on a NACA65-010 aerofoil [13].A comprehensive mathematical model of the sameproblem has been independently developed in 1994 byKerr and Dold [6]. They found an exact solution tothe Navier Stokes equation for the Hiemenz flow witha steady spanwise periodic perturbation superimposed.The solution shows an array of rotating-vortices at theedge of the stagnation boundary layer, figure 1.The vorticity amplification has been widely studied onFigure 1: Coherent structures at the stagnation point of aHiemenz flow [6].two-dimensional flows, but not on swept wings.In a previous work [5] the flow along the attachment lineof a highly swept NACA0050 wing has been comparedto the flow at the stagnation points of an unsweptcylinder. The experiments have been carried out in awind tunnel with a freestream turbulence of 1% using1a two-dimensional Laser Doppler Anemometers, whichenabled to measure two velocity components at the sametime. The comparison has shown a different behaviourfor the two models. An amplification in the fluctuatingcomponent was observed on both models; but whilst theexistence of the coherent structures along the axis of thecylinder was clearly discernible, the same cannot be saidof the result on the swept wing.It is known that the freestream turbulence influencestransition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer [14],and in particular the cross-flow instability on sweptwings [2], but the physical mechanism of interactionbetween freestream turbulence and boundary layer isnot completely understood. The attachment line of aswept wing plays a crucial role in establishing the initialconditions for the downstream flow over an airfoil.The study of the interaction of freestream turbulenceand boundary layer at leading edge may be of help inunderstanding this and other phenomena.This paper describes a second experiment of the flowupstream of a swept wing with a blunt leading edge,similar to the one used by Bearman [1]. The model wastested in a low turbulence wind tunnel and the freestreamturbulence is changed by placing a metallic stringupstream of the wing. A similar technique has beenpreviously used by Nagib et al. [7] on an unswept body.The string has been placed at two different locations inthe wind tunnel and the two experiments are comparedto the case without a string.2. MODELThe model has been designed to have a thick boundarylayer on the attachment line, in fact on a vertical flatplate the boundary layer is√2 thicker with respect toan equivalent size swept cylinder. Furthermore, thesurface does not present a curvature and this enables thehot-wire to be aligned easily to the wall and to reducethe uncertainty of the measurements.Figure 2: Model: swept wing with blunt leading edge.Overview of the design.The model has been manufactured in three parts: awooden wing-shape body and two aluminium insertsto make up the leading edge. This structure provides acleaned high quality surface on the leading edge in thearea of interest.The model has been mounted horizontally from oneside of the wind tunnel to the other , so as to avoid anysagging on its own weight.A swept-back wing was the only possible solutiondue to the location of the traverse system used to holdand move the hot-wire inside the wind tunnel. On aswept-back wing the disturbances from the tunnel wallmight propagate along the attachment line resulting ina turbulent boundary layer. The experiment has beencarried at 18 m/s, which corresponds to a Reynoldsnumber at the attachment line of R¯e = 240. Althoughthis value is theoretically just below the limit to avoidattachment line contamination [8],[4],[10], the effectsof the disturbances propagating from the wind tunnelwall were experimentally observed downstream alongthe attachment line. To avoid this phenomenon a devicesimilar to Gaster bump [3] has been designed. It consistsof an aluminium foil attached on the leading edge andheld by a wooden structure at a convenient distance fromthe surface. In this way the turbulent boundary layercoming from the wall bleeds from the sides of the deviceand goes over the wing body, while on the device leadingedge a new laminar boundary layer is established andcan propagate downstream.The flat leading edge is 200 mm wide and the sweepFigure 3: Blunt leading-edge wing mounted in the windtunnelangle is 40◦ to maximise the cross-flow instabilitydownstream on the leading edge.3. EXPERIMENTSThe experiment has been carried out in the low velocityGaster wind tunnel at City, University of London, with atest section of 0.91m x 0.91m x 3m, a contraction ratio of6.75:1 and a turbulence intensity less than 0.01%.A constant temperature anemometer (CTA) with singlehot-wire boundary layer probe has been used for the mea-surements. The data have been acquired for 10s at a sam-ple frequency of 20kHz. The signal has been band-passfiltered between 2Hz and 10kHz with a gain of 20dB ap-2plied. Temperature corrections have been carried out tothe data. The mean velocity and and the ambient pressurehave been also acquired for the whole duration of the ex-periment together with the wind tunnel temperature.In the following discussion the coordinate system (x,y,z)will be referred as in figure 4: x perpendicular to the flatleading edge, y along the attachment-line and z the ver-tical axis parallel to the flat leading edge. The velocitycomponents will be (u,v,w) respectively.The hot-wire has been traversed along the attachment-line, parallel to the flat surface to measure the v-velocitycomponent inside the boundary layer. The attachment-line location has been experimentally determined bylooking for the minimum of the velocity along z-axis atdifferent x positions. The location has also been checkedlooking at the zero-pressure on the pressure taps on themodel.The aim of the experiment was to investigate the flowimpinging on the swept blunt leading edge changing thefreestream turbulence level by placing a metallic stringahead of the model at two different locations of the stringhave been studied, figure 4.In the following discussion three test cases are compared.The first one is the model without any variation from theturbulence already presents in the wind tunnel, the othersinvolve a metallic string ahead of the model at two differ-ent locations, figure 4.The string crosses the whole width of the wind tunnelFigure 4: Top view of the model in the in tunnel. L1 andL2 are the two positions of the string. Flow from right toleft.and it is held by a wooden bracket. On the bracket amechanism made from a guitar string tuning system en-sures that the string is kept tight, figure 5.Assuming the string to be a straight cylinder immersed inthe flow, the wake vortices create a turbulent region thatwill interact with the boundary layer. The experiment hasbeen carried out at a speed of 18m/s and the string had adiameter of 0.23mm corresponding to a Reynolds num-ber of ReD = 238 and a Strouhal number Sr = 0.18. Theshedding frequency of the Von Karman vortices will thenbe fsh = 16347Hz.Figure 5: Mechanism to tighten the string upstream of themodel4. Results4.1 No stringThe hot-wire has been traversed from a distance greaterthan 1000mm (x=0mm) from wind tunnel wall 15mmdownstream along the attachment line with a resolutionof 0.15mm.At the speed of 18m/s the boundary layer thickness at theattachment line is 1mm. The hot-wire is located as closeas possible to the flat surface. A common technique forBlasius boundary layer, that can be applied also to theHiemenz flow, is to interpolate the data points close tothe wall with a straight line assuming that the first partof the boundary layer is linear. In the experiment onlya few data points were available in the linear region ofthe boundary layer since it is not possible to measurecloser than 0.2mm because of the hot-wire starts thermaleffects. Unfortunately, this creates an artificial slightlywavy shape in the mean velocity along the attachmentline.In figure 6 the contour plot of mean and the Root MeanSquare (RMS) of the velocity along y are shown. The(a)(b)Figure 6: Natural case- a)Velocity along the attachmentline. b)Root Mean Square (RMS) of the velocity alongthe attachment line.flow field is constant everywhere along the attachmentline, as shown by the mean velocity. The RMS shows an3increment at the edge of the boundary layer with alterna-tive regions of higher and lower intensity. After havingdivided the signal in blocks the data were Fourier trans-formed in the frequency domain. An example of the nor-malised power spectra density inside the boundary layeris reported in figure 7. The analysis in the frequency do-main does not show a dominant frequency in the flow andmost of the energy is in the low frequency region, but nota clear coherent structure is present in this area.Figure 7Figure 8: Normalised PSD inside the boundary layer atposition of coordinates (0.38,8,0).4.2 String at L1In the first experiment the string has been placed straightafter the contraction at a distance of 740mm from theclosest edge of the leading edge and 1560mm from thefarther edge. For this case the mean and RMS velocity(a)(b)Figure 9: Horizonal string D=0.23mm L2- a)Velocityalong the attachment line. b)Root Mean Square (RMS)of the velocity along the attachment line.inside the boundary layer are shown in figure 9.The boundary layer is already turbulent at the attachment-line and the level of RMS is much higher than the previ-ous case.Although the Reynolds number of the string is below thecritical Reynolds number, the distance between the stringand the flat leading edge is such that the wake has alreadybroken down into smaller scale high turbulence structuresand those are able to interact with the boundary layer andmake it turbulent.Figure 10: Normalised PSD inside the boundary layer atposition of coordinates (0.37,6.12,0)4.3 String at L2In the second test the string has been moved downstreamcloser to the leading edge (L2 in figure 4). In thisposition the streamlines are curving approaching theleading edge and the velocity is decreasing, therefore theReynolds number of the string is reduced. The distancethat the wake has to travel before impinging on the plateis reduced as well. The mean and RMS for the string atL2 are shown in figure 11.As in the case without the string the velocity profile are(a)(b)Figure 11: Horizonal string D=0.23 L1- a)Velocity alongthe attachment line. b)Root Mean Square (RMS) of thevelocity along the attachment line.laminar and constant along the y-axis. The RMS showsan area of increased intensity approaching the modelwith a distribution in patches of higher turbulence. Nodistinguishably structures have been observed.4The flow along the attachment-line shows a differentFigure 12: Normalised PSD inside the boundary layer atposition of coordinates (0.34,15.32,0) and (0.38,6.13,0)behaviour in the frequency domain. The figure 12 showsthe power spectra density recorded on two different posi-tion along the attachment line at the same height insidethe boundary layer. The energy in the high frequencyregion of the downstream point is greater than the oneof the upstream location, while the energy in the lowfrequency domain remains similar. This difference in theflow is related to the different distance of the string fromthe leading edge at each attachment-line position. Thisdistance is the spaces that the wake vortices propagatingfrom the string have to travel. The energy content at highfrequency is higher when the distance is higher.In figure 13, the mean of the RMS distribution insidethe boundary layer along the attachment line is shownnormalized with respect to the RMS value at the edge ofthe boundary layer for the two laminar cases. The casewithout the string has a maximum at the boundary layeredge, while the maximum amplification of the case withthe string is inside the boundary layer.Figure 13: Comparison of the increases of fluctuationsinside the boundary layer with and without the string.5. CONCLUSIONAn experimental investigation on the flow upstream ofthe swept wing with the blunt leading edge has beenpresented. The flat leading edge enables to measure theflow in a region where the boundary layer has not grownyet.An increase in the velocity fluctuations closer to theleading edge has been found. The pattern of thesefluctuations do not appear to be organized.With the string far from the leading edge, the wakeof the string has time to break down into small highturbulence structures before impinging on the leadingedge. It results in a fully turbulent boundary layer at theattachment line. Whilst, with the string placed closerto the model the boundary layer remains laminar withfluctuations of a pattern similar to the case without string,but the maximum is inside the boundary layer.The experiments just discussed are the preliminary inves-tigation of the interaction between freestream turbulenceand attachment-line boundary layer. In particular, theeffect of the string positioned parallel to the leadingedge, horizontally and vertically, will be studied.This is expected to help understand the interaction offreestream turbulence and boundary layer on sweptwings.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would like to acknowledge the support of Innova-teUK under grant ref. 113024, Enhanced FidelityTransonic Wing, led by Airbus.References[1] P. W. Bearman. Some measurements of the distor-tion of turbulence approaching a two-dimensionalbluff body. Journal of Fluid Mechanics,53(03):451–467, 1972.[2] H Deyhle and H Bippes. Disturbance growth in anunstable three-dimensional boundary layer and itsdependence on environmental conditions. Journalof Fluid Mechanics, 316:73–113, 1996.[3] M Gaster. A simple device for preventing turbulentcontamination on swept leading edges. Journal ofthe Royal Aeronautical Society, 69(659):788–789,1965.[4] Michael Gaster. On the flow along swept leadingedges. Aeronautical Quarterly, 18(02):165–184,1967.[5] I.Fumarola. An experimental investigation on thefreestream turbulence upstream of a swept wing. InProc. 30th Congress of the International Council ofthe Aeronautical Sciences, 2016.5[6] Oliver S Kerr and JW Dold. Periodic steady vor-tices in a stagnation-point flow. Journal of FluidMechanics, 276:307–325, 1994.[7] H NAGIB and P HODSON. Vortices induced ina stagnation region by wakes-their incipient forma-tion and effects on heat transfer from cylinders. In12th Thermophysics Conference, page 790, 1977.[8] W Pfenninger. Flow phenomena at the leading edgeof swept wings. Recent Developments in BoundaryLayer Research, AGARDograph, 97(4), 1965.[9] NAV Piercy and EG Richardson. Xcvi. the varia-tion of velocity amplitude close to the surface of acylinder moving through a viscous fluid. The Lon-don, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Maga-zine and Journal of Science, 6(39):970–977, 1928.[10] DIA Poll. Transition in the infinite swept attach-ment line boundary layer. Aeronautical Quarterly,30(04):607–629, 1979.[11] Willy Z Sadeh and Herbert J Brauer. Coherent sub-structure of turbulence near the stagnation zone ofa bluff body. Journal of Wind Engineering and In-dustrial Aerodynamics, 8(1):59–72, 1981.[12] Willy Z Sadeh, Salvatore P Sutera, and Paul FMaeder. An investigation of vorticity amplifica-tion in stagnation flow. Zeitschrift fu¨r AngewandteMathematik und Physik (ZAMP), 21(5):717–742,1970.[13] WZ Sadeh and PP Sullivan. Turbulence amplifi-cation in flow about an airfoil. 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Experimental investigation of the vorticity amplification on a swept wing with a blunt leading edge

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