Banerjee

Charlotte Perrett

Debasish Banerjee

Foley

Ghadri

Lyon

Pelliccia

Y-Hassan

Yassin

Zbroch

English

Perrett, C

Banerjee, D

St George's Online Research Archive

ISSN 0971-4065INDIAN JOURNAL OFNEPHROLOGYVolume 29  /  Issue 6  /  November - December 2019Highlights of the Issuen  Isothermic hemodialysisLow concentration Trisodium Citrate lock solutionAge and Fabry disease nephropathy  Editor in ChiefDr. Sanjay K. AgarwalIndian Journal of Nephrology · Volume 29 · Issue 6 · November-December 2019 ·  Pages ***-***Spine 4.5 mmn n 385© 2019 Indian Journal of Nephrology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - MedknowDialysis patients suffer excess heart failure, present in up‑to 33%, associated with high mortality; and high sudden cardiac death rates, 6.5% per year; mostly due to coronary artery disease and autonomic dysfunction.[1] Left ventricular cardiomyopathy and hypertrophy have been well described in dialysis patients[2] but specific descriptions of Takotsubo syndrome (TS) in this population are rare, with only a few case studies, as described in manuscript in the present issue of journal.[3] This is perhaps suggestive of the fact that TS, as a cause of chest pain or heart failure in the dialysis population, will be far less common than that caused by coronary artery disease (CAD), a leading cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis patients.[1] Previous studies have suggested CKD as a risk factor in patients with TS. A systematic review of 1109 patients quoted that CKD was present in 7% (range 2‑27%).[4] TS has been described in acute kidney injury, CKD, kidney‑transplantation, haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. However, there are no prospective cohort studies in dialysis patients and hence exact incidence, prognosis and causative mechanism are unknown.[5]Clinical Characteristics of Takotsubo’s Cardiomyopathy, Diagnosis in Dialysis PatientsTS is a diagnosis of exclusion, described in post‑menopausal females, often precipitated by emotional and physical stress. As suggested by the ‘International Takotsubo Diagnostic Criteria’, diagnosis of TS hinges on a specific set of results seen from investigations including serial troponins, electrocardiograms, echocardiogram and coronary angiography.[6] The reversibility of the specific changes as well as the absence of culprit atherosclerotic disease is the key to a correct diagnosis. A patient presenting with acute chest pain on dialysis will require prompt investigations to rule out the more likely diagnosis of acute coronary ischaemia; as described in the case report. Whilst making a timely diagnosis of TS is important, the initial focus should be to ensure there is no cardiac ischaemia requiring immediate treatment in this high‑risk population. It is particularly important to differentiate between TS and CAD in patient with cardiogenic shock due to the possible harm with the use of certain inotropes in TS.[7]Mechanism of Takotsubo’s SyndromeThe prevalent catecholamine theory for TS, as outlined in the accompanying article, is supported by the specific cardiac dysfunction seen following a sudden sympathetic surge with depression of parasympathetic activity.[7] However, catecholamine release and response in a dialysis patient may well be different from the non‑dialysis population. Substantial Takotsubo Syndrome in the Dialysis Patient - Challenging Diagnosis in a Unique PopulationCommentaryevidence exists demonstrating the sustained heightened sympathetic tone with suppressed parasympathetic tone in dialysis patients.[8] It is unclear whether the acute stressor event triggering a decline in myocyte contractility seen in TS would be triggered in a cohort of patients with already chronically heightened catecholamine levels.The trigger mentioned in most literature is usually an acute emotional event, hence the “broken heart” syndrome label. However, in the accompanying article, there was no single precipitating event. It seems unlikely that the chronic emotional stress associated with living with a chronic condition, in this case renal failure, has the same biochemical response as the acute events described that result in the high catecholamine release.Intradialytic Myocardial Stunning and Takotsubo SyndromePrevious studies have described repeat episodes of myocardial dysfunction during dialysis shown by echocardiogram and other imaging modalities. Such episodes may happen due to excess myocardial oxygen demand during dialysis, necessary to maintain higher cardiac output, in the presence of stable CAD. The ‘demand myocardial ischaemia’ occurring during dialysis patients causes temporary left ventricular remodelling or myocardial stunning, which reverses post‑dialysis and its long‑term effects are unknown. These changes have been compared to TS.[9] However, the mechanism of intradialytic myocardial dysfunction is likely to be due to ischaemia and different from mechanism of TS, i.e. sudden sympathetic surge, though sympathetic overactivity during dialysis may happen. Moreover, intradialytic myocardial stunning is common, happens repeatedly, but TS is rarely reported in dialysis patients. Though very rare, TS has been reported in peritoneal dialysis patients, and it may be interesting to compare the incidence and nature of TS in peritoneal dialysis patients compared to haemodialysis patients. Such a comparison may generate new ideas for possible mechanism of TS in CKD and ESRD patients.Other Reversible Causes of Heart Failure in DialysisThere may other causes of reversible congestive heart failure in dialysis patients, such as coronary spasm and transient coronary artery occlusion due to a clot which disintegrates rapidly and not seen on angiography. Such cases may be misinterpreted as sympathetic surge related TS.ConclusionTakotsubo syndrome (TS) is a sudden, severe cardiac dysfunction with chest pain, precipitated by stress. It is Perrett and Banerjee: Takotsubo’s syndrome in dialysis386 Indian Journal of Nephrology | Volume 29 | Issue 6 | November-December 2019reversible in nature but often difficult to diagnose and rarely reported in dialysis; the mechanism of which is largely unknown. Dialysis patients with significant autonomic dysfunction, which makes them more prone to sudden cardiac arrhythmias, may be at risk. However, raising awareness of this condition among dialysis physicians is necessary to establish the diagnosis in dialysis patients and better understand the mechanism causing this devastating illness.Charlotte Perrett1, Debasish Banerjee1,21Renal and Transplantation Unit, St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, 2Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St Georges, University of London, UKAddress for correspondence: Dr. Debasish Banerjee, Renal and Transplantation Unit, Grosvenor Wing Second Floor Room G2.113, St Georges Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, UK. E-mail: debasish.banerjee@stgeorges.nhs.ukReferences1. Banerjee D. Sudden cardiac death in haemodialysis: Clinical epidemiology and mechanisms. J Electrocardiol 2016; 49:843‑7.2. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Kent GM, Harnett JD, Murray DC, Barre PE. Long‑term evolution of cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 1998; 54:1720‑5.3. Tsigaridas N, Mantzoukis S, Gerasimou M, Bakas K, Andrikos E, Kokkolou E, et al. Takotsubo Syndrome during Haemodialysis. Indian J Nephrol 2019;29:419‑23.4. Pelliccia F, Parodi G, Greco C, Antoniucci D, Brenner R, Bossone E, et al. Comorbidities frequency in Takotsubo syndrome: An international collaborative systematic review including 1109 patients. Am J Med 2015; 128:654e11‑9.5. Yassin AS, Adegbala O, Subahi A, Abubakar H, Akintoye E, Abdelrahamn M, et al. Clinical impact of advanced chronic kidney disease on outcomes and in‑hospital complications of Takotsubo syndrome (broken‑heart‑syndrome): Propensity‑matched national study. Int J Cardiol 2019; 277:16‑19.6. Ghadri JR, Wittstein IS, Prasad A, Sharkey S, Keigo D, Akashi YD, et al. International expert consensus document on Takotsubo syndrome (Part I): Clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:2032‑46.7. Lyon AR, Bossone E, Schneider B, Sechtem U, Citro R, Underwood SR, et al. Current state of knowledge on Takotsubo syndrome: A position statement from the taskforce on Takotsubo syndrome of the heart failure association of the European society of cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18:8‑27.8. Zbroch E, Koc‑Zorawska E, Malyszko J, Malyszko J, Mysliwiec M. Clinical study, circulating levels of renalase, norepinephrine, and dopamine in dialysis patients. Ren Fail 2013; 35:673‑9.9. Y‑Hassan S. Acute, repetitive and chronic Takotsubo syndrome in patients with chronic kidney disease: Sympathetic reno‑cardial syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2016; 222:874‑80.How to cite this article: Perrett C, Banerjee D. Takotsubo Syndrome in the dialysis patient - Challenging diagnosis in a unique population. Indian J Nephrol 2019;29:385-6.© 2019 Indian Journal of Nephrology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - MedknowThis is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.Access this article onlineQuick Response Code: Website:www.indianjnephrol.orgDOI:10.4103/ijn.IJN_335_18

Takotsubo Syndrome in the Dialysis Patient - Challenging Diagnosis in a Unique Population.

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Takotsubo Syndrome in the Dialysis Patient - Challenging Diagnosis in a Unique Population

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Takotsubo Syndrome in the Dialysis Patient - Challenging Diagnosis in a Unique Population.

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