Copyright © 2014 Poopathy Kathirgamanathan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the  Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (2-TB-8-hq) has been isolated as a crystalline solid and its X-ray structure elucidated, resolving three decades of controversy, since it was previously wrongly reported as yellow oil by some other workers. An improved synthetic method has been developed which increases the yield from 20% to 60%. The lithium complex of 2-TB-8-hq is blue emitting and the HOMO and LUMO levels are lowered by 0.86 eV and 0.74 eV, respectively, compared with the parent lithium 8-hydroxyquinolinolate (Li 8-hq)

Blake, AJ

Kathirgamanathan, P

Ravichandran, S

Surendrakumar, S

Advances in Materials Science and Engineering

English

2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (2-TB-8-hq) has been isolated as a crystalline solid and its X-ray structure elucidated, resolving three decades of controversy, since it was previously wrongly reported as yellow oil by some other workers. An improved synthetic method has been developed which increases the yield from 20% to 60%. The lithium complex of 2-TB-8-hq is blue emitting and the HOMO and LUMO levels are lowered by 0.86 eV and 0.74 eV, respectively, compared with the parent lithium 8-hydroxyquinolinolate (Li 8-hq)

Kathirgamanathan, Poopathy

Surendrakumar, Sivagnanasundram

Ravichandran, Seenivasagam

Blake, Alexander J.

Nottingham eTheses

Isolation and characterisation of 2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline as a crystalline solid and its blue fluorescent Li complex

Nottingham ePrints

Research ArticleIsolation and Characterisation of2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline as a Crystalline Solid and ItsBlue Fluorescent Li ComplexPoopathy Kathirgamanathan,1 Sivagnanasundram Surendrakumar,1Seenivasagam Ravichandran,1 and Alexander J. Blake21 Organic Electronics, School of Engineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK2 School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UKCorrespondence should be addressed to Poopathy Kathirgamanathan; p.kathirgamanathan@brunel.ac.ukand Alexander J. Blake; a.j.blake@nottingham.ac.ukReceived 12 June 2013; Revised 26 November 2013; Accepted 1 December 2013; Published 4 February 2014Academic Editor: Steven SuibCopyright © 2014 Poopathy Kathirgamanathan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (2-TB-8-hq) has been isolated as a crystalline solid and its X-ray structure elucidated, resolvingthree decades of controversy, since it was previously wrongly reported as yellow oil by some other workers. An improvedsynthetic method has been developed which increases the yield from 20% to 60%. The lithium complex of 2-TB-8-hq is blueemitting and the HOMO and LUMO levels are lowered by 0.86 eV and 0.74 eV, respectively, compared with the parent lithium8-hydroxyquinolinolate (Li 8-hq).1. Introduction8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-hq) and its derivatives have been thesubject of intense study over the last thirty years because oftheir use in analytical chemistry, but more recently the focusof interest in this class of compounds has been expandeddue to the use of metal complexes of 8-hq in high-efficiencymultilayer organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) [1].Metal complexes of 8-hq, aluminium quinolinolate(Alq3), and zirconium quinolinolate (Zrq4) have been exten-sively studied owing to their high stability and their appli-cation in commercial OLEDs [2–4]. Metal complexes ofsterically hindered 2-substituted 8-hq have also attractedgreat interest [4–8] because of the possibility of colourtuning as well as ability to manipulate the HOMO-LUMOlevels by forming mixed ligand complexes [7]. Aluminiumdoes not form the usual tris complex with 2-substituted8-hq due to steric effects and the small size of the Al3+cation, but it rather forms heteroleptic complexes of thetype ML2L/. For example, [bis(2-methyl-8-quinolato)(4-phenylphenolato)Al(III)] (also known as BAlq2) emits bluelight, whereas the parent Alq3emits yellow-green light. Earlyinterest in BAlq2was based on it being a very good hostfor blue-light-emitting dopants (e.g., perylene), but it isnow employed as a host as well as a hole blocker in redphosphorescent OLEDs [8].We have been interested in OLEDs for nearly 20 yearsand in 8-hq derivatives as a means of manipulating thephotoluminescence and the electronic properties of metalcomplexes. As such, we were interested in synthesisingLi(I), Zn(II), Al(III), and Zr(IV) complexes of 2-tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (2-TB-8-hq).The synthesis of 2-TB-8-hqwas first reported by Kazi in 1971 to afford a white crystallinesolid (m.p. 72-73∘C) in 20% yield [9]. In 1979, Kazi’s reportwas disputed by Thompson and Stubley [10] who claimedto have isolated 2-TB-8-hq as a yellow liquid in 3.4% yieldby direct reaction of tert-butyllithium with 8-hq and in 15%yield when a protectivemethylation-demethylation route wasemployed. In 2001, Delapierre et al. [11] concurred withThompson and Stubley that 2-TB-8-hq was a yellow liquid,while achieving a higher yield of 42%.Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2014, Article ID 510960, 5 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/5109602 Advances in Materials Science and EngineeringNOH OMeN NHOMeNOMeNOHAcetone,r.t, 18hI2/EtOHreflux; 2h1M BBr3CH2Cl2;r.t, 18hr.t, 18ht-BuLi/THF−78∘C to −30∘C, 1h;CH3I/K2CO3Scheme 1NOHNHOLiNO LiNOHAllowed to rise to r.tBubble airYellowish suspension Orange solutionHydrolysis(10% HCl);(Yield 61%)8-hq[A] [B]2-TB-8-hqpH ∼7(1) t-BuLi/THF−78∘C to −30∘C; 1h;(2) Reflux, 1hScheme 2This paper reports not only a simple, improved synthesisof 2-TB-8-hq as a crystalline solid (m.p. 73∘C) in over 60%yield but also its crystal structure, resolving three decades ofcontroversy and confirming that Kazi’s report [9] was indeedcorrect.2. Results and DiscussionFirstly, the preparation of 2-tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinolinewas attempted by protecting the 8-hydroxy group by methy-lation usingmethyl iodide and potassium carbonate, followedby treatment with tert-butyllithium at −78∘C. The temper-ature was kept below −30∘C for 1 h before allowing it torise to room temperature. After the usual work-up of thereactionmixture which contains the dihydroquinoline, it wasoxidised by refluxing with iodine in ethanol for 2 h. Finally,the demethylation was carried out using boron tribromide indichloromethane at room temperature to give the required 2-TB-8-hq in 66% yield. See Scheme 1.The procedure was later modified without the protectionof the methyl group but by the addition of excess tert-butyllithium at −78∘C as before.The lithium salt was carefullyoxidized by bubbling air through the reaction mixture for 1hour, during which the yellow suspension became an orangesolution. Finally, the lithium derivative was hydrolysed bythe addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to give the targetcompound 2-TB-8-hq in a comparatively moderate yield of61%. See Scheme 2.Since the latter method (Reaction Scheme 2) was foundto be easier to carry out (experimental work-up) using lessexpensive chemicals, this alternative synthesis was utilisedto scale the product up to 50 g and purified by columnchromatography (ethyl acetate-petroleum ether (40–60∘C)[19 : 1]) in pure form (99%) as confirmed by gas chromatog-raphy and 1HNMR spectroscopy.The colourless thick liquidobtained was triturated with petroleum ether (40–60∘C)and a few millilitres of ethyl acetate. Cooling the saturatedsolution in an ice bath gave a colourless crystalline solidform of 2-TB-8-hq (MP 73∘C (DSC, onset)). Single crystal X-ray crystallography further confirmed its identity.The crystalstructure of 2-TB-8-hq was found to be orthorhombic. TheORTEP diagram is shown in Figure 1.We attribute the poor yield obtained by Kazi [9] tothe fact that he did not fully oxidise the dihydroquinolineintermediate [A]: he did not bubble air or oxygen through thereactionmixture; neither did he add other oxidants.However,his observation that 2-TB-8-hq was solid with m.p. of 72∘C iscorrect, and the authenticity of his compound was supportedby elemental analysis results and NMR spectroscopy. Webelieve that the reason why Thompson and Stubley [10] andDelapierre et al. [11] obtained a yellowish liquid rather thana solid is due to the presence of impurities such as theintermediate [A] and the lithium complex [B] (see ReactionScheme 2).We synthesised the lithium complex of 2-TB-8-hq inaccordance with our previously published method [12].Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3Table 1: Melting points, HOMO-LUMO values, band gaps, and photoluminescence of Li-8-hq, Li-2-Me-8-hq, and Li-2-TB-8-hq.Compound Melting point/∘Ca HOMO/eVb LUMO/eVb 𝐸𝑔/evc Emission maximum/nmLi-8-hqs 362 −5.00 −2.08 2.92 ± 0.04 491 ± 2Li-2-Me-8-hqs 397 −5.60 −2.60 3.00 ± 0.03 485 ± 2Li-2-TB-8-hqs >400 −5.86 −2.82 3.04 ± 0.02 475 ± 2aFrom DSC. bObtained from cyclic voltammetry in 1mM analyte, supporting electrolyte 0.1M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate in dichloromethane.Pt working and Pt auxiliary electrodes and Ag/AgCl (reference electrode). cDetermined from the absorption edge of vacuum thermal evaporated thin films.sPurified by vacuum sublimation.C23C24C2C3C21C22N1C8AC4 C5C4AC8O8C7C6Figure 1: ORTEP diagramwith atomic numbering scheme of 2-TB-8-hq. Ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level.300 350 400 450 500 550 6000.00.20.40.60.81.01.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.2Li-8hqLi-2Me-8hqLi-2TB-8hqFL/Li-8hqFL/2-Me-8hqFL/2-TB-8hq𝜆 (nm)Abs (a.u.)Em (a.u.)Figure 2: Absorption and fluorescence spectra of Li-8-hq, Li-2Me-8hq and Li-2TB-8hq.These complexes are used in OLEDs as efficient elec-tron injectors which evaporate at much lower temperature(280∘C) than LiF which requires 550∘C under vacuumthermal evaporation conditions. The vacuum thermal evap-orated thin films of complex (Li 2-TB-8-hq), lithium 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinolate (Li 2Me-8-hq), and lithium8-hydroxyquinolinolate (Li 8-hq) have emission maxima at475, 485, and 491 nm, respectively (Figure 2): full details willbe published elsewhere. The blue shift in the emission wave-length upon 2-substitution is consistent with the presence ofsteric effects [5].The electronic and thermal properties are summarised inTable 1.The remarkable shift in the HOMO-LUMO values of2-substituted 8-hq complexes shows that the electronicproperties can easily be tuned by simple substitutionat the 2-position of 8-hq. Similarly, preliminary experi-ments show that a methanolic solution of the bis complexAl(2-TB-8-hq)2(o- iPr) has an emission maximum at 442 nmin contrast to BAlq2and Alq3which exhibit emission max-ima at 490 and 509 nm, respectively. Further synthetic workis ongoing with the aim of preparing the BAlq2analogue of2-TB-8-hq.3. Experimental Section3.1. Synthesis of 2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline. 8-Hydroxy-quinoline (25 g; 0.17mole) in dry THF (100mL)was cooled to−78∘C. To themagnetically stirred solution, tert-butyllithiumwas slowly siphoned (1.7M in hexane, 253mL, 0.43 mole)under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was kept below−30∘C for 1 h and then allowed to rise to room temperature.The solution was then stirred and refluxed for 1 h and thencooled to room temperature. Air was bubbled through themixture for 90 minutes, during which the light yellow solidin the solution disappeared and the solution became light redbrown in colour.The reaction mixture was neutralised by theaddition of dilute HCl (10%) and the product was extractedwith dichloromethane (3 × 100mL). The combined organicphase was washed with brine and water and then dried overanhydrous magnesium sulphate. The solvent was evaporatedunder reduced pressure to give a light brown liquid.The residue was purified by column chromatographyover silica gel using ethyl acetate-petroleum ether (40–60∘C)[19 : 1] to give colourless liquid. Trituration with petroleumether with a few drops of ethyl acetate gave a colourless crys-talline solid (21 g, 61%). M.p 73∘C (DSC, onset). Elementalanalysis found: C, 77.86; H, 7.67; N, 7.13. C13H15NO requiresC, 77.58 H, 7.51, and N, 6.96%. 1H NMR (500MHz, CDCl3)𝛿/ppm: 8.4 (1H, OH), 8.07 (1H, d, J8.6Hz, H-4), 7.54 (1H, d,J8.6Hz, H-3), 7.38 (1H, t, J7.6Hz, H-6), 7.28 (1H, dd, J1.1 andJ8.2Hz, H-5), 7.15 (1H, dd, J1.2 and J7.6Hz, H-7), and 1.45(9H, s, –(CH3)3). Mass spectrum:M+ 201 (37%); 186,M–CH3(100); 159, M–C(CH3)2; 145, M–C(CH3)3+ H, and 117, M–CO–C(CH3)3(10).3.2. Preparation of 8-Methoxyquinoline. To a mixture of 8-hydroxyquinoline (10.0 g; 0.069 mole) and anhydrous potas-sium carbonate (48 g; 0.35 mole) in acetone (100mL), methyl4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineeringiodide (5.2mL; 0.083 mole) was added and stirred at roomtemperature for 18 h. The reaction was filtered and washedwith acetone and the filtrate was evaporated.The residue wasdissolved in dichloromethane (150mL) and was washed withwater. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous magne-sium sulphate and solvent was removed to give a red-brownoil. The product was purified by column chromatographyover silica gel dichloromethane-methanol [98 : 2] to give a lowmelting solid (10.2 g, 91%). Elemental analysis found:C, 74.87;H, 5.94; N, 8.59. C10H9NO requires C, 75.45; H, 5.70 and N,8.79%.3.3. Preparation of 2-Tert-butyl-8-methoxyquinoline. 8-Me-thoxyquinoline (10 g; 0.063 mole) was dissolved in drytetrahydrofuran (50mL) and was cooled to −78∘C. tert-Butyllithium (1.7M; 45mL; 0.076 mole) was added slowlyand the reaction mixture was kept below −30∘C for 1 h andwas allowed to rise to room temperature. After stirring atroom temperature for 18 h, the reaction mixture was pouredinto ice water and was extracted with dichloromethane (2× 150mL). The organic phase was washed with brine andwater andwas dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulphate andsolvent was removed to give a yellow orange liquid, 12 g. TheTLC examination showed the absence of starting material.The product was dissolved in ethanol (70mL) andrefluxed with iodine (18 g; 0.07 mole) for 2 h; solvent wasremoved and then was extracted with dichloromethane and10% sodium thiosulphate.Theorganic phase after usualwork-up was purified by column chromatography over silica gelethyl acetate-petroleum ether (40–60∘C) [1 : 9] to give 2-tert-butyl-8-methoxyquinoline as a yellow oil (9.8 g, 77%).Elemental analysis found:C, 77.91;H, 8.12;N, 6.42. C14H17NOrequires C, 78.10; H, 7.96 and N, 6.50%.3.4. Preparation of 2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline. 2-Tert-butyl-8-methoxyquinoline (9.8 g; 0.045 mole) was dissolvedin dichloromethane (60mL) and to the magnetically stirredsolution at room temperature was added 1M boron tri-bromide solution in dichloromethane (55mL; 0.055 mole)under nitrogen atmosphere.The reactionmixture was stirredat room temperature for 18 h, cooled in ice-water bath,carefully quenched with cold water, and finally extractedwith dichloromethane. The organic phase was dried overanhydrous magnesium sulphate and solvent was removedto give a greenish liquid. This was purified by columnchromatography over silica gel ethyl acetate-petroleum ether(40–60∘C) [1 : 9] to give a light yellow liquid which on coolinggave a colourless solid (6.0 g, 66%). M.p 73∘C, DSC (onset).Elemental analysis found: C, 77.39; H, 7.51; N, 6.83. C13H15NOrequires C, 77.58; H, 7.51 and N, 6.96%.Crystal Data for 2-TB-8-hq. C13H15NO, M = 201.26,orthorhombic, a = 12.5619(6), b = 11.1072(7), c = 16.0684(7) A˚,U = 2242.0(2) A˚3, T = 295(2) K, space group Pbca, Z = 8,4106 reflections measured, 2175 unique (𝑅int = 0.041). Final𝑅1[F > 4𝜎(F)] = 0.0597, wR2(𝐹2) = 0.157 (all data).4. ConclusionsIn conclusion, we have proven that 2-TB-8hq is indeed asolid (m.p. 73∘C) and can easily be synthesised in high yield.It is not a liquid as some authors have previously reported[10, 11], solving the three decades of controversy. We havealsomade the same ligand by an alternativemethylation routeand obtained crystalline solid with 66% yield. The lithiumcomplex of 2-TB-8-hq is blue-emitting and the HOMO andLUMO levels are lowered by 0.86 eV and 0.74 eV, respectively,compared with the parent Li 8-hq.Conflict of InterestsThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Dr. Vincent Arkley for stimulating discus-sions and for his comments on earlier synthetic methods for2-TB-8-hq.They thankMiss V. Surendrakumar for obtaininga copy of the Ph.D. thesis of G. M. Kazi at the Imperial Col-lege, UK.They also thank Professors M. Sarhadi, G. Rodgers,and J. Silver and Dr. D. R. Rosseinsky for encouragement.They thank EPSRC for the award of a diffractometer.References[1] P. Kathirgamanathan, S. Surendrakumar, J. Antipan-Lara et al.,“Novel lithium Schiff-base cluster complexes as electron injec-tors: synthesis, crystal structure, thin film characterisation andtheir performance in OLEDs,” Journal of Materials Chemistry,vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 6104–6116, 2012.[2] C. W. Tang and S. A. Vanslyke, “Organic electroluminescentdiodes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 913–915, 1987.[3] M. Rajeswaran, W. J. Begley, L. P. Olson, and S. Huo, “Stericeffects of substituted quinolines on lithium coordination geom-etry,” Polyhedron, vol. 26, no. 14, pp. 3653–3660, 2007.[4] P. Kathirgamanathan, S. Surendrakumar, J. Antipan-Lara etal., “Discovery of two new phases of zirconium tetrakis(8-hydroxyquinolinolate): synthesis, crystal structure and theirelectron transporting characteristics in organic light emittingdiodes (OLEDs),” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 6,pp. 1762–1771, 2011.[5] J. C. Deaton, D. W. Place, C. T. Brown, M. Rajeswaran, and M.E. Kondakova, “The blue aluminum and gallium chelates forOLEDs,” Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 361, no. 4, pp. 1020–1035,2008.[6] R.Meerheim, B. Lu¨ssem, and K. Leo, “Efficiency and stability ofp-i-n type organic light emitting diodes for display and lightingapplications,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 97, no. 9, pp. 1606–1626, 2009.[7] P. Kathirgamanathan, A. K. Lay, G. Subramaniam, G. Para-maswara, and S. Selvaranjan, WO, 2006/024831 A1.[8] T. Tsuji, S. Kawami, S. Miyasuchi et al., in Proceedings of theInternational Symposium Digest of Technical Papers (SID ’04),vol. 35, p. 900, 2004.[9] G. M. Kazi, [Ph.D. thesis], University of London, 1971.Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5[10] M. Thompson and E. A. Stubley, “Synthesis of the analyticalligand 2-tert.-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline,” Talanta, vol. 26, no. 7,pp. 601–602, 1979.[11] G. Delapierre, J. M. Brunel, T. Constantieux, and G. Buono,“Design of a new class of chiral quinoline-phosphine ligands.Synthesis and application in asymmetric catalysis,” TetrahedronAsymmetry, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1345–1352, 2001.[12] P. Kathirgamanathan, PCTWO, 2000/32717.Submit your manuscripts athttp://www.hindawi.comScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014CorrosionInternational Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Polymer ScienceInternational Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014CeramicsJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014CompositesJournal ofNanoparticlesJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014International Journal ofBiomaterialsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014NanoscienceJournal ofTextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofNanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.comVolume 2014CrystallographyJournal ofThe Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014CoatingsJournal ofAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 Smart Materials ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014MetallurgyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioMed Research InternationalHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.comVolume 2014MaterialsJournal ofNanomaterialsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofNanomaterials

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2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (2-TB-8-hq) has been isolated as a crystalline solid and its X-ray structure elucidated, resolving three decades of controversy, since it was previously wrongly reported as yellow oil by some other workers. An improved synthetic method has been developed which increases the yield from 20% to 60%. The lithium complex of 2-TB-8-hq is blue emitting and the HOMO and LUMO levels are lowered by 0.86 eV and 0.74 eV, respectively, compared with the parent lithium 8-hydroxyquinolinolate (Li 8-hq).</jats:p

Poopathy Kathirgamanathan

Sivagnanasundram Surendrakumar

Seenivasagam Ravichandran

Alexander J. Blake

Crossref

Research ArticleIsolation and Characterisation of2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline as a Crystalline Solid and ItsBlue Fluorescent Li ComplexPoopathy Kathirgamanathan,1 Sivagnanasundram Surendrakumar,1Seenivasagam Ravichandran,1 and Alexander J. Blake21 Organic Electronics, School of Engineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK2 School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UKCorrespondence should be addressed to Poopathy Kathirgamanathan; p.kathirgamanathan@brunel.ac.ukand Alexander J. Blake; a.j.blake@nottingham.ac.ukReceived 12 June 2013; Revised 26 November 2013; Accepted 1 December 2013; Published 4 February 2014Academic Editor: Steven SuibCopyright © 2014 Poopathy Kathirgamanathan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (2-TB-8-hq) has been isolated as a crystalline solid and its X-ray structure elucidated, resolvingthree decades of controversy, since it was previously wrongly reported as yellow oil by some other workers. An improvedsynthetic method has been developed which increases the yield from 20% to 60%. The lithium complex of 2-TB-8-hq is blueemitting and the HOMO and LUMO levels are lowered by 0.86 eV and 0.74 eV, respectively, compared with the parent lithium8-hydroxyquinolinolate (Li 8-hq).1. Introduction8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-hq) and its derivatives have been thesubject of intense study over the last thirty years because oftheir use in analytical chemistry, but more recently the focusof interest in this class of compounds has been expandeddue to the use of metal complexes of 8-hq in high-efficiencymultilayer organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) [1].Metal complexes of 8-hq, aluminium quinolinolate(Alq3), and zirconium quinolinolate (Zrq4) have been exten-sively studied owing to their high stability and their appli-cation in commercial OLEDs [2–4]. Metal complexes ofsterically hindered 2-substituted 8-hq have also attractedgreat interest [4–8] because of the possibility of colourtuning as well as ability to manipulate the HOMO-LUMOlevels by forming mixed ligand complexes [7]. Aluminiumdoes not form the usual tris complex with 2-substituted8-hq due to steric effects and the small size of the Al3+cation, but it rather forms heteroleptic complexes of thetype ML2L/. For example, [bis(2-methyl-8-quinolato)(4-phenylphenolato)Al(III)] (also known as BAlq2) emits bluelight, whereas the parent Alq3emits yellow-green light. Earlyinterest in BAlq2was based on it being a very good hostfor blue-light-emitting dopants (e.g., perylene), but it isnow employed as a host as well as a hole blocker in redphosphorescent OLEDs [8].We have been interested in OLEDs for nearly 20 yearsand in 8-hq derivatives as a means of manipulating thephotoluminescence and the electronic properties of metalcomplexes. As such, we were interested in synthesisingLi(I), Zn(II), Al(III), and Zr(IV) complexes of 2-tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (2-TB-8-hq).The synthesis of 2-TB-8-hqwas first reported by Kazi in 1971 to afford a white crystallinesolid (m.p. 72-73∘C) in 20% yield [9]. In 1979, Kazi’s reportwas disputed by Thompson and Stubley [10] who claimedto have isolated 2-TB-8-hq as a yellow liquid in 3.4% yieldby direct reaction of tert-butyllithium with 8-hq and in 15%yield when a protectivemethylation-demethylation route wasemployed. In 2001, Delapierre et al. [11] concurred withThompson and Stubley that 2-TB-8-hq was a yellow liquid,while achieving a higher yield of 42%.Hindawi Publishing CorporationAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringVolume 2014, Article ID 510960, 5 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/5109602 Advances in Materials Science and EngineeringNOH OMeN NHOMeNOMeNOHAcetone,r.t, 18hI2/EtOHreflux; 2h1M BBr3CH2Cl2;r.t, 18hr.t, 18ht-BuLi/THF−78∘C to −30∘C, 1h;CH3I/K2CO3Scheme 1NOHNHOLiNO LiNOHAllowed to rise to r.tBubble airYellowish suspension Orange solutionHydrolysis(10% HCl);(Yield 61%)8-hq[A] [B]2-TB-8-hqpH ∼7(1) t-BuLi/THF−78∘C to −30∘C; 1h;(2) Reflux, 1hScheme 2This paper reports not only a simple, improved synthesisof 2-TB-8-hq as a crystalline solid (m.p. 73∘C) in over 60%yield but also its crystal structure, resolving three decades ofcontroversy and confirming that Kazi’s report [9] was indeedcorrect.2. Results and DiscussionFirstly, the preparation of 2-tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinolinewas attempted by protecting the 8-hydroxy group by methy-lation usingmethyl iodide and potassium carbonate, followedby treatment with tert-butyllithium at −78∘C. The temper-ature was kept below −30∘C for 1 h before allowing it torise to room temperature. After the usual work-up of thereactionmixture which contains the dihydroquinoline, it wasoxidised by refluxing with iodine in ethanol for 2 h. Finally,the demethylation was carried out using boron tribromide indichloromethane at room temperature to give the required 2-TB-8-hq in 66% yield. See Scheme 1.The procedure was later modified without the protectionof the methyl group but by the addition of excess tert-butyllithium at −78∘C as before.The lithium salt was carefullyoxidized by bubbling air through the reaction mixture for 1hour, during which the yellow suspension became an orangesolution. Finally, the lithium derivative was hydrolysed bythe addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to give the targetcompound 2-TB-8-hq in a comparatively moderate yield of61%. See Scheme 2.Since the latter method (Reaction Scheme 2) was foundto be easier to carry out (experimental work-up) using lessexpensive chemicals, this alternative synthesis was utilisedto scale the product up to 50 g and purified by columnchromatography (ethyl acetate-petroleum ether (40–60∘C)[19 : 1]) in pure form (99%) as confirmed by gas chromatog-raphy and 1HNMR spectroscopy.The colourless thick liquidobtained was triturated with petroleum ether (40–60∘C)and a few millilitres of ethyl acetate. Cooling the saturatedsolution in an ice bath gave a colourless crystalline solidform of 2-TB-8-hq (MP 73∘C (DSC, onset)). Single crystal X-ray crystallography further confirmed its identity.The crystalstructure of 2-TB-8-hq was found to be orthorhombic. TheORTEP diagram is shown in Figure 1.We attribute the poor yield obtained by Kazi [9] tothe fact that he did not fully oxidise the dihydroquinolineintermediate [A]: he did not bubble air or oxygen through thereactionmixture; neither did he add other oxidants.However,his observation that 2-TB-8-hq was solid with m.p. of 72∘C iscorrect, and the authenticity of his compound was supportedby elemental analysis results and NMR spectroscopy. Webelieve that the reason why Thompson and Stubley [10] andDelapierre et al. [11] obtained a yellowish liquid rather thana solid is due to the presence of impurities such as theintermediate [A] and the lithium complex [B] (see ReactionScheme 2).We synthesised the lithium complex of 2-TB-8-hq inaccordance with our previously published method [12].Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3Table 1: Melting points, HOMO-LUMO values, band gaps, and photoluminescence of Li-8-hq, Li-2-Me-8-hq, and Li-2-TB-8-hq.Compound Melting point/∘Ca HOMO/eVb LUMO/eVb 𝐸𝑔/evc Emission maximum/nmLi-8-hqs 362 −5.00 −2.08 2.92 ± 0.04 491 ± 2Li-2-Me-8-hqs 397 −5.60 −2.60 3.00 ± 0.03 485 ± 2Li-2-TB-8-hqs >400 −5.86 −2.82 3.04 ± 0.02 475 ± 2aFrom DSC. bObtained from cyclic voltammetry in 1mM analyte, supporting electrolyte 0.1M tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate in dichloromethane.Pt working and Pt auxiliary electrodes and Ag/AgCl (reference electrode). cDetermined from the absorption edge of vacuum thermal evaporated thin films.sPurified by vacuum sublimation.C23C24C2C3C21C22N1C8AC4 C5C4AC8O8C7C6Figure 1: ORTEP diagramwith atomic numbering scheme of 2-TB-8-hq. Ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level.300 350 400 450 500 550 6000.00.20.40.60.81.01.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.2Li-8hqLi-2Me-8hqLi-2TB-8hqFL/Li-8hqFL/2-Me-8hqFL/2-TB-8hq𝜆 (nm)Abs (a.u.)Em (a.u.)Figure 2: Absorption and fluorescence spectra of Li-8-hq, Li-2Me-8hq and Li-2TB-8hq.These complexes are used in OLEDs as efficient elec-tron injectors which evaporate at much lower temperature(280∘C) than LiF which requires 550∘C under vacuumthermal evaporation conditions. The vacuum thermal evap-orated thin films of complex (Li 2-TB-8-hq), lithium 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinolate (Li 2Me-8-hq), and lithium8-hydroxyquinolinolate (Li 8-hq) have emission maxima at475, 485, and 491 nm, respectively (Figure 2): full details willbe published elsewhere. The blue shift in the emission wave-length upon 2-substitution is consistent with the presence ofsteric effects [5].The electronic and thermal properties are summarised inTable 1.The remarkable shift in the HOMO-LUMO values of2-substituted 8-hq complexes shows that the electronicproperties can easily be tuned by simple substitutionat the 2-position of 8-hq. Similarly, preliminary experi-ments show that a methanolic solution of the bis complexAl(2-TB-8-hq)2(o- iPr) has an emission maximum at 442 nmin contrast to BAlq2and Alq3which exhibit emission max-ima at 490 and 509 nm, respectively. Further synthetic workis ongoing with the aim of preparing the BAlq2analogue of2-TB-8-hq.3. Experimental Section3.1. Synthesis of 2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline. 8-Hydroxy-quinoline (25 g; 0.17mole) in dry THF (100mL)was cooled to−78∘C. To themagnetically stirred solution, tert-butyllithiumwas slowly siphoned (1.7M in hexane, 253mL, 0.43 mole)under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was kept below−30∘C for 1 h and then allowed to rise to room temperature.The solution was then stirred and refluxed for 1 h and thencooled to room temperature. Air was bubbled through themixture for 90 minutes, during which the light yellow solidin the solution disappeared and the solution became light redbrown in colour.The reaction mixture was neutralised by theaddition of dilute HCl (10%) and the product was extractedwith dichloromethane (3 × 100mL). The combined organicphase was washed with brine and water and then dried overanhydrous magnesium sulphate. The solvent was evaporatedunder reduced pressure to give a light brown liquid.The residue was purified by column chromatographyover silica gel using ethyl acetate-petroleum ether (40–60∘C)[19 : 1] to give colourless liquid. Trituration with petroleumether with a few drops of ethyl acetate gave a colourless crys-talline solid (21 g, 61%). M.p 73∘C (DSC, onset). Elementalanalysis found: C, 77.86; H, 7.67; N, 7.13. C13H15NO requiresC, 77.58 H, 7.51, and N, 6.96%. 1H NMR (500MHz, CDCl3)𝛿/ppm: 8.4 (1H, OH), 8.07 (1H, d, J8.6Hz, H-4), 7.54 (1H, d,J8.6Hz, H-3), 7.38 (1H, t, J7.6Hz, H-6), 7.28 (1H, dd, J1.1 andJ8.2Hz, H-5), 7.15 (1H, dd, J1.2 and J7.6Hz, H-7), and 1.45(9H, s, –(CH3)3). Mass spectrum:M+ 201 (37%); 186,M–CH3(100); 159, M–C(CH3)2; 145, M–C(CH3)3+ H, and 117, M–CO–C(CH3)3(10).3.2. Preparation of 8-Methoxyquinoline. To a mixture of 8-hydroxyquinoline (10.0 g; 0.069 mole) and anhydrous potas-sium carbonate (48 g; 0.35 mole) in acetone (100mL), methyl4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineeringiodide (5.2mL; 0.083 mole) was added and stirred at roomtemperature for 18 h. The reaction was filtered and washedwith acetone and the filtrate was evaporated.The residue wasdissolved in dichloromethane (150mL) and was washed withwater. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous magne-sium sulphate and solvent was removed to give a red-brownoil. The product was purified by column chromatographyover silica gel dichloromethane-methanol [98 : 2] to give a lowmelting solid (10.2 g, 91%). Elemental analysis found:C, 74.87;H, 5.94; N, 8.59. C10H9NO requires C, 75.45; H, 5.70 and N,8.79%.3.3. Preparation of 2-Tert-butyl-8-methoxyquinoline. 8-Me-thoxyquinoline (10 g; 0.063 mole) was dissolved in drytetrahydrofuran (50mL) and was cooled to −78∘C. tert-Butyllithium (1.7M; 45mL; 0.076 mole) was added slowlyand the reaction mixture was kept below −30∘C for 1 h andwas allowed to rise to room temperature. After stirring atroom temperature for 18 h, the reaction mixture was pouredinto ice water and was extracted with dichloromethane (2× 150mL). The organic phase was washed with brine andwater andwas dried over anhydrousmagnesium sulphate andsolvent was removed to give a yellow orange liquid, 12 g. TheTLC examination showed the absence of starting material.The product was dissolved in ethanol (70mL) andrefluxed with iodine (18 g; 0.07 mole) for 2 h; solvent wasremoved and then was extracted with dichloromethane and10% sodium thiosulphate.Theorganic phase after usualwork-up was purified by column chromatography over silica gelethyl acetate-petroleum ether (40–60∘C) [1 : 9] to give 2-tert-butyl-8-methoxyquinoline as a yellow oil (9.8 g, 77%).Elemental analysis found:C, 77.91;H, 8.12;N, 6.42. C14H17NOrequires C, 78.10; H, 7.96 and N, 6.50%.3.4. Preparation of 2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline. 2-Tert-butyl-8-methoxyquinoline (9.8 g; 0.045 mole) was dissolvedin dichloromethane (60mL) and to the magnetically stirredsolution at room temperature was added 1M boron tri-bromide solution in dichloromethane (55mL; 0.055 mole)under nitrogen atmosphere.The reactionmixture was stirredat room temperature for 18 h, cooled in ice-water bath,carefully quenched with cold water, and finally extractedwith dichloromethane. The organic phase was dried overanhydrous magnesium sulphate and solvent was removedto give a greenish liquid. This was purified by columnchromatography over silica gel ethyl acetate-petroleum ether(40–60∘C) [1 : 9] to give a light yellow liquid which on coolinggave a colourless solid (6.0 g, 66%). M.p 73∘C, DSC (onset).Elemental analysis found: C, 77.39; H, 7.51; N, 6.83. C13H15NOrequires C, 77.58; H, 7.51 and N, 6.96%.Crystal Data for 2-TB-8-hq. C13H15NO, M = 201.26,orthorhombic, a = 12.5619(6), b = 11.1072(7), c = 16.0684(7) A˚,U = 2242.0(2) A˚3, T = 295(2) K, space group Pbca, Z = 8,4106 reflections measured, 2175 unique (𝑅int = 0.041). Final𝑅1[F > 4𝜎(F)] = 0.0597, wR2(𝐹2) = 0.157 (all data).4. ConclusionsIn conclusion, we have proven that 2-TB-8hq is indeed asolid (m.p. 73∘C) and can easily be synthesised in high yield.It is not a liquid as some authors have previously reported[10, 11], solving the three decades of controversy. We havealsomade the same ligand by an alternativemethylation routeand obtained crystalline solid with 66% yield. The lithiumcomplex of 2-TB-8-hq is blue-emitting and the HOMO andLUMO levels are lowered by 0.86 eV and 0.74 eV, respectively,compared with the parent Li 8-hq.Conflict of InterestsThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper.AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank Dr. Vincent Arkley for stimulating discus-sions and for his comments on earlier synthetic methods for2-TB-8-hq.They thankMiss V. Surendrakumar for obtaininga copy of the Ph.D. thesis of G. M. Kazi at the Imperial Col-lege, UK.They also thank Professors M. Sarhadi, G. Rodgers,and J. Silver and Dr. D. R. Rosseinsky for encouragement.They thank EPSRC for the award of a diffractometer.References[1] P. Kathirgamanathan, S. Surendrakumar, J. Antipan-Lara et al.,“Novel lithium Schiff-base cluster complexes as electron injec-tors: synthesis, crystal structure, thin film characterisation andtheir performance in OLEDs,” Journal of Materials Chemistry,vol. 22, no. 13, pp. 6104–6116, 2012.[2] C. W. Tang and S. A. Vanslyke, “Organic electroluminescentdiodes,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 913–915, 1987.[3] M. Rajeswaran, W. J. Begley, L. P. Olson, and S. Huo, “Stericeffects of substituted quinolines on lithium coordination geom-etry,” Polyhedron, vol. 26, no. 14, pp. 3653–3660, 2007.[4] P. Kathirgamanathan, S. Surendrakumar, J. Antipan-Lara etal., “Discovery of two new phases of zirconium tetrakis(8-hydroxyquinolinolate): synthesis, crystal structure and theirelectron transporting characteristics in organic light emittingdiodes (OLEDs),” Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 6,pp. 1762–1771, 2011.[5] J. C. Deaton, D. W. Place, C. T. Brown, M. Rajeswaran, and M.E. Kondakova, “The blue aluminum and gallium chelates forOLEDs,” Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol. 361, no. 4, pp. 1020–1035,2008.[6] R.Meerheim, B. Lu¨ssem, and K. Leo, “Efficiency and stability ofp-i-n type organic light emitting diodes for display and lightingapplications,” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 97, no. 9, pp. 1606–1626, 2009.[7] P. Kathirgamanathan, A. K. Lay, G. Subramaniam, G. Para-maswara, and S. Selvaranjan, WO, 2006/024831 A1.[8] T. Tsuji, S. Kawami, S. Miyasuchi et al., in Proceedings of theInternational Symposium Digest of Technical Papers (SID ’04),vol. 35, p. 900, 2004.[9] G. M. Kazi, [Ph.D. thesis], University of London, 1971.Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5[10] M. Thompson and E. A. Stubley, “Synthesis of the analyticalligand 2-tert.-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline,” Talanta, vol. 26, no. 7,pp. 601–602, 1979.[11] G. Delapierre, J. M. Brunel, T. Constantieux, and G. Buono,“Design of a new class of chiral quinoline-phosphine ligands.Synthesis and application in asymmetric catalysis,” TetrahedronAsymmetry, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1345–1352, 2001.[12] P. Kathirgamanathan, PCTWO, 2000/32717.Submit your manuscripts athttp://www.hindawi.comScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014CorrosionInternational Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Polymer ScienceInternational Journal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014CeramicsJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014CompositesJournal ofNanoparticlesJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014International Journal ofBiomaterialsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014NanoscienceJournal ofTextilesHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofNanotechnologyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofCrystallographyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation http://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014CoatingsJournal ofAdvances in Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014 Smart Materials ResearchHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014MetallurgyJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014BioMed Research InternationalMaterialsJournal ofHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014NanomaterialsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttp://www.hindawi.com Volume 2014Journal ofNanomaterials

Isolation and Characterisation of 2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline as a Crystalline Solid and Its Blue Fluorescent Li Complex

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Isolation and characterisation of 2-Tert-butyl-8-hydroxyquinoline as a crystalline solid and its blue fluorescent Li complex

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