Transmission error propagation in wireless multimedia communication systems has become a recurring
problem. This persistent problem has led to grave consequences on the visual quality of the decoded video.
It is against this backdrop that, we present an adaptive intra refresh (AIR) error-resilient coding tool to
mitigate the effect of transmission error propagation in 3D video communications. This work utilizes
periodic insertion of intra macroblocks in badly error-infected frames temporally as well as related frames
in the multi view video scheme. Our objective is to maximize the transmission efficiency while ensuring the
transmission robustness of the coded bitstream. The selection of periodic macroblocks is based on areas
with high motion above a pre-set threshold. The coding modes of the macroblocks are based on the
distortion expectation due to transmission errors. Extensive simulation results show significant
improvement in both objective and subjective video quality at different intra refresh rates

Sadka, AH

Sagir, L

International Journal of Computer Science Engineering and Applications

English

Brunel University Research Archive

International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 2014DOI : 10.5121/ijcsea.2014.4601 1ROBUST ADAPTIVE INTRA REFRESH FORMULTIVIEW VIDEOSagir Lawan1 and Abdul H. Sadka21and 2Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University, London,UKABSTRACTTransmission error propagation in wireless multimedia communication systems has become a recurringproblem. This persistent problem has led to grave consequences on the visual quality of the decoded video.It is against this backdrop that, we present an adaptive intra refresh (AIR) error-resilient coding tool tomitigate the effect of transmission error propagation in 3D video communications. This work utilizesperiodic insertion of intra macroblocks in badly error-infected frames temporally as well as related framesin the multi view video scheme. Our objective is to maximize the transmission efficiency while ensuring thetransmission robustness of the coded bitstream. The selection of periodic macroblocks is based on areaswith high motion above a pre-set threshold. The coding modes of the macroblocks are based on thedistortion expectation due to transmission errors. Extensive simulation results show significantimprovement in both objective and subjective video quality at different intra refresh rates.KEYWORDSAdaptive Intra Refresh, Multiview Video Coding, Error Resilience1. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, there has been an increasing use of mobile communication devices in all sectorsof human activities. Today, there is hardly a human activity in which there is no wirelessmultimedia communication utilized in one way or the other. Even warfighting concepts haveequally evolved along these lines, as the battlefield of recent conflicts has been dominated by theforce with the superior wireless multimedia information devices [1]. Wireless multimediacommunications come in the form of text, images, sound, motion graphics, web sites, and video.However, a major challenge in using wireless multimedia services, particularly video services, isthe sensitivity of video signals to network errors. Errors such as bit and bust errors are preventingvideo signals from reaching their full potential. These transmission errors propagate amongframes and views as illustrated in Figure 1. To ensure a 3D error resilient video transmission overerror prone channels, a simple but efficient AIR method is proposed. This technique involvesinserting intra macroblocks periodically in every nth frame and mth view that are dependent onthe erroneous frame in order to mitigate the effect of error propagation.Recent streams of published papers about video compression talk about how motion predictionreduces temporal redundancy. But, motion prediction introduces an error in a reference picture,International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 20142this error propagates both in space and time and affects the encoded reference picture. Encoding anumber of motion active macroblocks with intra mode coding recovers the corrupted motioninformation. In [2]-[3]-[4], this idea of intra coding in the motion area defined the AIR errorresilience technique. AIR works perfectly in pervious codecs (MPEG-4, H.263 etc), but, furtherresearch is required for its implementation in multiview video H.264 codec, where only P or Bpictures in a group of pictures (GOP) will be encoded.This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 reviews the relevant literature on intra macroblockrefresh scheme. The proposed AIR scheme for 3D is introduced in Section 3. Simulation setupand results are presented in Section 4, followed by conclusions in Section 5.Figure 1. Error propagation in space, time and inter-view domains2. INTRA MACROBLOCK REFRESH SCHEMESeveral research activities addressed the Intra macroblock refresh schemes as an error resiliencetool which can efficiently mitigate error propagation. The early intra refresh technique thatemerged in history is the periodic insertion of intra macroblocks in a frame [5]. Thus, there are anumber of various intra refresh techniques, which consequently changed the face of videotransmission over the years. The most common technique is to refresh an entire frame with intramode coding which means that the total frame encoding is to be in intra mode. However, thistechnique has a serious limitation as it results in a massive increase in data rate and hence thisdefeats the objective of compression. It also introduces a vast data which leads to serious error-free quality degradation resulting from coarse quantisation losses [6] [7].International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 20143End-to-end rate distortion optimization proposed in [8] opened the door for random insertion of I-pictures. This new kind of intra refresh technique randomly refresh a frame sequence with fullyIntra-coded picture (I-picture) inserted at regular intervals.In the use of Intra refresh, considerable attention is paid to a feedback channel which is used toprovide communication links between the far-end decoder and the source coder. Feedbackchannel conveys a notification message from the decoder requesting the transmission of an I-frame whenever it is required to recover from channel errors or else for zapping purposes [9]. Inthe absence of a feedback channel, the use of calculated macroblocks has a significant effect onthe complexity of the system [10]. The motion impact of each macroblock is calculated and themacroblocks that have a significant motion activity are intra-coded. The ultimate goal of thismethod is to avoid the need for a feedback channel but at the expense of computationalcomplexity.3. PROPOSED ADAPTIVE INTRA REFRESH METHOD FORMULTIVIEW VIDEO CODINGTo aid understanding of the proposed AIR technique, two issues are discussed. The first is thegeneration of refresh map, and the second is the, implementation of AIR for the multi viewscheme of H.264/AVC.3.1. Generation of Refresh MapIn order to establish motion map, the proposed model exploits the correlation of MVC prediction.The temporal relationship between frames and the inter camera view relationship has beenconsidered. In our solution, a GOP in Figure 2 is chosen to be Intra refreshed. To generate theRefresh Map, the following AIR step by step method is considered [11] [12].Figure 2. Multiview video GOPInternational Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 201443.1.1. Motion AreaThe encoder estimates the motion area of each macroblock (in frame and view) and only the highmotion regions are encoded in Intra mode. Figure 3 shows regions of increasing motion forBallroom, Exit and Vassar sequences. The regions of increasing motion are marked by whitecircles. Based on these high motion regions, we can select the appropriate AIR technique anddecide the refresh strategy.Figure 3. The regions of increasing motion3.1.2. Refresh MapThe result of the estimate is recorded as the Refresh Map on a macroblock-by-macroblock basis.An example is presented in Figure 4 (a-f).International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 20145Figure 4. Example of Refresh Map macroblock by macroblock3.1.3. EncodingThe encoder refers to the Refresh Map and decides whether or not to encode the currentmacroblock in Intra mode. Figure 5 presents an example of a current frame where its macroblocksare feeding macroblocks from other frames in both space and time.Figure 5. Example of current frame and its dependencies based on a macroblock level3.1.4. Sum of Absolute DifferenceMotion estimation is performed by comparing the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) against thepre-set threshold value. The proposed scheme exploits the relation between motion and texturewithin the visual scene. Figure 6 shows the variation in motion over the standard ‘Ballroom’International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 20146sequence. In the middle of the sequence, the dancing was at its peak. This period of high motionactivity can be detected though the motion values set.Figure 6. Motion area in Ballroom sequence showing high motion frames (13 to 18)3.1.5. ThresholdIf the SAD of the current macroblock is larger than the threshold value, this macroblock isregarded as active, and continues to be in active state until it is encoded in Intra mode atpredetermined times. The basic flowchart of SAD tracking is shown in Figure 7. Thepredetermined values for our test are set, this value is recorded to the Refresh Map.Figure 7. Basic flowchartInternational Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 201473.2. Implementation StrategyOne of the technical features of H.264/AVC is that it supports two types of Intra refresh: (a) Intra-Decode Refresh (IDR) and (b) Intra coded macroblock (I-picture) [13]. In the implementation ofIntra macroblock refresh using a cyclic method, a block line of Intra coded macroblocks movingfrom top-to-bottom is employed. The video sequence is updated with intra-coded macroblocksusing a pre-defined scan order and selected number of macroblocks per picture. Figure 8 presentsan example of the row ordering, starting from row #1, #2 up to the last row, then it is reset to firstrow #0. Applying this to a sequence of (640 x 480) spatial resolution, one block equals 40macroblocks and by refreshing 30 times, the entire frame of 1200 macroblocks is Intra refreshed.Due to the sensitivity of different blocks to channel errors, individual features of the blocks needto be considered.For the efficient performance of AIR technique, the encoder is required to keep track of thedecoder to know which part of the image area was recently refreshed. The encoder would thenrefresh those active macroblocks, which had an impact on error propagation. Receiver statistics isused to indicate the channel conditions by means of feedback messages. Therefore, a feedbackchannel is used to link the far-end decoder with the encoder.Figure 8. Example of cyclic intra refreshInternational Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 201484. EXPERIMENTSIn this section, we describe the simulations conducted to evalute the performance of AIR inH.264/AVC simulation environment. The results of the test conducted are analysed.4.1. SimulationThe simulations conducted involve running the robust AIR method in H.264/AVC referenceJMVC codec [14] [15]. The sequences "Ballroom”, “Exit” and "Vassar" were used in our tests.Each of the three views was configured with the parameter in JMVC configuration file in MVCmode. The summary of some important encoding parameters is shown in Table 1. The threecamera views for the tests were run serially, but the encoder was made to call each viewseparately. The MVC bitstream assembler tool was used to assemble individual bitstreams andrepresent the different views into a single bitstream before decoding. To enable efficientcomparison, two different error resilience tools were used, namely flexible macroblock ordering(FMO) represented here as H.264 (A) and arbitrary slice ordering (ASO) represented as H.264(B). Simulations for both H.264(A) and H.264(B) based on macroblock Intra refresh were alsoundertaken without the SAD selection process. The data related to the performance of the threedifferent tests schemes was collected.Table 1. MVV encoding configuration parameters.4.2. Test ResultsIn the first set of the experiments, our goal is to increase the robustness of the compressedbitstream to channel errors. Therefore, the performance between the original and reconstructedsequences was measured in terms of the frames Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) which is thestandard objective quality metric used for video objective quality assessment. We compare thethree coding schemes in both error free and error prone environments. Figure 9 presents thePSNR performance of the "Ballroom" sequence encoded at various GOP refresh rates. It is clearto observe that the performance of the proposed AIR scheme is much better than that of the othertwo schemes in all the refresh rates considered.International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 20149Figure 9. Performance of sequence Ballroom compared with two H.264 schemesSimilarly, Figure 10 shows the performance when "Exit" sequence was used. It is clear thatincreasing the frequency of Intra refreshing in the GOP presents better video quality under AIRconditions. It can be observed that adaptive Intra refresh coding alone yields better results thanerror concealment alone. Combining cyclic adaptive intra refresh coding and error concealment atthe decoder shows an overall gain of up to 4dB.10. Performance of sequence Exit compared with two H.264 schemesInternational Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 201410The finding of this research is consistent with findings of past studies [3]-[6]-[7]-[9], whichindicates that when an error occurs in one view of MVC, this error propagates in time and to theother views causing significant perceptual quality degradation in the decoded videos. It wasconfirmed that errors propagates due to the temporal/inter-view prediction structure utilized bythe MVC scheme. The gains obtained from AIR error resilience techniques on the base view thatdoes not contain any inter-view correlations, are all comparable to those reported in [7] and [9].Subjective results achieved with the "Ballroom", “Exit” and “Vassar” sequences are presented inFigure 11 below.International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 20141111. Subjective performance of Ballroom, Exit and Vassar5. CONCLUSIONSThis paper presented results of AIR scheme for MVC in H.264/AVC. A cyclic Intra refreshmethod in H.264/AVC is introduced, taking into account the features of each individualmacroblock. To validate bitstream recovery from errors, two additional Intra coded H.264schemes were introduced. Simulations are conducted using H.264/AVC for multiview video. Forthe purpose of comparison, this paper has employed both objective and subjective video qualityassessment. Results show the proposed solution presents a superior perceptual video quality to themethod used in the H.264/AVC reference codec.REFERENCES[1] B. Briscoe, "Non-conventional armed violence and non-state actors: challenges for mediation andhumanitarian action," 2013.[2] A. H. Sadka, Compressed Video Communications, published by J. Wiley, 2002.[3] J. Jiang, B. Guo and W. Mo, "Efficient intra refresh using motion affected region tracking forsurveillance video over error prone networks," in Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, 2008.ISDA'08. Eighth International Conference on, 2008, pp. 242-246.[4] Q. Chen, Z. Chen, X. Gu and C. Wang, "Attention-based adaptive intra refresh for error-prone videotransmission," Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 45, pp. 52-60, 2007.[5] G. Côté and F. Kossentini, "Optimal intra coding of blocks for robust video communication over theInternet," Signal Process Image Commun, vol. 15, pp. 25-34, 1999.[6] Y. Zhou and Y. Chen, "Error-resilient video coding of H. 264/AVC based on network-adaptive intrarefresh and reference selection refresh," Optical Engineering, vol. 49, pp. 077401-077401-11, 2010.[7] Y. Wang, M. M. Hannuksela and M. Gabbouj, "Error-robust inter/intra macroblock mode selectionusing isolated regions," Proc.13th Packet Video Wksp, 2003.[8] G. J. Sullivan and T. Wiegand, "Rate-distortion optimization for video compression," SignalProcessing Magazine, IEEE, vol. 15, pp. 74-90, 1998.[9] X. Wang, C. Kodikara, A. Sadka and A. Kondoz, "Robust GOB intra refresh scheme for H. 264/AVCvideo over UMTS," in 3G and Beyond, 2005 6th IEE International Conference on, 2005, pp. 1-4.[10] L. Al-Jobouri, M. Fleury and M. Ghanbari, "Intra-Refresh Provision for Data-Partitioned H. 264Video Streaming over WiMAX," Consumer Electronics Times.International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.4, No.6, December 201412[11] I. Draft, "recommendation and final draft international standard of joint video specification (ITU-TRec. H. 264| ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC)," Joint Video Team (JVT) of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-TVCEG, JVTG050, vol. 33, 2003.[12] S. Worrall, A. Sadka, A. Kondoz and P. Sweeney, "Motion adaptive intra refresh for MPEG-4,"Electron. Lett., vol. 36, pp. 1924-1925, 2000.[13] Y. J. Liang, K. El-Maleh and S. Manjunath, "Upfront intra-refresh decision for low-complexitywireless video telephony," in Circuits and Systems, 2006. ISCAS 2006. Proceedings. 2006 IEEEInternational Symposium on, 2006, pp. 4 pp.[14] J. Xu and Z. Wu, "Joint adaptive intra refreshment and unequally error protection algorithms forrobust transmission of H. 264/AVC video," in Multimedia and Expo, 2006 IEEE InternationalConference on, 2006, pp. 693-696.[15] P. Chang and T. Lee, "Precise and fast error tracking for error-resilient transmission of H. 263 video,"Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 10, pp. 600-607, 2000.

Robust Adaptive Intra Refresh for Multiview Video

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Robust Adaptive Intra Refresh for Multiview Video

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