The primary motivation for the study to develop simple eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Eucalyptus citriodora as reducing and capping agent. The green synthesis process was quite fast and silver nanoparticles were formed within 0.5 h. The synthesis of the particles was observed by UV-visible spectroscopy by noting increase in absorbance. Characterization of the particles was carried out by X-ray diffraction, FTIR and electron microscopy. The developed nanoparticles demonstrated that E. citriodora is good source of reducing agents. UV-visible absorption spectra of the reaction medium containing silver nanoparticles showed maximum absorbance at 460 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 atom in silver nanoparticles. The XRD pattern revealed the crystalline structure of silver nanoparticles. The SEM analysis showed the size and shape of the nanoparticles. The method being green, fast, easy and cost effective can be recommended for large scale production of AgNPs for their use in food, medicine and materials

Ayub, M

Bashir, T

Hussain, G

Ismail, T

Khursheed, S

Qureshi, MZ

Reynolds, A

Asian Journal of Chemistry

English

Muhammad Zahid Qureshi

Tabassum Bashir

Shazia Khursheed

Tariq Ismail

Muhammad Ayub

Alan Reynolds

Ghulam Hussain

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Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoarticles from Extract of Eucalyptus citriodora

Brunel University Research Archive

GALLEY PROOF116311INTRODUCTIONNanoparticles are being viewed as fundamental buildingblocks of nanotechnology. The optical electrical, magnetic andcatalytic properties of metal nanoparticles have been inten-sively studied during the last two decades because of theirunique properties1. The development of biologically inspiredexperimental process for synthesis nanoparticles is evolvinginto an important branch of nanotechnology2,3. Biogenic syn-thesis is useful not only because of its reduced environmentalimpact3,4 compared with some of the physiochemical produc-tion methods, but also because it can be used to produce largequantities of nanoparticles that are free of contamination andhave a well define size and morphology5. Biosynthesis routescan actually provide nanoparticles of a better defined size andmorphology than some of the physiochemical methods of pro-duction6. The antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles arerelated to their size, with the smaller particles having higheractivities on the basis of equivalent silver mass content7. Con-cerning the biological application of nanoparticles. It has beenemphasized that methods of synthesis through biological system.There are different plant extracts have been used and reportedfor synthesis of gold, silver and biometallic nanoparticles7.12345678Green Synthesis of Nanosilver Particles from Extract ofEucalyptus citriodora and Their CharacterizationMUHAMMAD ZAHID QURESHI1, TABASSUM BASHIR1,*, SHAZIA KHURSHEED1,FARAZ AHMAD1, MUHAMMAD AYUB2, ALAN REYNOLDS3 and GHULAM HUSSAIN11Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan2Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan3Experimental Techniques Center, Brunel University London, UK*Corresponding author: Tel: +92 333- 4391934; E-mail: tabassumcaa@gmail.com91011121314151617(Received:                              ; Accepted:                               ) AJC-0000The primary motivation for the study to develop simple eco-friendly green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of E.citriodora as reducing and capping agent. The green synthesis process was quite fast and silver nanoparticles were formed within 0.5 h.The synthesis of silver nanoparticles was investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM and FTIR. The developednanoparticles demonstrated that E. citriodora is good source of reducing agents. UV-visible absorption spectra of the reaction mediumcontaining silver nanoparticles showed maximum absorbance at 460 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 atom in silvernanoparticles. The XRD pattern revealed the crystalline structure of SNPs. The SEM analysis showed the size and shape of the nanoparticles.The environmental friendly method provides simple, easy and cost effective faster synthesis of nanoparticles than chemical methods andcan be used in several areas such as food, medicine and medical application, etc.Key Words: Silver nanoparticles, Eucalyptus citriodora, Capping agents, Scanning electron microscopy, Nanotechnology.Asian Journal of Chemistry;   Vol. 26, No. 7 (2014), 0000-0000http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.In the present study, Eucalyptus citriodora was used forsource of reducing agent. The plant is easily available in allthe regions in Pakistan. Eucalyptus extract show variousbiological effects, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antihyper-glycemic and antioxidant activities8. There are more than 500Eucalyptus species, ranging from shrubs to several hundred-foot trees. Eucalyptus leaves and oil are utilized for medicinaland other uses, such as fragrance in perfumes. Volatile oils arederived principally from species that are rich in 1,8-cineol (eu-calyptol, α-monoterpene), such as Eucalyptus globulusLabillardiere (blue gum), E. smithii, or E. fructicetorum.E. globules Labillardiere is the most common medicinalspecies9.EXPERIMENTALPreparation of plant extract: 10 g of fresh leaves of E.citridora were washed thoroughly with double-distilled waterand were then cut into small pieces. These finely cut pieceswere then mixed with 100 mL doubled distilled water and thismixture was kept for boiling for a period of 15 min. Aftercooling, it was filtered through Whatman Filter paper No. 1.Filtrate placed at 4 °C for further experiment.1819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152535455565758GALLEY PROOF216311Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: 1 mM aqueous solu-tion of silver nitrate (AgNO3) were prepared and used for thesynthesis of silver nanoparticles. 10 mL of extract were takenand 100 mL of AgNO3 solution was added to it. The colourchange from pale green to dark brown due to surface plasmonresonance. This occurs due to the collective oscillation of theconduction electrons confined to metallic nanoparticles. Theywere incubated at room temperature for 24 h. Thecolourchange indicate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles.UV-visible spectra showed strong SPR band at 460 nm andthus indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles The sil-ver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained by E. citriodora leavesextract were centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 25 min and subse-quently dispersed in sterile distilled water to get rid of anyuncoordinated biological materials.Analysis of bioreduced silver nanoparticlesUV-Visible spectroscopy:UV-Visible spectroscopicanalysis was carried out on Shimadzu UV 1700. Cuvette ofpath length 10 mm was used. The measurements were carriedout as a function of reaction time at room temperature.X-ray diffractometry: XRD measurements were re-corded on PANalyticalX’Pert PRO X-ray diffractometer. ForXRD measurements, the AgNPs were dried in oven at 60 °Cand such dried powder was further analyzed on XRD for theirphase structure and exact material identification. TheCuKα radiation (λ = 1.582 Å) was selected and thediffractogram was obtained in the 2θ range of 20-80°.Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy: Thebinding properties of AgNPs synthesized by E. citriodora leafextract were investigated by FTIR analysis. FTIR measure-ments were taken on MIDAC 2000M series. Dried and pow-dered AgNPs were palleted with potassium bromide (KBr)(1:10 proportion). The spectra were recorded in thewavenumber range of 4000-450 cm-1 and analyzed by sub-tracting the spectrum of pure KBr.SEM analysis: Scanning electron microscopic (SEM)analysis was done using JSM-6480 SEM machine. Thin filmsof synthesized and stabilized silver nanoparticles were pre-pared on a carbon coated copper grid by just dropping a verysmall amount of the sample on the grid and sample was ana-lyzed for morphology and size of the silver nanoparticles.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONU.V-Visiblespectroscopy: The formation of AgNPs wasobserved upon the colour change of the leaf extract of Euca-lyptus citriodora from transparent yellow into brown, as shownin Fig. 1, due to the coherentoscillation of electrons at thesurface of nanoparticles, resulting insurface plasmon reso-nance9. The colour change into brown was noted within 20min and the colour intensity increased significantly with in-creasing the AgNO3 concentration at a fixed volume of leafextract of E. citriodora. The UV-visible spectrophotometrywas also used to confirm the formation of the AgNPs as shownin Fig. 1. From Fig. 1, the SPR band steadily increased inintensity with a prominent peak at about 460 nm at 1 mMconcentration. The change of colour and intensity of the SPRband might be due to the variation in concentration, size andshape of the resulting AgNPs11.00.51.01.52.00 200 400 600Wavelength (nm)Absorbance 1 mM2 mM3 mM4 mMFig. 1. UV-Visible spectroscopy of silver nanoparticlesXRD: The results of the XRD analysis showed 2θ in-tense values with various degree (31.769°, 37.605°, 43.83°,64.07° and 77.20°) these results are corresponds to (101),(111), (200), (220) and (311) Bragg’s reflection based silvernanoparticles12 (Fig. 2).Counts (s)2  (°)θFig. 2. XRD pattern of silver nanoparticle synthesis by leaf extract of E.citriodoraFTIR: The results of the FTIR used to identify the pos-sible bio molecules responsible for the stabilization of the syn-thesized silver nanoparticles. The prominent peaks of the FTIRresults are showing the correspond values to the alcohol, phe-nol group (O-H stretching-3424), amides group (N-H stretch-ing-3357), carboxylic group (O-H stretch-3280) alkenes, aro-matics (C-H 3094), alkanes (C-H 2884), aliphatic saturatedaldehydes (C=O 1729), unsaturated aldehyde (C=O 1667) andaromatic (C-C 1586). The observed peaks are considered asmajor functional groups in different chemical classes such astriterpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols13. Hence, the terpe-noids are proved to have good potential activity to convert thealdehyde groups to carboxylic acids in the metal ions. Fur-ther, amide groups are also responsible for the presence of theenzymes and these enzymes are responsible for the reductionsynthesis and stabilization of the metal ions, further, polyphe-nols are also proved to have potential reducing agent in thesynthesis of the silver nanoparticles13-15.SEM: According to SEM analysis the silver nanoparticleswere spherical in shape with varied particle size in nm. Thelarger silver particles may be due to the aggregation of thesmaller ones (Fig. 3).ConclusionThe present study demonstrated the extracellular biosyn-thesis of an isotropic silver nanoparticles using the leaf ex-tract of E. citriodora. We found that the leaves of E. citriodoracan be a good source of synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The5960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146GALLEY PROOF316311Fig. 3. SEM Micrograph of silver nanoparticles from E. citriodoraformation of AgNPs was well studied. The AgNPs character-ization and morphology was studied with UV-Visible spec-troscopy, XRD and SEM techniques. The FTIR examinationof the samples confirms the involvement of enzymes and aminogroups in the reduction and stabilization of the AgNPs. Thisprocedure is easy, cost-effective, energy saving and environ-ment friendly. It can scaled up for large scale synthesis of silvernano-particles.REFERENCES1. H. Bar, Bhuidkr, G.P. Sahao, P. Sarkar, S.P. De and A. Misra, Colloid.Surface A, 339, 134 (2009).2. P. Ahmed, S. Mukherjee, D. Senapati, M.I. Mandal, R. Khan and M.Kumar, Colloids Surface B, 28, 313 (2002).3. S.S. Shankar, A. Rai, A. Ahmed and M.J. Sastry, J. Colloid Interfsci.,275, 496 (2004).4. P.T. Anastas, J.B. Zimmerman, D.C. Washington, Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholar (2007).5. J.E. Hutchison, CAN Nano, 2, 395 (2008).6. P. Raveendran and S.L. Wallen, J. Am. Chem. 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Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoarticles from extract of Eucalyptus citriodora

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Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoarticles from extract of Eucalyptus citriodora

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