In communications the area of coverage is very important, such that personal space or long range to send information. The distance refers to class of networks such as per-sonal range or wide area, while the protocols of communications refer to mode or type of networks, such as ad-hoc or self organization etc. in this report we refer to the for-mer part and analyze some of the used cases for students as tutorials

kiramat, ullah

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Wireless Communication in Personal Space 
 
 
Authors: 
Muhammad Umair 
Dr. Abbas Khurum  
Kiramat Ullah 
  
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Abstract: 
In communications the area of coverage is very important, such that personal space or 
long range to send information. The distance refers to class of networks such as per-
sonal range or wide area, while the protocols of communications refer to mode or type 
of networks, such as ad-hoc or self organization etc. in this report we refer to the for-
mer part and analyze some of the used cases for students as tutorials.     
 
Introduction 
Wireless networks have a great deal of flexibility, allows rapid deployment.  
There are various typ of wireless networks such as BAN, PAN, WLAN, WiMax or 
cellular network etc., based on range.  In cellular network, for example, base stations 
are used to connect users to an existing network as long as users remain within the 
range of the base station, they can take advantage of the network. A simple wired in-
frastructure connects to the Internet, and then the wireless network can accommodate 
as many users as needed.  
WLAN is the type wireless network operates in user space. IEEE 802.11std. is the 
first implemented WLAN standard operate in the 2.4 GHz frequency and has a maxi-
mum throughput of 1 to 2 Mbps. The improvements in standard over the years has 
improved its performance, widely used IEEE 802.11b still operates in the same fre-
quency range, but with a maximum data rate of 11 Mbps. 
1.1 Architecture of Wireless LAN: 
Intro to WLAN (definition) 
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The basic service set (BSS), is a group of stations that communicate with each other 
in fuzzy area, called the basic service area, defined by the propagation characteristics 
of the wireless medium. Members of BSS can communicate in two manners: 
1.1.1 Independent BSS or Ad-Hoc Network: 
A BSS of stands alone devices communicate only peer to peer is called an Independ-
ent BSS or Ad-Hoc Network. There is no base to gives permission to talk. These net-
works are spontaneous and can be set up rapidly.  
 
Figure 1-1: Independent BSS or Ad-Hoc 
 
1.1.2 Infrastructure BSS: 
Access points (APs) are used for communications of stations in infrastructure net-
works. All communication relay through APs, so takes at least two hops.  
 
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Figure 1-2: Infrastructure BSS 
 
1.1.3 Microcells and Roaming: 
The area of coverage for an access point is called a "microcell’. The installation of 
multiple access points is required in order to extend the WLAN range beyond the 
coverage of a single access. 
 
Figure 1-3: Microcells and Roaming 
 
1.2 WLAN Services: 
802.11 specify the services to be supported. 
1.2.1 Station Services (SS) 
Authentication:  
To control network access, stations first establish their identities. Stations have to 
prove identity by passing a series of tests before acknowledged and allowed to con-
verse. The authentication is relationship between two stations inside an IBSS or to the 
AP of the BSS. Once authenticated, it may then associate itself. There are two types 
of authentication services offered by 802.11.  
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 Open-System Authentication:  
One tries to authenticate will receive authentication. Shared Key Authentication: 
The users must possess a shared key. The shared secret is implemented 
with the use of the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) privacy algorithm. 
The shared secret is securely delivered to all stations ahead of time. 
De-authentication: 
The station or AP desire to terminate a stations authentication, the station is automati-
cally disassociated.  
Privacy 
An encryption algorithm is used to avoid eavesdropping on your LAN traffic. Wired 
Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is an optional algorithm to satisfy privacy. All stations 
start encryption mode until they are authenticated. 
MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) Delivery 
MSDU delivery ensures that the information is delivered between the medium access 
control service access points. 
 
1.2.2 Distribution System Services (DSS). 
Association 
A station has to affiliate itself to BSS infrastructure when it wants to use the LAN. 
This is done by associating itself with an access point. Associations are dynamic in 
nature as stations can move, turn on or off. A station can only be associated with one 
AP. 
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Re-association 
Association supports no-transition mobility that is not enough to support BSS-
transition. Re-association service allows the station to switch its association from one 
AP to another. Both association and re-association are initiated by the station. 
Disassociation 
Disassociation is when the association between the station and the AP is terminated. 
This can be initiated by either party. A disassociated station cannot send or receive 
data. A station that move to a new Extended Service Station will have to reinitiate 
connections. 
Distribution  
Obtain data from the sender to the intended receiver. The message is sent to the local 
AP (input AP), then distributed through the Distributed System to the AP (output AP) 
that the recipient is associated with. If the sender and receiver are in the same BSS, 
the input and out AP's are the same. So distribution service is logically invoked 
whether the data is going through the DS or not. 
Integration 
Integration is when the output AP is a portal. Thus, 802.x LANs are integrated into 
the 802.11 DS. 
 
1.3 WLAN Advantages 
There are several features of wireless LAN: 
Simplicity:  Wireless communication system are easy and fast to deploy in compar-
ison of cabled network. Initial setup cost could be a bit high but other advantages 
overcome that high cost. 
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Reachability: In what concern the end user connectivity, WOLAN allaows connec-
tivity to wireless communication systems (tcp/ip or ninternet), enable people to be 
stay connected and be reachable, regardless of the location they are operating from. 
Mobility:  Provide mobile users with access to real-time information so that they 
can roam around in the network without getting disconnected from the network. Users 
can move seamlessly between access points without having to log in again and restart 
their applications 
Flexibility:  Wireless networks offer more flexibility and adapt easily to changes in 
the configuration of the network. 
Handed off: Access points have a way of exchanging information as a user connec-
tion is handed off from one access point to another, wireless nodes and access points 
frequently check the strength and quality of transmission 
Scalability:  wireless systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to meet 
the needs of specific applications and installations. Configurations can be easily 
changed and range from peer-to-peer networks suitable for a small number of users to 
large infrastructure networks that enable roaming over a broad area. 
 
1.4 Issues of WLAN 
There are following issues with Wireless Networks. 
1.4.1 Quality of Service (QoS):  
One of the primary concerns about wireless data delivery is that, unlike the Internet 
through wired services, QoS is inadequate. Lost packets and atmospheric interference 
are recurring problems of the wireless protocols. 
• For application where mobility not required a wired connection provide a fast-
er, reliable and cost-effective solution. 
• Higher loss-rates due to interference (due to other communcaiotnsd) 
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• Restrictive regulations of frequencies (e.g., wlan operates in ISM is unlicend 
specprm which has huge deployment) 
• Wireless network technology has low data throughput and data transmission 
rates due to collisions 
• Higher latency, higher jitter due to channel access.  
• Wireless technology does not provide the same bandwidth guarantees as a 
wired connection and is additionally shared with other users who are connect-
ed to the same access point. 
• Wireless networks are subject to interference from any electromagnetic 
sources 
• The signal strength is greatly reduced by obstacles. 
• Congestion problems or even failure under error conditions or high or mali-
cious traffic, the actions of a few can potentially affect the network connec-
tions of many. 
• Limited channel selection induces “co-channel interference”. This inter-
ference happens when the access points are stepping on each other 
and is harmful to the performance of your network. 
1.4.2 Security Risk:  
A data transfer over a wireless network. Basic network security mechanisms like the 
service set identifier (SSID) and Wireless Equivalency Privacy (WEP); these 
measures may be adequate for residences and small businesses, but they are inade-
quate for the entities that require stronger security. 
• Denial of Service:  
The intruder floods network with valid or invalid messages affecting the avail-
ability of the network resources. The low bit rates of WLAN can be exploit to 
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leave them open to denial of service attacks. Radio interference can be used to 
unable WLAN to communicate. 
• Spoofing and Session Hijacking:  
The attacker may gain access to privileged data and resources in the network 
by using identity of a valid user. Attackers spoof MAC addresses, and act as 
illegitimate AP. To avoid spoofing, authentication and access control mecha-
nisms need to be placed in the WLAN. 
• Eavesdropping:  
Eavesdropping is the most significant threat because the attacker can intercept 
the transmission, as it is impossible to control who can receive the signals in 
wireless LAN as medium is shared. 
1.5 Motivation:  
Due to shared and broadcast medium and overhearinfg, the wireless nodes are ex-
posed to attacks. Security is one of the major drawbsack in wilress network as com-
pared to wired one. Risks involve various attacks whicb causing deassociations, 
interferenmce, ande/or co0llisons etc,. As a result we faces delay and loss of data.  
 
In order to take full advanagtwed pf WLAN dfacilities, we need to address the isuuses 
such as attcks, by enahcguing QoS.  
In this thesis we auim to uibnvesigae  
1.5 Scope  
 
 
 
 
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Move to intro if necessary  
1.5 Solutions of WLAN issues: 
1.5.1 Use of infrastructure BSS: 
As Ad-Hoc networks have issues to control traffic in network, these can be overcome 
by use of Access Points (APs). Although the multi hop transmission takes more trans-
mission capacity than a directed frame from the sender to the receiver, it has two ma-
jor advantages: 
• All stations should be in range of the AP, no restriction placed on distance be-
tween mobile stations themselves. Direct communication between mobile sta-
tions can save transmission capacity but increases physical layer complexity 
because mobile stations would need to maintain neighbor relationships with 
all other mobile stations within the service area. 
• Access points can assist stations attempting to save power. AP can note when 
a station enters a power-saving mode and buffer frames for it. Battery-
operated stations can turn the wireless transceiver off and power it up only to 
transmit and retrieve buffered frames from the access point. 
 
 
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