Sweet potato, cassava and taro were cut into stick (0.01 x 0.01 x 0.05 m) and deep fat fried at three temperatures (160,170 and 180 ºC) for 0 to 360 s. The effects of these cooking methods on moisture loss characteristics were evaluated. The rapid moisture loss from the sticks within the first 100 s of deep fat frying followed by considerably reduced rates. Moisture diffusivity in sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks were evaluated using analytical solution of Fick’s second law diffusion equation. Moisture diffusivities  were ranging from 1.43x10-8  to 1.99x10-8  m2/s, 1.38x10-8  to 2.25x10-8 m2/s, and 3.08x10-8 to 5.25x10-8 m2/s respectively, at temperatures ranging from 160 to 180 ºC, for sweetpotato, cassava and taro. Corresponding activation energies for moisture transfer were 26.88; 39.61 and 43.51 kJ/mol for sweet potato, cassava and taro deep fat frying, respectively

Rahardjo, Budi

Ratnaningsih, Ratnaningsih

Sumangat, Djajeng

English

Ratnaningsih Ratnaningsih

Djajeng Sumangat

Budi Rahardjo

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Jurnal Agritech

MOISTURE LOSS MODELS OF SWEET POTATO, CASSAVA AND TARO DURING FRYING

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 AGRITECH, Vol. 31, No. 4, NOVEMBER 2011374MOISTURE LOSS MODELS OF SWEET POTATO, CASSAVA AND TARO DURING FRYINGRatnaningsih1, Djajeng Sumangat1, Budi Rahardjo21Indonesian Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar No.12 Cimanggu,Bogor 16114; 2Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Gadjah Mada University, Jl. Sosio Justisia Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta. Email: nadhesiko_09@yahoo.comABSTRACTSweet potato, cassava and taro were cut into stick (0.01 x 0.01 x 0.05 m) and deep fat fried at three temperatures (160, 170 and 180 ºC) for 0 to 360 s. The effects of these cooking methods on moisture loss characteristics were evaluated. The rapid moisture loss from the sticks within the fi rst 100 s of deep fat frying followed by considerably reduced rates. Moisture diffusivity in sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks were evaluated using analytical solution of Fick’s second law diffusion equation. Moisture diffusivities  were ranging from 1.43x10-8 to 1.99x10-8 m2/s, 1.38x10-8 to 2.25x10-8 m2/s, and 3.08x10-8 to 5.25x10-8 m2/s respectively, at temperatures ranging from 160 to 180 ºC, for sweetpotato, cassava and taro. Corresponding activation energies for moisture transfer were 26.88; 39.61 and 43.51 kJ/mol for sweet potato, cassava and taro deep fat frying, respectively.Keywords: Modeling, moisture loss, frying, sweet potato, cassava, taroINTRODUCTIONSweet potato, cassava and taro are tuberous crops cultivated in Indonesia and considered as source of carbohydrates. These types of tubers usually consumed after boiling, steaming, frying, or may be sliced into chips, powdered into fl our or pounded into puree. Frying is the preferred way to consume these tubers.Frying is one of the oldest methods known to human kind for preparing foods. Fried foods are among favorites for people around the world. During frying process, heat is transferred from the hot oil to the surface of the food material, while moisture is transferred from the interior to the surface. As a result, high temperature and low moisture conditions are developed as frying proceeds, and bring about the desirable characteristics (color, texture, and fl avor) of food product. Designing of frying processes is possible through the use of mathematical models. Banga et al. (1993) stated that a reliable simulation of the process using mathematical model is essential for process optimization and control. An accurate heat and moisture transfer parameter are important for modeling processes during which simultaneous heat and moisture transfers take place. The objectives of this work were therefore to develop the mathematics models approach for determining water loss during frying of sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks.MATERIAL AND METHODSSample PreparationSweet potato var. Sukuh, cassava and taro were peeled, washed and cut by using manually operated cutting device into stick of 0.01 m x 0.01 m x 0.05 m. The uniformity of thickness was checked using caliper (Mitutoyo, Japan).FryingExperiments were carried out in a temperature controlled frying unit of 2.0 l oil capacity at 160, 170 and 180 ºC respectively, using oil as frying medium. Sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks were fried for 360 s and removed from the frying unit at 60 s intervals.Sample AnalysisSweet potato, cassava and taro sticks were separated on moisture analysis. Moisture content was determined according to the AOAC standard method.Modeling Moisture Loss and DiffusivityMass transfers for frying product, such as sweet potato, cassava and taro, can be assumed that it were equal to mass transfer in a single grain. The particle were generally small, so the mass transfer fl ux in the sweet potato, cassava and  AGRITECH, Vol. 31, No. 4, NOVEMBER 2011375taro sticks were considered as negligible. The mass transfer fl ux in the stick was considered as negligible, the fi rst term solution of diffusion equation for the frying product can be obtained according to the Crank (1975) with the following assumptions: an infi nite slab geometry, shrinkage is negligible, initial moisture content of the stick was uniform, uniform initial moisture content and negligible external mass transfer resistance. At this conditions, mass transfer in sweet potato, cassava and taro stick can be modeled using the Fick’s second law of diffusion equation as given in Equation 1.      (1)Where M is the instaneous moisture content, t is time, De is effective moisture diffusivity and x is position coordinate in the product.      (2)Where Mo and Me are the initial and equilibrium moisture content respectively, and L is the thickness of the breading. It has been considered in Equation 2 that moisture fl ux at the stick interface is negligible. Accordingly, moisture content at a given time can be expressed as follows:      (3)A non linear regression approach was used to estimate best fi t moisture diffusivity. Temperature dependency of diffusivity was determined using the Arrhenius expression:      (4)Where Do is the frequency factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant and T is temperature of frying or baking in absolute unit.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe effects of temperature and time on moisture loss of sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks were statistically signifi cant (p < 0.05). The moisture content of sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks during frying shown in Figure 1. Its were rapid decreases on moisture content of sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks within the fi rst 100 s of frying followed by reduced constant rate moisture loss. The moisture profi le in sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks are typical of moisture loss during frying at high temperatures (Budzaki and Seruga, 2005; Krokida et al., 2000; Moreira et al., 1997; and Gamble et al., 1987). Heat is transferred from the heating medium (frying oil) to the surface of the sticks. Farkas et al. (1996) identifi ed four stages of frying namely initial heating of the product surface to the medium temperature, surface boiling, falling rate and bubble end point. Although these stages are not easy to delineate, it is clear that the fi rst stages may have occurred at the surface of the sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks within 100 s of frying.Figure 1.  Moisture content profi les of sweet potato (a), cassava (b), and taro (c) sticks during frying.22xMDtMe ???? ?????????????222 4exp8LDtMMMMeoe ??? ? eeo MLDtMMM ???????????? 222 4exp8 ??  ???????RTEDD ao exp  (a)(b)(c) AGRITECH, Vol. 31, No. 4, NOVEMBER 2011376Moisture loss is the major mass transport phenomenon that takes place during frying. Deep-fat frying causes drying of food products. Predicting water loss is very vital in modeling and controlling deep fat frying operations. From Equation 3, moisture on the sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks can be expressed as follows:M = A1 exp(A2t)+A3    (5)where A1, A2 and A3 are regression constants that were obtained from experimental data. The Fick’s diffusion equation adequately predicted moisture loss in the sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks during deep fat frying processes.Tabel 1. Model parameters for moisture transfer in sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks.Kind of tuberStick moisture model* parametersR2A1 A2 A3Sweet potato160ºC170ºC180ºC0.04730.05820.0781-0.00141-0.00158-0.001961.8021.7891.7640.9940.9930.992Cassava160ºC170ºC180ºC0.11950.12290.1805-0.00136-0.00172-0.002221.3661.3621.2910.9590.9830.963Taro160ºC170ºC180ºC0.29550.33190.4277-0.00303-0.00372-0.005181.8851.8401.7220.9440.9500.929*M = A1 exp(A2t)+A3Values of moisture diffusivity obtained in this study ranged from 1.43x10-8 to 1.99x10-8 m2/s, 1.38x10-8 to 2.25x10-8 m2/s, and 3.08x10-8 to 5.25x10-8 m2/s for sweet potato, cassava and taro stick’s during frying, respectively, at temperatures ranging from 160 to 180 ºC. Yildiz et al. (2007) reported moisture diffusivity ranging from 9.2x10-9 to 18.2x10-9 m2/s for frying of potato slices at temperatures from 150 to 190 ºC. Indira et al. (1999) reported effective moisture diffusivities ranging from 2.62x10-8 to 3.42x10-8 m2/s for the casing part of samosa (a product consisting of stuffed vegetable core and an outer casing made of wheat fl our dough) during deep fat frying at temperatures from 155 to 185 ºC. Baik and Mittal (2005); Ngadi and Correira (1995) and Ngadi et al. (2006) obtained lower values of moisture diffusivity ranging from 8.2x10-10 to 11.9x10-10 m2/s; 13x10-10 to 16.4x10-10 m2/s; and 20.93x10-10 to 29.32x10-10 m2/s, for deep fat frying of tofu at 147 to 172ºC; chicken muscles at 120 to 180 ºC; and chicken nugget at 150 to 190 ºC, respectively. The differences in reported moisture diffusivity values are obviously due to the intrinsic differences in product properties and frying temperature ranges.The temperature dependency of moisture diffusivity was modeled using the Arrhenius equation as given in Equation 6, 7 and 8; for sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks during frying, respectively.      (6)      (7)      (8)The activation energies were 26.88; 39.61 and 43.51 kJ/mol for sweet potato, cassava and taro frying, respectively. Yildiz et al. (2007) reported the activation energies for potato slices during frying was 27.6 kJ/mol (R2 = 0.931), which falls within the range of activation energies reported by McMinn and Magee (1996) for drying of potato cylinders (25.2 – 36.2 kJ/mol). The activation energy obtained during frying were higher than 8.04 kJ/mol for deep-fat frying of chicken nuggets (Ngadi et al., 2006), and 14.34 kJ/mol for deep-fat frying of samosa (Indira et al., 1999). The higher activation energy may be attributed to the tighter binding of water molecules by the protein in the sweet potato, cassava and taro stick.CONCLUSIONMoisture transfer was mostly from inside to the surface of sweet potato, cassava and taro sticks, especially during the early stages of deep fat frying. Thus moisture transfer in the stick were adequately modeled using Fick’s equation with negligible mass fl ux at the stick interface. Moisture diffusivities were ranging from 1.43x10-8 to 1.99x10-8 m2/s, 1.38x10-8 to 2.25x10-8 m2/s, and 3.08x10-8 to 5.25x10-8 m2/s for sweet potato, cassava and taro stick’s during frying, respectively, at temperatures ranging from 160 to 180 ºC. Corresponding activation energies for moisture transfer were 26.88; 39.61 and 43.51 kJ/mol for sweet potato, cassava and taro deep fat frying, respectively.REFERENCESBaik, O-D. and Mittal, G.S. (2005). Heat and moisture transfer and shrinkage simulation of deep fat tofu frying. Food Research International 38: 183-191.Banga, J.R., Alonso, A.A., Gallardo, J.M. and Perez-Martin, R.I. (1993). Mathematical modeling and simulation of the thermal processing of anisotropic and non-homogeneous conduction-heated canned ;614.109.3232ln ???TD  (R2 = 0.967) ;0981.75.4764ln ???TD  (R2 = 0.998) ;2324.56.5233ln ???TD  (R2 = 0.977)  AGRITECH, Vol. 31, No. 4, NOVEMBER 2011377foods: Application to canned tuna. Journal of Food Engineering 18: 369-387.Budzaki, S. and Seruga, B. (2005). Moisture loss and oil uptake during deep fat frying of “Krostula” dough. European Food Research and Technology 220: 90-95.Crank, J. (1975). The Mathematics of Diffusion. London, UK: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed. pp. 69-88. Farkas, B.E., Singh, R.P., and Rumsey, T.R. (1996). Modeling heat and mass transfer in immersion frying. I, Model development. Journal of Food Engineering 29: 211-226.Gamble, M.H., Rice, P., and Seldman, J.D. (1987). Relationship between oil uptake and moisture loss during frying of potato slices from c.v. Recor UK Tubers. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 22: 233-241.Indira, T.N., Latha, R.B., and Prakash, M. (1999). Kinetics of deep fat frying of a composite product. Journal of Food Science and Technology 36: 310-315.Krokida, M.K., Orepoulou, V., Maroulis, Z.B. (2000). Water loss and oil uptake as a function of frying time. Journal of Food Engineering 44: 39-46.Moreira, R.G.; Sun, X.; and Chen, Y. (1997). Factors affecting oil uptake in tortilla chips in deep fat frying. Journal of Food Engineering 31: 485-498.Ngadi, M.O. and Corriera, L.R. (1995). Moisture diffusivity in chicken drum muscle during deep frying. Agricultural Engineering 37: 339-344.Ngadi, M., Dirani, K. and Oluka, S. (2006). Mass transfer characteristics of chicken nuggets. International Journal of Food Engineering 2: 15 p. Yildiz, A., Palazoglu, T. K., and Erdogdu, F. (2007). Determination of heat and mass transfer parameters during frying of potato slices. Journal of Food Engineering 79: 11-17.

Moisture Loss Models of Sweet Potato, Cassava and Taro During Frying

Moisture Loss Models of Sweet Potato, Cassava and Taro During Frying

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