The objective of the research was to find out the distribution of leached waterpenetration into groundwater. The research was carried out from April to June2001. Hydrochemical, Meteoric, and 18Oxygen content methods were used formeasuring the distribution of leached water penetration. The result indicatedthat the leached water distribution at public wells around The end point landfillarea of Leuwi Gajah reached up to one kilometer from outside border on southwestdirection following stream flow of small river of Cirendeu; while on otherdirections there were no indication of leached water penetration to public wells

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Bionatura

   Distribution of Leached Water Penetration Into Ground-Water at Public Wells Around The End Point Land-Fill Area (Case Study of TPA Leuwi Gajah-Bandung)  70DISTRIBUTION OF LEACHED WATER PENETRATION INTO GROUND-WATER AT PUBLIC WELLS AROUND THE END POINT  LAND-FILL AREA (CASE STUDY OF TPA LEUWI GAJAH-BANDUNG)   Wagiono Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University Jatinangor 40600   ABSTRACT  The objective of the research was to find out the distribution of leached water penetration  into groundwater. The research was carried out from April to June 2001.  Hydrochemical, Meteoric, and 18Oxygen content methods were used for measuring the distribution of leached water penetration.  The result indicated that the leached water distribution at public wells around The end point landfill area of Leuwi Gajah reached up to one kilometer from outside border on south-west direction following stream flow of small river of Cirendeu; while on other directions there were no indication of leached water penetration to public wells.  Keywords: Leached water, Landfill area     DISTRIBUSI PENYERAPAN AIR SAMPAH KEDALAM AIR TANAH  PADA SUMUR PENDUDUK DISEKITAR TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN SAMPAH, CASE STUDY TPA LEUWIGAJAH, BANDUNG.,   ABSTRAK  Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penyebab distribusi resapan air sampah ke dalam air tanah. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April-Juli 2001. Metode hidrokimia, garis meteoric dan kandungan oksigen 18 digunakan untuk mengetahui distribusi penyerapan air sampah ke dalam air tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa distribusi penyerapan air tanah ke dalam sumur penduduk di sekitar Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Leuwigajah mencapai satu kilometer diluar batas TPA pada arah barat daya dan arah tersebut mengikuti aliran sungai kecil. Sedangkan arah lain tidak terjadi penyerapan air sampah ke dalam sumur penduduk.  Kata kunci : air sampah, tempat pembuangan sampah.       Jurnal Bionatura, Vol. 5, No. 2, Juli 2003 : 70 : 79  71INTRODUCTION  The major problem of city public waste management is the end point landfill area (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir = TPA). Pile of public waste at the end point landfill area can cause pollution on surface and ground water of surrounding area of TPA because of lixiviate or fluid called leached water that brings out of its waste pollutant.  When the piles of public waste are left out for a longer time without being processed at the end point of landfill area, it will cause more pollution to the surrounding area particularly will contaminate the water body.  The government of Bandung city has been established Leuwi Gajah area as TPA since 1987 with the operational area of 9 hectare ( PD Kebersihan Kota Bandung, 1999). However, the in-depth study on impact of leached water resulted from public waste to the water body of surrounding areas has never been conducted yet. There are some methods to find out the distribution of leached water penetration into ground water surround the end point landfill area of public waste, i.e.: Hydro-chemical, meteoric line, and 18oxygen content. Hydro-chemical method is based on chemical elements or minerals dissolve in water, such as Cations of Na+, K+, Ca+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+ and Anions of SO-24, Cl-, CO-3, and NO-3 (Friz, 1976).  Hydro-chemical contains in each of aquifer layers has specific identity depends on the rocks passed by the water. Interaction between the water and the rock and the balance mechanism in between, cause dissolving and ionic circulation. The result of chemical analysis of ground water is generally drawn as tri-linear graph. Meteoric line method is a model relationship between δ deuterium (2H) and 18O.  Deuterium is an hydrogen isotope contains one proton and one neutron on its atomic core, and 18O is oxygen isotope contains 8 protons and 10 neutrons on its core.  The concept uses on this method is the development of isotope fraction resulted from evaporation, caused by the molecule weight different between heavy and light isotopes. When mass of water receives heat energy, water with light isotope composition will evaporate faster compared with water of heavy isotope; hence the latest will remain more than the other one. Water with light isotope is 16O and 1H, while water with heavy isotope is 18O and 2H (Abidin, 1997).  World’s surface and ground water can be compared with Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) by using formula as followed:    δ = (Rs – Rref) / Rref x 1000o/oo   Where Rs is sample isotope ratio, Rref is reference isotope ratio, and δ is relativedifferent ratio. Indonesia has a local standard known as JAWS (Jakarta Working Standard) and the relationship with SMOW and sample is :  δSMOW(X) = δSMOW(JAWS) + δJAWS(X) + δSMOW(JAWS)* δJAWS(X)*10-3    Distribution of Leached Water Penetration Into Ground-Water at Public Wells Around The End Point Land-Fill Area (Case Study of TPA Leuwi Gajah-Bandung)  72The result of calibration ratio of JAWS and SMOW is δ18O= -6.48% and δ2H = 39.08%.  In 1997, the local meteoric line of Bandung city and its surrounding has been determined using formula  (Djiono, 1997):     δ2H = 7.8 δ18O + 14  Isotope 18O in water sample is determined by measuring mass of CO2 as reaction equation of isotope circulation between H2O (liquid) and CO2 (gas):  H218O + C16O2   ?===? H216O + C16O18O  Isotope 2H in water sample is determined by measuring H2 as reduction reaction of Zn (solid) and H2O (liquid): H2O  +  Zn     ---  450°C   ?      ZnO   +   H2  18O content method is based on pollution level using formula as followed:  X = [(Wi – Wh) / (WI – Wh)] * 100%  Where X = percentage of 18O content; Wi = percentage of 18O sample; WI = percentage of the lowest18O content; Wh = percentage of the highest 18O content.   MATERIALS AND METHOD  The research was carried out from April to June 2001 supported by P.D. Kebersihan Kota Bandung and Laboratory of Hydrology, Centre for Research and Development on Isotope Energy, National Board for Atomic Energy, Jakarta. Chemical materials such as: Zn, Nitrogen liquid, HNO3, CO2, alcohol, Red Methyl, H2SO4, Fe.(NH4)(SO4)2, Hg(CNS)2, K, Na, acetone, and dry ice were used for water well analysis; while, thermometer, stopwatch, GPS, distance meter, mass spectrometer, and AAS were used for measuring parameters required. Hydro-chemical, Meteoric Line, and 18O Content was the methods used for measuring the distribution of leached water penetration into ground water.  Evaluation of ground water quality depends on its purpose, such as for drinking water, industrial, and irrigation. The water quality is determined using the established standard of quality; The standards of quality for drinking water are dissolved solid matter < 1,000 µs, pH = 6.5 – 8.5, temperature more or less than 3 centigrade of room temperature, NO-3 < 10 mg/L, Cl-  < 250 mg/L, SO4-2 < 400 mg/L, and Fe++ < 0.3 mg/L (Friz, 1976); While the standard quality for irrigation water is depend on Natrium concentration, which is %Na = [(Na + K) / (Ca + Mg + Na + K)]* 100% (Asdak, 1996). The procedure of experiment included: (1) determine public wells used for ground water samples, and several points along small river of Cirendeu (Cirendeu is a small river passed through the end point landfill area/TPA Leuwigajah) used    Jurnal Bionatura, Vol. 5, No. 2, Juli 2003 : 70 : 79  73for surface water samples; (2) determine three directions from the end point landfill area (TPA) as  points of observation, which were: a) Centre, is point of Lwg A  at TPA as a control for maximum penetration, b) Northen, is points of LWG D and LWG E located 500 meters of front side and over the hill from TPA as a control for minimum penetration, c) South-western, is points of LWG 3, LWG 4, LWG 5, LWG 10, LWG 11, LWG 12, LWG 13, LWG 14, LWG 15, LWG 16, LWG 17, LWG 18, LWG 10, and LWG 20, as  samples of  ground water from public wells and points of LWGB and LWGC  as samples of surface water from small river Cirendeu.  All points of observation followed the flow of ground and surface water along two kilometers from the border of TPA, d) Southern, is points of LWG 1, LWG 2, LWG 6, LWG 7, LWG 8, and LWG 9 which were not following the flow of ground and surface water along two kilometers from the border of TPA;  (3) determine the position of all observation points and plotting to the map using GPS; (4) samples of all observation points were analyzed in the laboratory to measure hydro-chemicals, 2H and 18O of the samples.    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION   The result of determination and plotting of observation points is presented in Figure 1.  Evaluation of hydro-chemical analysis for each sample based on standard quality of drinking water is presented in Table 1.                         Distribution of Leached Water Penetration Into Ground-Water at Public Wells Around The End Point Land-Fill Area (Case Study of TPA Leuwi Gajah-Bandung)  74                                                                                                                                                                                                                             North  Legend :                                                                                                                                                      : Line Scale                                                 : Contour line    250 meters A,B,1,2…20        : Positioning of Point observation                   : Cireundeu river                             : Border of Landfill                      :  Border of penetration                                                     leached water into                                                                                                                                   Ground water        Figure 1  Position of observation points and border area polluted by leached      water.                                                                                             Jurnal Bionatura, Vol. 5, No. 2, Juli 2003 : 70 : 79  75Table 1.  Results of Hydro-chemical Analysis    No. sample Anion (ppm) Kation (ppm)  HCO3- Cl - SO42- NO3- K+ Ca2+ Na+ g2+ Fe LwgA 1094,50 3670,50* 1,72 23,70* 3059,52 10,29 2168,5 49,07 12,5 LwgB 3010,35 1242,25* 30,69 25,70* 894,44 34,21 772,2 40,12 6 LwgC 1494,50 1225,67* 22,94 20,30* 743,05 34,87 655,55 44,44 - LwgD 97,60 9,96 40,41 3,19 0,67   7,02 21,41   8,82 - LwgE 125,05 4,59 27,97 0,20 2,64   7,16 19,68   7,70 0 Lwg1 247,05 90,51 14,58 12,80* 4,52 41,45 22,43 18,09 - Lwg2 96,07 7,61 6,69 5,20 1,31   2,63 18,6   3,21 - Lwg3 166,22 90,98 6,95 15,40* 1,49 36,19 22,53 19,04 - Lwg4 106,75 57,73 9,49 17,70* 0,78 38,16 22,25 12,44 - Lwg5 90,28 4,70 8,20 1,90 1,04   2,74 18,42   2,35 - Lwg6 105,22 6,75 47,97 2,90 1,97   5,17 20,15   7,24 0 Lwg7 211,97 30,09 27,34 3,80 11,58   8,28 41,81 11,71 - Lwg8 44,22 18,05 2,18 3,80 0,96   3,95 19,02 2,57 - Lwg9 184,83 23,56 23,57 6,87 5,92   9,58 24,64 11,27 - Lwg10 167,75 83,95 32,81 11,40* 9,41   8,51 51,4 16,86 0 Lwg11 64,66 23,49 18,57 12,10* 4,99   4,7 17,87   7,36 - Lwg12 148,84 32,77 22,86 13,10* 7,94   6,47 33,41 10,66 - Lwg13 150,97 42,65 33,91 10,60* 17,96   9,16 38,19 16,94 - Lwg14 181,75 20,17 5,25 13,40* 1,2   4,74 20,04   9,35 - Lwg15 178,42 112,07 10,68 16,60* 10,59 31,58 45,22 21,73 - Lwg16 70,15 9,88 1,53 3,40 0,66   2,9 18,48   3,78 0 Lwg17 132,67 92,86 36,25 2,70 7,19   9,26 54,78   1,36 - Lwg18 124,13 23,72 12,88 1,30 5,24   4,76 26,14   6,46 - Lwg19 337,02 5,98 9,49 1,30 5,03   3,43 47,72  20 - Lwg20 234,85 13,16 16,71 7,60 1,91   6,79   20,4   8,61 0 STD QLTY - 250,00 400,00 10,00 -   - - - 0,3                   Note: *) the value exceeded the threshold limit of standard quality.  Data from Table 1 showed that nitrate is a dominant element for polluting ground water and surface water at observation points through leached water penetration produced from public waste at the end point landfill area (TPA).  The observation points that exceeded the threshold limit of standard quality were LWGB, C, LWG 1, LWG 3, LWG 4, LWG 10, LWG 11, LWG 12, LWG 13, LWG 14, and LWG 15. The result of 2H and 18O measurements is presented in Table 2 and Figure 2.              Distribution of Leached Water Penetration Into Ground-Water at Public Wells Around The End Point Land-Fill Area (Case Study of TPA Leuwi Gajah-Bandung)  76Table 2  Deuterium and 18 Oxygen analysis      Sampel  18O (o/00) D (o/00) Sampel 18O (o/00)  D (o/00) Lwg A - 4,34 - 41,1 Lwg 9 - 8,07 - 45,9 Lwg B - 6,08 - 50,9 Lwg 10 - 6,76 - 37,9 Lwg C - 6,52 - 54,7 Lwg 11 Not analysis Not analysis Lwg D - 9,33 - 53,8 Lwg 12 - 7,53 - 47,1 Lwg E - 9,43 - 56,3 Lwg 13 - 7,85 - 59,0 Lwg 1 - 6,92 - 42,5 Lwg 14 - 6,50 - 35,0 Lwg 2 - 7,38 - 44,1 Lwg 15 - 6,71 - 48,2 Lwg 3 - 6,78 - 54,1 Lwg 16 - 8,47 - 43,0 Lwg 4 - 7,14 - 40,8 Lwg 17 - 7,35 - 44,8 Lwg 5 - 7,41 - 43,1 Lwg 18 - 8,27 - 59,5 Lwg 6 - 8,56 - 62,6 Lwg 19 Not analysis Not analysis Lwg 7 - 8,46 - 63,0 Lwg 20 - 6,79 - 57,6 Lwg 8 - 7,37 - 54,0                              Figure 2. Graphic relationship between 18O and deutrium in each sample.     Jurnal Bionatura, Vol. 5, No. 2, Juli 2003 : 70 : 79  77Figure 2 showed that there are some points located below the meteoric line (at the right side of the line) that did not fulfill the standard of quality, which are LWG A, LWG B, LWG C, LWG 1, LWG 3, LWG 11, LWG 12, LWG 13, LWG 17, LWG 15 and LWG 20; while the rest of the points fulfilled the standard. 18O Content method requires data of δ18O provided from Table 2, then  the percentage of 18O Content was calculated for each sample and  compared with the highest and the lowest 18O Content as control. The result of this method is presented in Table 3.  The data with asterisk (*) indicated that the value was exceeded the threshold limit up to 41%.  Table 3  Percentage 18 Oxygen in each point   Table 3 showed that there are some points exceeded the threshold limit of the standard of quality, which are LWG A, LWG B, LWG C, LWG 1, LWG 3, LWG 4, LWG 10, LWG 14, and LWG 15; while the rest of the points fulfilled the standard. According to the methods applied, there are some similar points of observation polluted and exceed the threshold limit.  Those of points can be grouped and restricted by borderline as contour line. Thereafter, the farthest distance from TPA was measured.   The result of plotting of polluted area is presented in Figure 1. The results of water quality of the samples mentioned above were evaluated and compared with the standard quality for drinking water.  However, when those results were compared with the standard quality for irrigation water, the whole points of observation fulfilled the standard. Hence, the ground and surface water surround the TPA can be used for agriculture irrigation practices.   No. Point of observation Mixing18O(o/00) No. Point of  oervation Mixing18O(o/00) 1. Lwg A 100 *) 14. Lwg 9 26,72 2. Lwg B 65,81 *) 15. Lwg 10 52,46 *) 3. Lwg C 57,18 *) 16. Lwg 11 - 4. Lwg D 1,96 *) 17. Lwg 12 37,33 5. Lwg E 0 18. Lwg 13 31,04 6. Lwg 1 49,31 *) 19. Lwg 14 57,56 *) 7. Lwg 2 40,27 20. Lwg 15 53,44 *) 8. Lwg 3 52,06 *) 21. Lwg 16 18,86 9. Lwg 4 44,99 *) 22. Lwg 17 40,86 10. Lwg 5 39,68 23. Lwg 18 22,79 11. Lwg 6 17,09 24. Lwg 19 - 12. Lwg 7 19,06 25. Lwg 20 31,87 13. Lwg 8 40,47       Distribution of Leached Water Penetration Into Ground-Water at Public Wells Around The End Point Land-Fill Area (Case Study of TPA Leuwi Gajah-Bandung)  78CONCLUSION  Leached water produced from public waste at the end point landfill area (TPA) of Leuwi Gajah when it lets for certain period will penetrate into ground water. The distribution of leached water penetration depends on the flow of ground and surface water. The distribution of leached water penetration into ground water of public wells around the end point landfill area (TPA) Leuwi Gajah reached up to one kilometer from the outside border of TPA to the south-west direction, following the flow of small river Cirendeu as surface and ground water. According to the standard quality for drinking water, some surface and ground water could not be used for household; however, the ground and surface water arround the TPA can be used for agriculture irrigation practices based on standard quality for irrigation purpose.   ACKNOWLEDGMENT  Author wishes to thank to PD Kebersihan, Kota Bandung  also to Ms. Rose Rosalina and  Prof. DR. Kayuzuki Inobushi .   REFRENCE  Abidin Z,Indrojono,Mirzan, Razzak dan Wandono, Aplikasi Isotop Dalam Bidang Hidrologi, BATAN, Jakarta, 1997.  Asdak,Chay; Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan  Daerah Aliran Sungai, UGM Press, Jogyakarta,1996.  Djiono, Abidin; Wandono dan Indroyono , Penentuan Komposisi Isotop 18O dan D Dalam Sampel Air, BATAN, Jakarta, 1997.  Friz, Matthessa and Brown, Interpretation of Enviromental Isotope and Hydrochemical Data in Ground Water Hydrology, IAEA, 1976.  ________, Laporaan Bulanan PD Kebersihan Kota Bandung, 1999    

DISTRIBUTION OF LEACHED WATER PENETRATION INTO GROUND-WATER AT PUBLIC WELLS AROUND THE END POINT LAND-FILL AREA (CASE STUDY OF TPA LEUWI GAJAH-BANDUNG)

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DISTRIBUTION OF LEACHED WATER PENETRATION INTO GROUND-WATER AT PUBLIC WELLS AROUND THE END POINT LAND-FILL AREA (CASE STUDY OF TPA LEUWI GAJAH-BANDUNG)

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