Zadanie pt. „Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki” nr 885/P-DUN/2014  dofinansowane zostało ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Kajzer, Leszek

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis Folia Archaeologica

English

Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (University of Lodz Repository)

A C T A  U N I V E R S I T A T I S  L O D Z I E N S I S  FOLIA ARCHAEOLOGICA 19, 1995Leszek Kajzer50 YEARS OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ŁÓDŹ —  SUMMARYIn 1995, 50th anniversary of establishing the Chair of Archaeology at the University of Łódź takes place. There are two events which this fact bases on. First one is a foundation of the University of Łódź in this very year, second, the arrival of Professor Konrad Jażdżewski (1908-1985) to our city. This archaeologist, earlier connected with Poznań and Warszawa, settled in Łódź after World W ar II and joined the group of new University founders. By reason of that fact, and all his activity, a title of doctor „honoris causa” of the University of Łódź was conferred on Prof. K. Jażdżewski in 1985.At first the name of institution run by K. Jażdżewski was the Departament of Prehistory. In 1952 it was changed into the Chair of Archaeology of Poland and in 1967 into the Chair of Archaeology.A half-century of our institution is a good opportunity for a moment o f reflection, as well as, for an attempt to summarize research efforts and didactic achievements. During all its histoty in Łódź centre the archaeological discipline has been moving through many changes. No further back as to the 1980s and the 1990s there were five archaeological institutions in Łódź (all of them owe their existence, to some extend, to Prof. Jażdżewski). These institutions were, as follows: the Chair of Archaeology, the Archaeological and Ethnografical Museum, run by the Professor until he retired, the Branch of the Departament of Archaeology and Ethnology at the Polish Academy of Sciences (former the Depa-rtament of Material Culture History), run by K. Jażdżewski in its be- ginings, and the branch of the State Service for the Preservation of M onuments. At present, an organizing structure of archaeological in-stitutions is different, though basic principles of their existence are still the same.The archaeological centre in Łódź was established fifty years ago without any predecessor. Thus, it might be inadequate to compare its achievement to those gained by the old centres in Kraków, Warszawa and Poznań. Nevertheless works that have been done in Łódź have already found their right place in the panorama of Polish (partly in European) science.The directors of the Chair of Archaeology were as follows: Konrad Jażdżewski (1945-1970), Andrzej Nadolski (1970-1971), Jerzy Kmieciński (1971-1991). Since 1992 the Chair has been run by the author of these words. Especially, the activity of two, long-standing directors Konrad Jażdżewski and Jerzy Kmieciński played a prominent part in creation of uniquncss of our institution. They influenced not only a picture and a profile of research interests, but also characters of colleagues and students leaving the Chair.The full 50th anniversary might be celebrated in many different ways. We think that the best one is by publishing this volume although it has its anniversary character in part only. In this publication the history of the Chair of Archaeology, results of field investigations and studies on each epoch developing in our center, are presented. The volume also reports some didactic problems, activity of the Student Science Circle and co-operation with foreign intitutions. A list of graduates, doctors and qualified doctors who received their degrees in the Chair, is the last part of the volume.A chapter written by M aria Magdalena Blombergową contains an outline of fifty years of practising archaeology in the University of Łódź. The chapter is divided into several parts. The first one presents some issues concerning personnel management and introduced people working in the Chair.Didactic problems are discussed in the second part. The author points out some important moments in the uniqueness of didactics that has been put into practice in the Chair. In the early 1950s the enrolment of new students was suspended and our institution lost its rights to teach. This situation lasted to 1956 when archaeological studies were reactivated. Since then a five-year course has been conducted. It finishes with a taking a master degree. Time after 1956 characterized by centralization of all programs of studies. Under this circumstances programs that were conducting in all Polish academic centres were unified by a decision of the Ministry o f High Education (now the Ministry of Education). Fortunately, some important changes were introduced recently in order to give universities more autonomy in preparing their own didactic projects. Thus, in our studies, lasting (as it was mentioned) 5 years and giving about 2400 hours of lectures, one may distinguished a few groups of subjects. At lower levels, there are subjects providing basic knowledge in prahistorical and historical archaeology. They are supplemented by auxiliary lectures such as the history of archaeology, its theory, the muscology and preservation, the methodologyof field research, and the archaeology of Mediterranean circle of cultures. At upper levels so-called professorial programs are conducted. They are to enable students to get some knowledge in at least two, chosen periods. To make the education of students completed, there have been introduced „facultative subjects” (such as ethnography, history, history of art and architecture, geology, cartography, philosophy, sociology, statistics, informatics) which are to be chosen by students under an obligation to fill a limit of time and pass some exams. By and large, the program of studies combines an obligation to get basic archaeological knowledge with a necessity to complete it on student’s own.A co-operation between our archaeologists and foreign, scientific institutions is presented in the third part of paper by M. M. Biombergowa. During all these years (in the begining thanks to Prof. K. Jażdżewski) contacts with abroad have always been intensive and play an important role as the element which make us following a development of world science. The co-operation consists of scientists and groups of students exchange and excavations conducted abroad. At present, the m ost im portant thing supposed to be collaboration with the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). This collaboration is broadly discussed in this volume, in a separate article written by T. Grabarczyk. At the end of the paper by M. M. Biombergowa our publication attainments, the seat of our institution, its workshops and equipments, are presented.The research on the Stone Age are a subject of a chapter written by Lucyna Domańska. The author refers K. Jażdżewski interests in the Funnel Beaker culture in Kujawy district, that he cultivated before World War II, as well as, the post-war activity of M aria and Waldemar Chmielewski (they stayed loose connected with the Chair, although they conducted some lectures). Their research focused on the Late Palaeolithic site in Witów near Łódź (patronized by the Archaeological and Ethnographical Museum in Łódź), also on megalithic tombs in Kujawy region and on caves in the south o f Poland (Jura). The new research in the Polish Lowland, especially in Jastrzębia Góra, strictly connected with works of the Chair, have to be pointed out. Two main subjects have been recognized for last twenty years. The first one is mesolythic settlements in Eastern Pomerania region, second (shared with the D epartam ent o f Prahistory at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań) problems of neolithization of the Central European Lowland. As far as the first issue is concerned excavations in Jastrzębia Góra, site 4 (important in the group of post-Maglemose encampments) and in Tuchola Forest area (site 2 in Odry, sites 6 and 1 in Klonowice) took place. At the site 1 in Klonowice an inventory of flint tools closed to the Komornice culture but without an influence of Maglemose substratum was uncovered. Problems of neolithization of territories of the Central EuropeanLowland are studied on the example of sites in Kujawy district. These studies are continued on abroad comparative background. The most impressive results were achieved at site 29 in Dęby, where flint tools of the Janislawice culture together with bones of domestic animals were found. These finds correspond with noticeable in the flint inventory elements of Pontus origin and thus support a thesis that the beginings of the productive economy in our land should be connected with the Caucasus and the Black Sea circle where elements of this economy had developed since 7th century BC. Finds from Łąck, site 6A where settlement of the Funnel Beaker culture from the phase 1 (AB) was excavated, are also important. A non-typical, almost oval (the length -  17 m., the width -  9 m.) tomb in „Kujawy type” with a chamber situated in the east part of a stone surround was uncovered there.Next articles discuss more problems referring to prahistorie periods. In an article written by Tadeusz Grabarczyk research on the Bronze Age, the Hallstatt and the Early La Tene periods are covered. The paper written by Krzysztof Walenta deals with works taken on the Late La Tene and the Roman periods. The first twenty five years were not particularly fruitfull for the Bronze and the Early Iron Age studies. Two cemeteries of the Pomeranian culture (Węsiory, site 2 and Złotów), a ccmentary and settlements of the Lusatian culture in Czyżów were taken. However, it should be pointed out that the above-mentioned excavations, as well as, a finding of a layer of the Lusatian culture under a medieval stronghold in Raciąż near Tuchola were conducted only as rescue works or in the connection with research on sites concerning other periods. In the half of 1970s, thanks to Jerzy Kmieciński (then a director of the Chair), a far-reaching turn in studies on the Bronze and the Iron Age was made. In 1976 a systematic research on so-called the Brusy Island (a settlement microregion in the vicinity of Brusy in Eastern Pomerania) have been started. Some sites of the Lusatian and the Pomeranian cultures recognized in this region have been dug by Krzysztof Walenta. A middle basin of the river Ner flowings near Łódź is another area remains in the centre of interests of the Chair. Excavations by Jacek Błaszczyk have been taken there. Tuchola Forest region and settlements of the Pomeranian culture in the neighbourhood of well known cemetery from the Roman period in Odry are still the subject to be studied. The latest undertakings are registration and a recognition of sites from the Bronze and the Early Iron Age in the area of „great Łódź” . Intensification of works on these periods causes that most of excavated sites are to be published soon.The purpose of a chapter written by Krzysztof Walenta is an attempt to summarize results of works on the Late La Tene and the Roman periods taken in Pomerania district. Excavations on a complex of tumuluses dating back to the Roman period in Węsiory are finished but works on barrowsand stone circles in Odry started in 1962 are still carried out. Works in the vicinity of Odry are also developed. Full micro-regional studies have been conducted in Leśno where the concentration o f tumuluses with princes graves, settlement of the Wielbark culture and small other sites have been already uncovered. All these works should be finished by publishing a complete monography of this interesting region. Apart from sites dating back to the Late La Tene and the Roman periods recognized in Pomerania, some places near Łódź have been also excavated. However a rage of these undertakings is much smaller than that conducting in Odry and Leśno. It is noteworthy that studies on the Late La Tene and the Roman periods have been always one of the most important aim of research for our group.Studies on the Early Middle Ages are discussed in paper by Romana Barnycz-Gupieniec. The studies were particularly impressive during the 1940s and 1950s when research on the beginings of the Polish State took place. At Prof. K. Jaždžewski’s suggestion excavations in the early medieval centres such as Gdańsk, Łęczyca, Czerwińsk (then on the Polish-Russian border) and cemetery in Lutomiersk near Łódź were taken. These works should be treated as collective efforts of the Archaeological and Ethnografical Museum in Łódź, the archaeological branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Chair of Archaeology. In the following years interests in the Early Medieval period weakened. Raciąż was the only settlement complex from the Early Middle Ages that were dug. The excavations were directed by Jerzy Kmieciński and Małgorzata Kowalczyk-Kmiecińska. The complex consists of a castellan’s stronghold, a cementary and some other settlement sites. The stronghold in Raciąż (existing to 13th century) was a subject of studies between 1968-1982 while further works on settlement in this area are still continued. Excavations in some small rage were also taken e.g. in Mroczków Ślepy village (Piotrków voivodeship) were finds dated by coins of prince Bolesław Kędzierzawy were exploared, in Wilkowice near Łódź and at stronghold in Czarny Sad (Kalisz voiv.). However, most of sites from the Early Medieval period currently excavated by the Chair lie in Bydgoszcz voivodeship.A chapter by Leszek Kajzer is the last one in a group of papers devoted to particular epoch. It concerns a historical archaeology thus studies on the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times. It was no earlier than the second half of the 1960s when the historical archaeology has become a discipline practising in the Chair. However, intensive activity in this subject has lasted for about twenty years only. Numerous sites from the Late Medieval and the M odern periods compared with ones from other epochs have been dug out for that time. This fact together with a number of publications prepared by our colleagues convince that studies on the Late Medieval and the Modern periods are one of the most preferable in the Chair. Works thathave been done at sites dating back to the Late Medieval and the Modern periods are discussed in this chapter in three basic groups of problems (following the idea of G. Fehring): „Burgen” , „Kirchen”, and „Siedlung- sarchaeologie” . In our studies problem of a settlement archaeology has been hardly taken.Two settlement micro-regions have been fully recognized (both in Kujawy district). Publication about Kościelna Wieś (Włocławek voiv.) is already in press while one about Zgłowiączka is being prepared. As far as investigations in towns are concerned, works on wide rage in Włocławek, Brześć Kujawski (both in Kujawy) and Tuchola, Chojnice (both in Pomerania) have been developed. Less of attention (compared with above-mentioned activity) has been drawn to cementeries and sacral architecture. Besides works at churches in Tuchola, Chojnice, Brześć and Vłocławek research at cemetery in Płowce (Włocławek voiv.), small works a the parish church in Puck and at the collegiat (now the cathedral) church in Łowicz are noteworthy. Relatively large investigations at the Dominician cloister in Brześć Kujawski and the Cistercian abbey in Rudy (Katowice voiv.) have begun. The latter have not been finished yet. Much of attention in our studies have been devoted to defensive and residential architecture e.g. castles, manors and palaces. 35 one-season campaigns have been organized in order to recognize 10 castles. Castles in Kowal, Brześć Kujawski, Radziejów and Bobrowniki (all in Włocławek voiv.), bishop’s castle in Raciążek (Kujawy district), castle in Radoszyce and private one in Rembów (both in Kielce voiv.) deserve to be mentioned. Some attention have been devoted to castles in Tuchola and Włocławek while the castle in Puck have been preliminary recognized. 13 small defensive structures have been also the subject of our studies. M ost of them were private foundations which may be linked with strongholds in „motte” type characteristic for this part of Europe. 16 masonry manors and palaces have been recognized as well. Works in Gorzkowice near Piotrków where a building existing as a modern reduction of „pallazo in forteza” type was investigated and verifications of several other defensive and residential structures have been conducted. Most of results from this excavations have been already published, others are in press. The activity focused on a recognition of defensive architecture made us to write synthesis concerning methods of archaeological and architectural investigations, as well as, the history of „architectura militaris” in Poland. There are also some other interests in historical archaeology such as research on battlefields (widely discussed in an article by A. Nadolski) or on relics of modern shepherd sheds in the Polana Smreczyńska Wyżnia and the Dolina Kościeliska in the Tatra Mountains.As it has been already touched upon in the article by M. M. Blombergową, research that are conducted in Spain, play an important part in our-operationwith foreign archaeological centres. Works at several sites together with archaeological groups from the University of Santiago de Compostela arc carried out. The longest research have been taken at castro A G rana in territory known in the Middle Ages as „Terra de Melide” . This site existed from the end o f Bronze Age to the 1st century AD. Results of research Írom castro A Grafia (and from other sites in Spanish Galicia) are presented in a paper by Tadeusz Grabarczyk.The next article is by, unexpectedly died in 24th of December 1993, during the preparation of this volume, Professor Andrzej Nadolski. He was a rector and pro-rector of the University of Łódź, as well as, a director of the Chair of Archaeology (1970-1971). In his article, this eminent archaeologist, medievalist and an expert on arms discusses activity of our colleagues in studies on armaments and military service in the Early and Late Middle Ages. The studies concern works at battlefields (investigated by archaeological methods) taken in collaboration with the Departament o f Archaeology at the Polish Academy of Sciences.The last paper written by Tadeusz Grabarczyk summarizes activity of the Student Science Circle at the Chair of Archaeology. As it is characteristic for all student organizations there are some periods of intensive works and periods of stagnacy. Nevertheless, it has been always a good schooling for students truly interested in their studies. Thus it is not a coincidence that the majority of colleagues currently working in the Chair were members of the Student Science Circle in the past.At the end of this volume there are annexes. A list briefly presenting activity of our institution on the field of academic didactics, is given. It contains a specyfication of people who studied in the Chair, graduated, took their doctor’s and qualified doctor’s degrees. It is also given a list of people who have been working in the Chair of Archaeology since its beginings to the moment of publishing this volume.Translated by Przemysław Wesołek

50 Years of Archaeology in the University of Łódź - Summary

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50 Years of Archaeology in the University of Łódź - Summary

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50 Years of Archaeology in the University of Łódź - Summary

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Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego (University of Lodz Repository)

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