Carbon-based nanomaterials are under investigation for different applications, which often demands their chemical modification such as introducing the amino-functional groups or removing carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. In this paper, we are presenting approaches for changing the structure of selected carbon-based nanomaterials in which the use of reactive toxic chemicals is avoided. The methods such as gamma irradiation, thermal treatment with a source of N atoms and nascent hydrogen reduction are studied as possible methods for modification of carbon-based nanomaterials. In the phase of the cleaning, again environmentally friendly approaches are used: filtration, centrifugation, and dialysis. Due to selected methods for both modification and cleaning, the presented approaches are environmentally friendly, they avoiding the use of both aggressive toxic chemical in the synthetic phases as well as organic solvents in the phase of cleaning. Thanks to the avoiding of dangers chemical, these methods can lead to the lowering of the waste chemicals producing in the long-term future
