Cardoso Arango, Juan Andrés

Sotelo Cabrera, Mauricio Efren

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                      Best bet forages species for different edapho-climatic conditions Mauricio Sotelo, Juan Andrés Cardoso   Best bet forages species for different edapho-climatic conditions Mauricio Sotelo, Juan Andrés Cardoso  Animal productivity in tropical regions is far below than that in temperate regions. One of the reasons behind this, is lack of knowledge of adaptation ranges to different edapho-climatic conditions of different forage species. Forage refers to plant material that is used to feed livestock. We thereby define tropical forages as those often found in lower latitudes (tropics to subtropics) and low elevations (below to 1,850 meters above sea level). The definition of tropical forages is not a botanical one, but rather just a categorization of forages then are often found in warm temperatures (25 – 35 °C). To date, there is a great deal of the information regarding adaptation ranges of tropical forages. However, most of this information is misleading. This has cause a great deal of confusion and inadequate targeting of different species to different edapho-climatic conditions. Poor selection choice often results in low availability of nutritious feed to sustain animal production, and bad “propaganda” for a probably magnificent plant in their own right. Different species almost invariably cover a wide range of climatic conditions. Sometimes, soil properties—not climate—is the most limiting factor for differences in plant distribution. Here we attempted to create ten different scenarios that might apply to different climatic regions, and provide a list of recommended species or best-bets that might work. The list is mostly based form extensive literature search and the use of different selection tools (such as http://tropicalforages.info) and expertise.  Scenario 1 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use: long term pasture (> 4 years) Latitude x Altitude: tropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL Rainfall (average annual): range (mm): 700 Soil texture: medium (loam/clay loam) Soil fertility: low / medium Soil pH: acidic (5.0- 6.5) / neutral Soil drainage: well drained Level of soil salinity: low / medium Family: grass / legume Life cycle: perennial Defined dry season: Up to 6 months Inundation: < 1 week Stem habit:  erect/semi-erect  prostrate/procumbent  climbing/twining  stoloniferous  rhizomatous Grazing pressure: regular Shade environment: moderate (30-50% shade)  Aeschynomene falcata:  Arachis paraguariensis:  Chamaecrista pilosa:  Chamaecrista rotundifolia:  Cynodon spp.:  Desmodium intortum:  Leucaena diversifolia:  Leucaena leucocephala:  Megathyrsus maximus:  Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestus:  Panicum trichocladum:  Paspalum notatum:  Urochloa decumbens:  Scenario 2 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use: long term pasture (> 4 years) Latitude x Altitude:  tropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL  tropics, 1000 - 2000 m ASL  tropics, 2000 - 2500 m ASL  tropics, 2500+ m ASL  subtropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL  Aeschynomene falcata  Aeschynomene villosa  Arachis glabrata  Arachis paraguariensis  Arachis pintoi  Axonopus compressus  Axonopus fissifolius  subtropics, 1000 - 2000 m ASL  subtropics, 2000+ m ASL Rainfall (average annual): range (mm): 900 Soil texture: light (sand/sandy loam) Soil fertility: low Soil pH: strongly acidic (< 5.0) / acidic (5.0- 6.5) Level of soil salinity: low Family: grass Life cycle: annual Stem habit:  erect/semi-erect  prostrate/procumbent  climbing/twining  stoloniferous Grazing pressure: light Frost intensity: light / heavy  Calopogonium mucunoides  Centrosema molle  Chamaecrista pilosa  Chamaecrista rotundifolia  Cynodon spp.  Desmodium heterocarpon subsp. heterocarpon  Desmodium heterocarpon subsp. ovalifolium  Desmodium incanum  Desmodium intortum:  Desmodium uncinatum:  Desmodium velutinum:  Ischaemum ciliare:  Ischaemum timorense:  Leucaena diversifolia:  Leucaena leucocephala:  Leucaena spp. hybrids:  Leucaena trichandra:  Megathyrsus maximus:  Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestus:  Melinis minutiflora:  Neonotonia wightii:  Neustanthus phaseoloides:  Panicum trichocladum:  Paspalum atratum:  Paspalum guenoarum:  Paspalum notatum:  Stenotaphrum spp.:  Urochloa brizantha:  Urochloa decumbens:  Urochloa humidicola:  Urochloa spp. hybrids:  Vigna parkeri & V. hosei:  Scenario 3 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use:  long term pasture (> 4 years)  Ley or short term pasture (less than 4 years)  cut & carry  conservation (hay/haylage/silage/leaf meal)  standover forage  intercropping  green manure  ground cover (soil blanketing)  agroforestry (upper or lower storey)  land rehabilitation  hedgerows  living fence  irrigated pasture  browse  wetland/ponded pasture Latitude x Altitude:  tropics, 1000 - 2000 m ASL  subtropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL  subtropics, 1000 - 2000 m ASL Rainfall (average annual): range (mm): 1200 Soil texture: medium (loam/clay loam) Soil fertility: medium Soil pH: acidic (5.0- 6.5) / neutral  Desmanthus pernambucanus:  Leucaena spp. hybrids:  Paspalum notatum:  Urochloa decumbens:  Urochloa humidicola: Soil drainage:  moderately drained (occasionally waterlogged)  poorly drained (frequently waterlogged) Level of soil salinity: medium / high Family: grass / legume Life cycle: perennial Defined dry season: Up to 6 months Inundation: < 1 month Grazing pressure: regular Shade environment: moderate (30-50% shade)  Scenario 4 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use: cut & carry Latitude x Altitude:  tropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL  tropics, 1000 - 2000 m ASL Rainfall (average annual): range (mm): 1200 Soil texture:  light (sand/sandy loam)  medium (loam/clay loam) Soil pH: strongly acidic (< 5.0) / acidic (5.0- 6.5) Family: grass / legume Life cycle: perennial Defined dry season: Up to 6 months Inundation: < 1 week Grazing pressure: heavy  Aeschynomene americana:  Aeschynomene villosa:  Albizia lebbeck:  Alysicarpus rugosus:  Andropogon gayanus:  Arachis pintoi:  Cajanus cajan:  Calliandra calothyrsus:  Cenchrus ciliaris:  Cenchrus clandestinus:  Cenchrus purpureus & hybrids:  Centrosema macrocarpum:  Centrosema molle:  Centrosema pubescens:  Chamaecrista nictitans:  Chamaecrista pilosa:  Chamaecrista rotundifolia:  Chloris gayana:  Clitoria ternatea:  Cytisus proliferus:  Desmanthus leptophyllus:  Desmanthus pernambucanus:  Desmodium intortum:  Desmodium uncinatum:  Dichanthium annulatum:  Dichanthium aristatum:  Dichanthium caricosum:  Digitaria eriantha:  Digitaria milanjiana:  Echinochloa polystachya:  Flemingia macrophylla:  Gliricidia sepium:  Hemarthria altissima:  Lablab purpureus:  Leucaena diversifolia:  Leucaena leucocephala:  Leucaena spp. hybrids:  Leucaena trichandra:  Macroptilium atropurpureum:  Macroptilium bracteatum:  Megathyrsus maximus:  Melinis minutiflora:  Neonotonia wightii:  Panicum coloratum:  Panicum trichocladum:  Paspalum atratum:  Paspalum guenoarum:  Paspalum lepton:  Sesbania sesban:  Setaria sphacelata:  Sorghum (perennial):  Stylosanthes guianensis var. guianensis:  Stylosanthes hamata:  Stylosanthes scabra:  Stylosanthes seabrana:  Tripsacum dactyloides:  Urochloa arrecta & U. mutica:  Urochloa brizantha:  Urochloa decumbens:  Urochloa humidicola:  Urochloa mosambicensis:  Urochloa oligotricha:  Urochloa ruziziensis:  Urochloa spp. hybrids  Scenario 5 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use:  long term pasture (> 4 years)  Ley or short term pasture (less than 4 years)  cut & carry  conservation (hay/haylage/silage/leaf meal)  standover forage  intercropping  green manure  ground cover (soil blanketing)  agroforestry (upper or lower storey)  land rehabilitation  hedgerows  living fence  irrigated pasture  browse  wetland/ponded pasture Latitude x Altitude: tropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL Rainfall (average annual): range (mm): 2000 Soil texture:  light (sand/sandy loam)  medium (loam/clay loam)  heavy (heavy clay) Soil fertility: low / medium Soil Ph: strongly acidic (< 5.0) / acidic (5.0- 6.5) Soil drainage: moderately drained (occasionally waterlogged) Life cycle: perennial Defined dry season: Up to 6 months Inundation: < 1 week Grazing pressure: regular  Aeschynomene americana:  Aeschynomene falcata:  Aeschynomene villosa:  Albizia lebbeck:  Alysicarpus monilifer:  Alysicarpus rugosus:  Andropogon gayanus:  Arachis glabrata:  Arachis pintoi:  Axonopus compressus:  Axonopus fissifolius:  Bothriochloa bladhii subsp. glabra:  Bothriochloa insculpta:  Bothriochloa pertusa:  Cajanus cajan:  Calliandra calothyrsus:  Calopogonium caeruleum:  Calopogonium mucunoides:  Cenchrus purpureus & hybrids:  Centrosema acutifolium:  Centrosema molle:  Centrosema pubescens:  Chamaecrista nictitans:  Chloris gayana:  Clitoria ternatea:  Codariocalyx gyroides:  Cynodon dactylon:  Cynodon spp.:  Desmanthus leptophyllus:  Desmanthus pernambucanus:  Desmodium cinereum:  Desmodium heterocarpon subsp. heterocarpon:  Desmodium heterocarpon subsp. ovalifolium:  Desmodium heterophyllum:  Desmodium incanum:  Desmodium intortum:  Desmodium uncinatum:  Dichanthium annulatum:  Dichanthium caricosum:  Digitaria eriantha:  Digitaria milanjiana:  Echinochloa polystachya:  Erythrina poeppigiana:  Flemingia macrophylla:  Gliricidia sepium:  Ischaemum ciliare:  Lablab purpureus:  Leucaena diversifolia:  Leucaena leucocephala:  Leucaena spp. hybrids:  Leucaena trichandra:  Macroptilium atropurpureum:  Macroptilium gracile:  Megathyrsus maximus:  Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestus:  Melinis minutiflora:  Neustanthus phaseoloides:  Panicum trichocladum:  Paspalum atratum:  Paspalum dilatatum:  Paspalum guenoarum:  Paspalum notatum:  Paspalum plicatulum:  Sesbania grandiflora:  Sesbania sesban:  Setaria sphacelata:  Sorghum (perennial):  Stenotaphrum spp.:  Stylosanthes hamata:  Tripsacum andersonii:  Tripsacum dactyloides:  Urochloa arrecta & U. mutica:  Urochloa brizantha:  Urochloa decumbens:  Urochloa humidicola:  Urochloa oligotricha:  Urochloa ruziziensis:  Urochloa spp. hybrids:  Vigna parkeri & V. hosei:  Scenario 6 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use:  long term pasture (> 4 years)  Ley or short term pasture (less than 4 years)  cut & carry  conservation (hay/haylage/silage/leaf meal)  standover forage  intercropping  green manure  ground cover (soil blanketing)  agroforestry (upper or lower storey)  land rehabilitation  hedgerows  living fence  Acroceras macrum:  Cenchrus clandestinus:  Cenchrus purpureus & hybrids:  Cynodon spp.:  Desmodium intortum:  Digitaria eriantha:  Digitaria milanjiana:  Panicum trichocladum:  Paspalum notatum:  Sorghum (perennial):  Vigna parkeri & V. hosei:  irrigated pasture  browse  wetland/ponded pasture Latitude x Altitude:  tropics, 2000 - 2500 m ASL  subtropics, 1000 - 2000 m ASL Rainfall (average annual): range (mm): 3000 Soil texture: medium (loam/clay loam) Soil fertility: high Soil pH: acidic (5.0- 6.5) / neutral Soil drainage: moderately drained (occasionally waterlogged) Level of soil salinity Family: grass / legume Life cycle: perennial Inundation: < 1 week Grazing pressure: regular Frost intensity: light  Scenario 7 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use:  long term pasture (> 4 years)  Ley or short term pasture (less than 4 years)  cut & carry  conservation (hay/haylage/silage/leaf meal)  standover forage  intercropping  green manure  ground cover (soil blanketing)  agroforestry (upper or lower storey)  land rehabilitation  hedgerows  living fence  irrigated pasture  browse  wetland/ponded pasture Latitude x Altitude: tropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL Rainfall (average annual): range (mm): 2000 Soil texture:  light (sand/sandy loam)  medium (loam/clay loam) Soil fertility: low Soil pH: strongly acidic (< 5.0) Soil drainage: moderately drained (occasionally waterlogged) Family: grass / legume Life cycle: perennial Defined dry season: Up to 6 months  Arachis pintoi:  Axonopus compressus  Calopogonium caeruleum:  Calopogonium mucunoides:  Codariocalyx gyroides:  Desmodium heterocarpon subsp. heterocarpon:  Desmodium heterocarpon subsp. ovalifolium:  Flemingia macrophylla:  Ischaemum ciliare:  Melinis minutiflora:  Urochloa brizantha:  Urochloa decumbens:  Urochloa humidicola:  Urochloa spp. hybrids:  Scenario 8 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use:  long term pasture (> 4 years)  Ley or short term pasture (less than 4 years)  cut & carry  conservation (hay/haylage/silage/leaf meal)  standover forage  intercropping  Cenchrus clandestinus:  Trifolium spp. African perennial:  green manure  ground cover (soil blanketing)  agroforestry (upper or lower storey)  land rehabilitation  hedgerows  living fence  irrigated pasture  browse  wetland/ponded pasture Latitude x Altitude: tropics, 2000 - 2500 m ASL Rainfall (average annual): range (mm): 2200 Soil texture: medium (loam/clay loam) Soil fertility: low / medium Soil pH: strongly acidic (< 5.0) / acidic (5.0- 6.5) / neutral Soil drainage:  well drained  moderately drained (occasionally waterlogged) Family: grass / legume Life cycle: perennial Defined dry season: Up to 6 months Inundation: < 1 week  Scenario 9 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use:  long term pasture (> 4 years)  Ley or short term pasture (less than 4 years)  cut & carry  conservation (hay/haylage/silage/leaf meal)  standover forage  intercropping  green manure  ground cover (soil blanketing)  agroforestry (upper or lower storey)  land rehabilitation  hedgerows  living fence  irrigated pasture  browse  wetland/ponded pasture Latitude x Altitude:  tropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL  tropics, 1000 - 2000 m ASL  tropics, 2000 - 2500 m ASL  tropics, 2500+ m ASL  subtropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL  subtropics, 1000 - 2000 m ASL  subtropics, 2000+ m ASL  Rainfall (average annual): range (mm) Soil texture:  light (sand/sandy loam)  medium (loam/clay loam)  heavy (heavy clay) Soil fertility: low / medium / high Soil pH:  strongly acidic (< 5.0)  acidic (5.0- 6.5)  neutral  alkaline (> 7.5)  Acroceras macrum:  Aeschynomene americana:  Aeschynomene falcata:  Aeschynomene histrix:  Aeschynomene villosa:  Albizia lebbeck:  Alysicarpus monilifer:  Alysicarpus rugosus:  Andropogon gayanus:  Arachis glabrata:  Arachis paraguariensis:  Arachis pintoi:  Axonopus compressus:  Axonopus fissifolius:  Bothriochloa bladhii subsp. glabra:  Bothriochloa insculpta:  Bothriochloa ischaemum:  Bothriochloa pertusa:  Cajanus cajan:  Calopogonium caeruleum:  Calopogonium mucunoides:  Cenchrus ciliaris:  Cenchrus clandestinus:  Cenchrus purpureus & hybrids:  Centrosema acutifolium:  Centrosema brasilianum:  Centrosema macrocarpum:  Centrosema molle:  Centrosema pubescens:  Centrosema rotundifolium:  Chamaecrista nictitans:  Chamaecrista pilosa:  Chamaecrista rotundifolia:  Chloris gayana:  Clitoria ternatea: Soil drainage:  well drained  moderately drained (occasionally waterlogged)  poorly drained (frequently waterlogged) Level of soil salinity: low / medium / high Family: grass / legume / other Life cycle: annual / perennial Defined dry season:  Up to 6 months  Greater than 6 months Inundation: < 1 week / < 1 month / > 1 month Stem habit:  erect/semi-erect  prostrate/procumbent  climbing/twining  stoloniferous  rhizomatous Grazing pressure: light / regular / heavy Shade environment:  moderate (30-50% shade)  dense (>50% shade) Frost intensity: light / heavy  Codariocalyx gyroides:  Cratylia argentea:  Cynodon dactylon:  Cynodon spp.:  Desmanthus bicornutus:  Desmanthus glandulosus:  Desmanthus leptophyllus:  Desmanthus pernambucanus:  Desmanthus pubescens:  Desmanthus virgatus:  Desmodium heterocarpon subsp. heterocarpon:  Desmodium incanum:  Desmodium intortum:  Desmodium uncinatum:  Desmodium velutinum:  Dichanthium annulatum:  Dichanthium aristatum:  Dichanthium caricosum:  Dichanthium sericeum:  Digitaria didactyla & D. swazilandensis:  Digitaria eriantha:  Digitaria milanjiana:  Erythrina poeppigiana:  Flemingia macrophylla:  Gliricidia sepium:  Hemarthria altissima:  Ischaemum ciliare:  Ischaemum timorense:  Lablab purpureus:  Leucaena diversifolia:  Leucaena leucocephala:  Leucaena spp. hybrids:  Leucaena trichandra:  Listia bainesii:  Macroptilium atropurpureum:  Macroptilium bracteatum:  Macroptilium gracile:  Megathyrsus maximus:  Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestus:  Melinis minutiflora:  Neonotonia wightii:  Neustanthus phaseoloides:  Panicum coloratum:  Panicum trichocladum:  Paspalum atratum:  Paspalum dilatatum:  Paspalum guenoarum:  Paspalum lepton:  Paspalum notatum:  Paspalum plicatulum:  Sesbania grandiflora:  Sesbania sesban:  Setaria incrassata:  Setaria sphacelata:  Sorghum (perennial):  Stenotaphrum spp.:  Stylosanthes capitata:  Stylosanthes guianensis var. guianensis:  Stylosanthes guianensis var. intermedia:  Stylosanthes hamata:  Stylosanthes macrocephala:  Stylosanthes scabra:  Stylosanthes seabrana:  Teramnus labialis:  Trifolium spp. African perennial:  Tripsacum andersonii:  Tripsacum dactyloides:  Urochloa brizantha:  Urochloa decumbens:  Urochloa humidicola:  Urochloa mosambicensis:  Urochloa oligotricha:  Urochloa ruziziensis:  Urochloa spp. hybrids:  Urochloa subquadripara:  Vigna oblongifolia:  Vigna parkeri & V. hosei:  Scenario 10 Parameters Recommended species Intended forage use: long term pasture (> 4 years) Latitude x Altitude: tropics, 0 - 1000 m ASL  Aeschynomene falcata:  Andropogon gayanus:  Bothriochloa bladhii subsp. glabra:  Bothriochloa pertusa:  Cenchrus ciliaris:  Cenchrus pennisetiformis:  Cenchrus purpureus & hybrids:  Cenchrus setigerus:  Centrosema pascuorum:  Chamaecrista pilosa:  Chamaecrista rotundifolia:  Chloris gayana:  Clitoria ternatea:  Cynodon spp.:  Digitaria eriantha:  Digitaria milanjiana:  Leucaena diversifolia:  Leucaena leucocephala:  Macroptilium atropurpureum:  Macroptilium bracteatum:  Macroptilium lathyroides:  Macrotyloma daltonii:  Megathyrsus maximus:  Megathyrsus maximus x M. infestus:  Opuntia ficus-indica:  Panicum coloratum:  Sorghum (perennial):  Stylosanthes capitata:  Stylosanthes hamata:  Stylosanthes humilis:  Stylosanthes macrocephala  Stylosanthes scabra:  Stylosanthes seabrana:  Urochloa mosambicensis:  Urochloa oligotricha:  

Best bet forages species for different edapho-climatic conditions

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Best bet forages species for different edapho-climatic conditions

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