The study consisted of a road-based trial involving 48 participants using a navigation system to complete a
complex urban route. The participants were divided into three matched groups experiencing one of the following landmark conditions: good, poor or no landmarks, incorporated in verbal instructions. A range of objective and
subjective measures were taken to assess driver performance with and attitudes to each of the landmark
categories. The aims were to:
• assess the impact on driver performance and attitudes of presenting navigation instructions which included
good, poor or no landmarks
• validate the REGIONAL model, which was developed to predict the navigational value of individual landmarks
• identify any other factors (e.g. driver or manoeuvre characteristics) that may affect the value of landmark
