Triple-layer co-sintering of SOFCs results in an improved production process via
reduced time and effort. Understanding the sintering shrinkage behaviour of each porous layer
during the co-sintering process leads to the minimisation of mismatched stresses along with
avoidance of severe warping and cracking. In multilayer structure, sintering behaviour is
mainly characterised by the in-plane properties rather than the thickness properties. The
induced in-plane stresses contribute to curvature evolution in the structure, which can be
utilised in the design of a SOFC
