The world is witnessing the highest levels of forced human displacement on record, leading to people
being housed in urban centres and camps. Generally the sanitation needs of these people are initially met
by external agencies. The long-term costs of operating and maintaining traditional sanitation systems
can be unviable when communities or local authorities take over their management. Therefore Oxfam has
been trialling the Tiger Worm Toilet (TWT) in peri-urban and camp settings. The aim of this paper is to
review Oxfam’s TWT projects and to share the learnings, together with the innovations that have
occurred. The learnings are that TWTs are not the solution to all sanitation problems, but they have been
proven to work well at household level. Monitoring and documenting the trials has been an ongoing
problem due to a number of issues, which are linked to short term funding, and the use of project rather
than program approaches