Urban Egyptian Women Aged 19-30 Years Display Nutrition Transition-Like Dietary Patterns, with High Energy and Sodium Intakes, and Insufficient Iron, Vitamin D, and Folate Intakes.

Abstract

Abstract Background Recent changes in Egyptian dietary habits can be attributed to more urban and sedentary lifestyles and to alterations in the dietary and economic context. The mean body mass index (BMI) of Egyptian women is one of the highest worldwide, while 50% have iron deficiency. Objective To quantify food and nutrient intakes of urban Egyptian women and conduct a detailed analysis of micronutrients commonly consumed in inadequate amounts, such as iron, vitamin D and folate. Methods Urban Egyptian women aged 19–30 years (n = 130) were recruited during 2016–2017. Energy needs were estimated using the Henry equation, assuming a low physical activity level (1.4). Dietary intakes and iron bioavailability were estimated from a four-day food diary. Macronutrient intakes were compared with WHO/FAO population goals, and micronutrients intakes with Egyptian recommendations. Iron needs were determined for each subject. Results The average BMI was 27.6 ± 4.2 kg/m². The mean total energy intake (TEI, 2389 ± 715 kcal/day) was significantly higher than the needs (2135 ± 237 kcal/day, p = 0.00018). Total fat (33%TEI) and saturated fatty acid (11%TEI) intakes were slightly higher than population goals (15–30%TEI and < 10%TEI, respectively). Diets provided 18 ± 8 g/day of fiber, 98 ± 54 g/day of total sugars, and nearly twice the recommended sodium intake (intake: 2787 ± 1065 mg/day, recommendation: < 1500 mg/day). Estimated dietary iron bioavailability was low (9.2 ± 1.6%), and 79% of women consumed less iron than the average requirement (17.5 ± 7 mg/day). Overall, 82% and 80% of women consumed less vitamin D and folate, respectively, than recommended. Conclusions Egyptian women aged 19–30 years have high intakes of energy and sodium, while iron, vitamin D and folate intakes are insufficient, with only low levels of bioavailable iron. These results call for further investigation into measures that would improve this population's diet quality. Publication from previous employment rol