Okra is a common and popular vegetable crop used in Nigeria. &nbsp;Irrigation method has very significant influence on okra (Hibiscus esculentus)&nbsp;production. A careful effect of marginal water quality on IDI and control system which were subjected to the same conditions was investigated. An experimental field area of 13.5 m2&nbsp;by 6.0 m2 was properly cleared, stumped, ploughed, harrowed and leveled. &nbsp;High yielding and disease resistant okra variety seeds were carefully selected and planted at a regular interval of 0.6 m. The results of statistical analysis obtained using Completely Randomized&nbsp;Blocked Design (CRBD) (P˂0.05) revealed that there were significant differences on water application which reflected an increase in some agronomic parameters such as growth, weight, yield and vegetative development of the okra. These selected okra agronomic parameters showed that the okra performed in IDI. Maximum fruit yield of 71.71% and water utilization efficiency of 55.49% was obtained by using IDI system

Adedeji, M.A.

Amoo, M.O.

Aremu, T.E.

Oke, A.M.

English

Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment (AZOJETE)

ARID ZONE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAZOJETE - CIGR Section VI Special Issue:Innovation & Technologies for Sustainable Agricultural Production & Food SufficiencyAZOJETE, December, 2018. Vol. 14(SP.i4):1-7Published by the Faculty of Engineering, University of Maidiguri, Maidiguri, Nigeria.Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818www.azojete.com.ngCorresponding author’s e-mail address: oke.matthew@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng, amaomonsuru@gmail.com 11ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLEGROWTH PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF OKRA (HIBISCUS ESCULENTUS)USING IMPROVISED DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMM.O. Amoo1, M.A. Adedeji2, *A.M. Oke3, T.E. Aremu31Department of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure,Ondo State, Nigeria.2Department of Agricultural and Bio- Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Ede,Osun State, Nigeria3Department of Agricultural Engineering, Adeleke University, P.M.B 250, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.ARTICLE INFORMATIONReceived October, 2018Accepted December, 2018Keywords:OkraIrrigationDripMarginal water qualityNigeriaABSTRACTOkra is a common and popular vegetable crop used in Nigeria.Irrigation method has very significant influence on okra (Hibiscusesculentus) production. A careful effect of marginal water quality onIDI and control system which were subjected to the same conditionswas investigated. An experimental field area of 13.5 m2 by 6.0 m2was properly cleared, stumped, ploughed, harrowed and leveled.High yielding and disease resistant okra variety seeds were carefullyselected and planted at a regular interval of 0.6 m. The results ofstatistical analysis obtained using Completely Randomized BlockedDesign (CRBD) (P˂0.05) revealed that there were significantdifferences on water application which reflected an increase in someagronomic parameters such as growth, weight, yield and vegetativedevelopment of the okra. These selected okra agronomicparameters showed that the okra performed in IDI. Maximum fruityield of 71.71% and water utilization efficiency of 55.49% wasobtained by using IDI system.© 2018 Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. All rights reserved.1.0 IntroductionOkra (Hibiscus esculentus) is indigenous crop which grows throughout the tropics and in somepart of the sub-tropic (Modupe 2015). The plant tropically grows to 180cm in height, but someindigenous varieties may grow to 360cm tall, with base stem of 6cm in diameter. The plantproduces dark yellow flower that are about 5cm in diameter. The plant is cultivated in tropical,sub-tropical and warm temperate region around the world. (Okunade et al., 2009). In Nigeria, itis among the foremost vegetable crops in term of consumption and production (Puneet andArun, 2015). Okra is a hot weather crop with optimum soil temperature of 75oF to 90oF. It istolerant to wide variation in rainfall (Kamran et al., 2012). It will grow well on all types of soil butbest performance is obtained on sandy loam soil with high organic matter content and optimumsoil pH ranging from 6.0 to 7.0 (Sexena et al., 2013). Okra is propagated by seed; 2-3 seeds aresown at 1-2cm depth per hole with 60cm – 90cm inter row spacing and 30cm along the rows.Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil for the purpose of supplying theessential moisture for plant growth to eliminate moisture deficiency at various stage of plantgrowth (Michael, 2000). Irrigation is necessary to provide enough water to fill the deficit arisingAmoo et al.: Growth performance characteristics of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) using improvised drip irrigation system.AZOJETE, 14(sp.i4):1-7. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ngCorresponding author’s e-mail address: oke.matthew@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng, amaomonsuru@gmail.com22from the depletion of soil moisture from combine action exist between two separatephenomena of evaporation and transpiration (Fasina, 2008). Ahmad et al., (2003) reported thatthe total amount of water that is used each year is utilized for the purpose of irrigation. Watermanagement by irrigation practices are t complement the available water from natural sourcessuch as rainfall, flood, dew and ground water. Therefore, irrigation is needed in most parts ofWest Africa where there may be a prolonged drought period and mostly where water fromnatural sources is inadequate for effective crop germination and production. The available landsin the tropical regions need irrigation to improve economic returns from production of crops bymore than 100%. (Modupe et al., 2015).Drip irrigation is the method whereby water is supplied to crop root zone at regulated rate andfertilizer application can be done. It is very importance to carry out a study on the best irrigationsystem for the production of okra in Nigeria in order to maximize profit and reduce the cost ofproduction. The main concern of productive agriculture is the effective and efficient supply ofwater and growing demand for crop production. It includes remunerative cropping which needsa systematic study of irrigation problem and method of efficient economic use of water sinceirrigation potential created and it utilization, and that makes the situation more serious. On theother hand, when it is limited as compound to available water, the aim would be to maximizeproduction per unit of land without watching water. Under irrigated condition, it is usually notpossible to grow more than one crop in a year and the yield from a rain-fed crop may hardly bebetween 1-2 tonnes of food per hectare in dry areas. But irrigation makes it possible to growmore than one crop in a year. Puneet and Arun (2015).Metin et al., (2006) reported that timely irrigation leads to high yield multiple cropping underirrigation farming which assure high crop production. High yield varieties have a high waterrequirement than ordinary varieties; the potential of Okra varieties can be fully exploited ifadequate amount of water is made available. Irrigation is necessary for vegetable (okra)production in Nigeria in order to make the crop available throughout the year.2.0 Materials and Methods2.1 Study area and land clearingField experiments were located at Teaching and Research Farm of Agricultural and Bio-Environmental Engineering Department, School of Engineering Technology, The FederalPolytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. It is located between Longitude 40 5’ and 50 45’ East ofthe Greenwch Meridian and Latitudes 70 5’ and 80 5’ north of the Equator. It lies South of Kwaraand Kogi State, East of Kwara and bounded by Ondo State in the East and in the Kogi State. Theplot has a flat topography and the area was chosen for its suitable soil structure, texture, waterretention capacity, loamy fertile soil, nearness to water source (well) and availability of powersupply to operate the electric water pump. Land preparation involved the use of tractor forploughing and harrowing to make it suitable for undisturbed, unobstructed free flow of waterand good crop management.2.2 Experimental design and Installation layoutThe consumptive water use of okra under Improvised Drip Irrigation system were measured andrecorded. These agronomic data collected were analyzed using Completely Randomized BlockDesign (CRBD) ANOVA method. Total experimental plot of 13.5 m2 by 6.0 m2 was used. In dripirrigation system, the two drums 100 litres was placed on the raised platform that serve as waterArid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December, 2018; Vol. 14(sp.i4):1-7. ISSN 1596-2490;e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ngCorresponding author’s e-mail address: oke.matthew@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng, amaomonsuru@gmail.com3reservoir, the main pipe, lateral (PVC) were measured and cut into different sizes with measuringtape and hacksaw respectively. The pipe was connected to the reservoir with a valve, the screenfilter was attached, and then a quick coupling elbow was used in the coupling of the main line ofthe length 450 m. The lateral line of 210 m was fixed on the main line at equal interval from eachother.Typical okra farm planted in row and freshly harvested okra in Plates 1a and 1b below,respectively, and the Installation layout of Improvised Drip Irrigation System in Plate 2Plate 1a: Typical okra farm planted in a row Plate 1b: Typical okra freshly fruits Plate 2: Installation Layout of the IDI system2.3 Irrigation DesignThe purpose of irrigation layout is to transmit information from engineering plans to theirrigation field. This will locate the work and provide such lines and elevations as needed for thedevelopment of Improvised Drip Irrigation system. Pictorial details of IDI layout is presented inPlate 3.Plate 3: Improvised Drip Irrigation system layout2.4 Planting of okra and data collection2.4.1 Planting of okraBefore planting of the seeds, the irrigation system was tested by pre irrigation in order to locateand correct any high or low spots which can lead to uneven water supply to the plants. The okraseeds were planted at 0.02 m depth with 0.6 m interval, the weeding was carried out manuallyon the experimental plot of land. The same treatments and analysis were carried out on theImprovised Drip Irrigation system and control at the same time on the same day to avoidpredisposition of the results. The pesticide and NPK fertilizer were applied to control thediseases and increase the quality and quantity of okra yields.2.4.2 Data collectionThe moisture content and soil temperature were measured by means of moisture meter and soilthermometers, respectively from the day of planting to the maturity. The agronomic parameters,height, girth, number of leaves, okra yield, and flowers stage were measured and recorded: usingdigital weighing balance (± 0.01g). Kamran et al., (2012).Amoo et al.: Growth performance characteristics of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) using improvised drip irrigation system.AZOJETE, 14(sp.i4):1-7. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ngCorresponding author’s e-mail address: oke.matthew@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng, amaomonsuru@gmail.com443.0 Results and DiscussionTable 1 showed that the plant height (cm) for the readings after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40days showed that there were a significant differences in IDI when compared to control system.The mean plant height after 40 days under IDI and control system were 151.68 and 63.32 cm,respectively Choudhary et al., (2012) (Figure 1). the results obtained for height of okra againstDAP and statistical analysis proved that there is significant difference in the methods used withrespect to the height of okra for IDI and control (Okunade et al, 2009; Choudhary et al., 2012).The mean plant diameter under IDI after 99 days 328.79 and 99.45 cm respectively.From figure 2 results indicated that there is no significant difference in IDI used with respect tothe Stem girth of okra against DAP in control system. (Babar et al., 2008). The increase stemgirth (cm) under IDI and control system for the eight reading after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40days showed that there was a significant difference in IDI in comparison to control system.(Table 1). The mean plant stem girth after 40 days under IDI and control system were 2.696 and2.289 cm, respectively as indicated in results by (Metin et al., 2006) in the studies of growth ofokra fruits.Figure 3 results showed a linear relationship in IDI when compared to control between numberof leave against DAP from the results obtained there is significant differences at 0.05 percent.(Pravukalyan et al., 2011; Al-Harbi et al., 2008). The number of leaves (cm) under IDI and controlsystem for the eight reading after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days showed that there was asignificant difference in IDI compare to control system. The mean plant height after 40 daysunder IDI and control system was 936 and 598 cm, respectively as indicated in results by (Alkaff,2003) in the studies of growth of okra fruits. Therefore, this result show that as the plant growthincreased inline plant height and stem diameter as contributed to the conserved soil moisture,seedling emergence, and improved plant growth (Okunade et al., 2009).Figure 4, the results of yield for the eight days after planting showed a significant difference inDAP 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days among the irrigation system. However, there were no significantin 30, 35, and 40 days from plant growth under IDI as indicated by (Sexena et al., 2013). Themean okra yield performance after 40 days under IDI and control system was 3470 and 292 cm,respectively (Table 1). Based on the results in Figure 4, the analysis carried out proved that thereis significant difference in IDI used with respect to the number of okra yield against DAP incontrol. Therefore, the number of Okra increase based on the amount of rainfall. (Jayapiratha, etal., 2010).From figure 5 displayed the relationship between the weights of okra against day after harvest,the relationship is linear and there is significant difference in IDI respect of control systems(Danso et al., 2015). The weight of okra production against days after planting (cm) for the eightreading after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 days showed that there was a significant differencein IDI compare to control system Ahmad et al., (2013). The summation of weight of productionafter 40 days of planting under IDI and control system was 45.61 and 10.60 kg, respectively(Puneet et al., 2015). Thus growth is not faster under the control system because no treatmentwas added. This system and results is in line with findings of Ahmad et al., (2013).Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December, 2018; Vol. 14(sp.i4):1-7. ISSN 1596-2490;e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ngCorresponding author’s e-mail address: oke.matthew@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng, amaomonsuru@gmail.com5Table 1: Growth performance under Improvised Drip Irrigation system (IDI)DAPHeight of Okra(cm)Stem girth(mm)Number ofleavesOkra yield(kg)Weight of okra(kg)IDI Control IDI Control IDI Control IDI Control IDI Control5th 6.30 2.10 0.136 0.121 34 15 34 0 1.07 010th 12.20 6.30 0.171 0.141 50 30 344 0 5.07 0.8415th 16.03 5.45 0.254 0.222 68 44 519 30 5.14 1.4020th 17.49 9.54 0.264 0.330 101 99 415 37 5.20 1.2025th 20.13 9.55 0.332 0.311 115 99 393 44 6.96 2.7230th 22.13 9.56 0.394 0.324 201 101 650 72 6.18 1.7235th 27.00 10.12 0.465 0.412 231 104 528 62 5.55 1.8440th 30.40 10.70 0.680 0.430 251 106 587 47 10.45 0.88Figure 1: Height of Okra production (cm) against Day after PlantingFigure 2: Stem girth of Okra (cm) against Days after Planting (DAP)Figure 3: Number of leaves (cm) against Days after Planting (DAP).Amoo et al.: Growth performance characteristics of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) using improvised drip irrigation system.AZOJETE, 14(sp.i4):1-7. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ngCorresponding author’s e-mail address: oke.matthew@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng, amaomonsuru@gmail.com66Figure 4: Number of Okra yield performance (cm) against Days after Planting (DAP)Figure 5: Weight of Okra production (kg) against Days after Planting (DAP)4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation4.1 ConclusionThe growth performance characteristic of Okra on improvised drip irrigation system wasinvestigated, this leads to minimized of water usage, fertilizers, land utilization and increasedfruit yields as well as production of okra calls for an effective irrigation system. Growth occursthrough the effect of soil types and watering treatments had no significant different on its.Therefore, okra may not require much water for maximum growth germination at the initialstage.4.2 RecommendationBased on the results obtained from the study, Improvised Drip Irrigation system (IDI) is highlyrecommended for the effective cultivation of okra seeds and the amount of water required toirrigate is low compared to other irrigation systems.ReferenceAhmad, SA., Mahmood, AJ., Malik, A. and Kumbhar, MB. 2013. Response of Okra to water stress,Sarhad Journal of Agricultural 19: 73-79.Al-Harbi, AR., Al-Omran, AM. and El-Adgham, FL. 2008. Effect of Drip Irrigation levels andEmitters Depth on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Growth. Journals of Applied Sciences8(15): 2764-2769. Published by Asian Network for Scientific InformationAlkaff, SA. 2003. Effect of organic fertilizer and foliar application of power 4 on growth and yieldon Okra plants. University of Aden Journals of water management science 7(1) 25-35Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December, 2018; Vol. 14(sp.i4):1-7. ISSN 1596-2490;e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ngCorresponding author’s e-mail address: oke.matthew@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng, amaomonsuru@gmail.com7Babar, MM., Shaikh, AH. and Yaseen, SM. 2008. A comparative Study on Drip and FurrowIrrigation Methods. Mehran University J. Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro. 27 Oct.2008, pp.413-418.Choudhary, S., Chandra, A. and Yadav, PK. 2012. Effect of crop geometry on okra (Abelmoschusesculentus) cultivars under different irrigation levels and mulching, Progressive Horticulture,44(2), 276-280.Danso, OE., Mickson, SA., Sabi, EB., Plauborg, F., Abekoe, M., Kugblenu, YO., Jensen, CR. andAndersen, MN. 2015. Effect of different fertilization and irrigation methods on nitrogenuptake, intercepted radiation and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentum L.) grown in theKeta sand spit of Southeast Ghana, Agricultural Water Management, 147, 34-42.Fasina, AS. 2008. Irrigation Suitability Evaluation of Asu River Basin Soils, South eastern Nigeria.Int. J. Soil Sci., 3(1): 35 – 41.Jayapiratha, M., Thushyanthy, V. and SivaKumar, S. 2010. Performance Evaluation of Okra underDrip irrigation system.Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 4:137-147.Kamran, BS., Hakim, AS., Javaid, AR., Bhugro, M. and Sakhawat, HK., 2012. Effect of marginalquality water on Okra. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. 4: 56-67.Metin, SS., Yazar, A. and Eker, S. 2006. Effect of drip irrigation regimes on yield and quality offield grown bell pepper Agricultural water management Vol.4: pp 115-131.Michael AM. 2000. Irrigation: Theory and practice. 1st ed VIKAS Publishing house Ltd. New Delhi,IndiaModupe, JA., Oluwakemi, EA. and Joshua, K. 2015. Effects of Irrigation and Soil Types on theGermination and Growth of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). Journal of PlantSciences. Vol. 3, pp. 59-63.Okunade, DA., Olanusi, OA. and Adekalu, KO. 2009. Yield, and economics of okra and amaranthproduction under irrigation. International Journal of Vegetable Science, Vol. 15, 28–43.Pravukalyan, P., Narendra, NS. and Sanatan, P. 2011. Evaluating partial root-zone irrigation andmulching in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) under a sub-humid tropical climate. Journal ofAgriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics. Vol. 112 No. 2 169–175.Published by JARTS.Puneet, S. and Arun, K. 2015. Economics of Growing Okra under Drip Fertigation. Indian Journalof Science and Technology Vol. 8 pp 35.Saxena, CK., Gupta, SK., Purohit, RC., Bhaka, SR. and Upadhyay, B. 2013. Performance of okraunder drip irrigation with saline water, Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 50(4), 683-689.

Growth Performance Characteristics of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) using Improvised Drip Irrigation System

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Growth Performance Characteristics of Okra (Hibiscus esculentus) using Improvised Drip Irrigation System

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