Arce González, Miguel Ángel

Artiles Ortega, Einar

Bello Morales, Idalmis

Fievez, Veerle

Lima Orozco, Raciel

English

Ghent University Academic Bibliography

Tropentag 2019, Kassel, Germany September 18-20, 2019 Conference on International Research on Food Security, Natural Resource Management and Rural Development  organised by the Universities of Kassel and Goettingen, Germany    Assessment of quality and rumen degradability of mixed silages of sugarcane tops with Marabú forage  Raciel Lima Orozcoa,b, Idalmis Bello Moralesc; Miguel Ángel Arce Gonzálezb; Einar Artiles Ortegab,d, Veerle Fievezd  a Universidad Central Marta Abreu de Las Villas (UCLV), Centro de investigaciones Agropecuarias, Santa Clara, Cuba. Email raciello@uclv.edu.cu b UCLV, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Zoothecnics, Santa Clara, Cuba c Agriculture Ministry, Department of Animal Health, Remedios, Cuba d University of Ghent, Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent, Belgium. Email veerle.fievez@ugent.be   Abstract The quality and rumen degradability of sugarcane (Sacharum spp.) tops with forage of Marabú (Dichrostachys cinerea L.) ensiled in combination with either molasses, lactobacillus or fungi as well as their combination were assessed. The labscale silages were made in triplicate with material originating from a sugarcane crop and D. cinerea field both of two years old and harvested after 12 and 3 months of regrowth, respectively (Santa Clara, Cuba). Sugarcane tops and D. cinerea forage were mixed in a ratio of 60:40, respectively and either or not with one of the three following additives or their combination [fungal inoculant [FI; UC1 (Penicillium sp.) + UC13 (Aspergillus sp.) or Trichoderma sp. (L6+R6b)], Lactobacillus plantarum (LAB; 3×106 colony forming units/g fresh matter (FM)) and molasses (Mol; 39.4 g/kg FM)]. Both FI were inoculated at three doses (FD; 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5×105 spores/g of FM) in order to prepare 28 treatments [2FI3FD2LAB2Mol treatments + 4 control treatments (2LAB2Mol)]. The chemical proximate content (CPC) prior and after ensiling, as well as the ensilability and the apparently rumen degradable organic matter (ARDOM) of the silages were determined. The metabolisable energy (ME) was estimated from the CPC. The ensilability parameters (pH, lactate, acetate, ammonia, ethanol) were used to select the best silages based on the GLM procedure of SPSS with FI, FD, LAB and Mol as factors according to a full factorial design. The one way ANOVA procedure of SPSS was performed. The forages simultaneously ensiled by all additives showed the best silage quality, independently of FI or FD. However, the FD (P<0.001) but not the FI (P>0.05) affected the fiber fraction content after ensiling as well as ARDOM and methane production. The ADF content was lower (P<0.001) and the ME and ARDOM contents were enhanced (P<0.05) in those silages with higher FD. It was concluded that mixed silages of an invasive plant and fibrous by-product inoculated simultaneously with molasses, lactobacillus and fungi at doses of 3.0 and 4.5 × 105 spores/g of FM showed the best silage quality, the lowest ADF content and the highest ARDOM, independently of fungi strain. Nevertheless, the effects were modest. Key words: ensiling, Dichrostachys cinerea, sugarcane tops, rumen degradability, fungi, molasses, lactobacillus Introduction Most tropical areas show feed deficits, especially during the dry season, which is one of the major challenges to the development of tropical livestock production (Ojeda, 2000; Lima-Orozco et al., 2016). A constant availability of good quality feed throughout the year is one of the prerequisites and requires an efficient use and conservation of available feed resources during the rainy season and at the beginning of the dry season. Agriculture byproducts represent an important source of feed in agriculture-based economies, although a lack of technical knowledge impairs their proper use (Díaz, 1998; Ojeda y Cáceres, 2002). Sugarcane tops (Sacharum spp.) are an example of such a byproduct, while Marabú (Dichrostachys cinerea) is an invasive plant covering large areas of agricultural land. Currently a large volume of these potential feed resources are burned, or simply not used due to difficulty in their handling (Ojeda y Cáceres, 2002). In this respect, the sole or combined conservation (e.g. ensiling) of these products could be of interest. Furthermore, to produce a complete feed, a combination of forages and byproducts might be most appropriate. E.g. a combination of forages and byproducts with high (e.g. D. cienerea) and lower protein contents (e.g. Sacharum spp.) could be considered. However, to ensure appropriate silage quality additives (e.g. molasses and/or microorganisms) might be required and as such can play an important role in the search for alternative feeds for ruminants. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the quality and rumen degradability of mixed silages of sugarcane tops with Marabú forage in combination with either molasses, lactobacillus or fungi as well as their combination as silage additives.  Material and Methods The labscale silages were made in triplicate according to Lima Orozco et al. (2014) from material originating from a sugarcane crop and D. cinerea field both of two years old and harvested after 12 and 3 months regrowth, respectively (Santa Clara, Cuba). Sugarcane tops and D. cinerea forage (leaves and young stems harvested about 20 cm above the soil) were mixed in a ratio of 60:40, respectively and either or not in combination with one of the three following additives or their combination [fungal inoculant [UC1 (Penicillium sp.)+UC13 (Aspergillus sp.) or Trichoderma sp. (L6+R6b)], Lactobacillus plantarum (3×106 colony forming units/g fresh matter (FM)) and molasses (39.4 g/kg FM)] or not in order to prepare 28 treatments. Both fungi strain combinations were inoculated at three fungi doses (1.5, 3.0 and 4.5×105 spores/g of FM). The chemical proximate content (CPC) prior and after ensiling, as well as the ensilability and the apparently rumen degradable organic matter (ARDOM) of the silages were determined according to Lima Orozco et al. (2014). The metabolisable energy (ME) content and methane production were estimated from the chemical composition (Roche et al., 1999) and short chain fatty acids (Demeyer and Fievez, 2000), respectively. The ensilability parameters (pH (3.8 – 4.2, lactic (0.7 – 0.9/Total fermentation acids (FA) and acetic acids (0.1 – 0.3/Total FA), ammonia (< 10 g/100 g N), ethanol (< 2 g/kg FM)) were used to select the best silages  based on the GLM procedure of SPSS (2012) with FI, FD, LAB and Mol as factors according to a full factorial design. The CPC, ME and ARDOM of the best silages were compared using the one way ANOVA of SPSS (2012) and further, a post-hoc Tukey test (Tukey, 1949) was performed when P<0.05.  Results and Discussion The forages simultaneously receiving all additives showed the best ensilability quality, independently of FI or FD (Table 1).     Table 1. Overview of the treatments of the mixed silages of sugarcane tops and Marabú forage after 30 d of ensiling (n=3) showing best ensilibility characteristics.   Control Treatments FI - UC1+UC13 UC1+UC13 L6+R6b L6+R6b UC1+UC13 L6+R6b FD - 1.5 3.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 4.5 LAB + + + + + + + Mol + + + + + - - FI: fungal inoculant; FD: fungal doses; LAB: Lactobacillus plantarum (3×106 colony forming units/g fresh matter (FM)); Mol: molasses (39.4 g/kg FM); -: no addition; +: addition; UC1: Penicillium sp.; UC13: Aspergillus sp.; L6 and R6b: Trichoderma sp. Treatments showing excellent ensilability quality [pH (4.01 – 4.18), lactic acid (10.3 – 14.3 g/kg FM), NH3-N (0.02 – 0.05 g/kg FM), acetate (1.32 – 2.93 g/kg FM) and ethanol (6.62 - 7.63 g/kg FM)] according to Ojeda et al. (1991), McDonald et al. (1991), Lima et al. (2010) and Lima et al. (2011).  However, the FD (P<0.001) but not the FI (P>0.05) affected the fiber fraction content (Figure 1) and ARDOM (Figure 2).  e de de cd bc ab a0100200300400500FI - UC1+UC13 L6+R6b UC1+UC13 L6+R6b UC1+UC13 L6+R6bFD - 1,5 1,5 3,0 3,0 4,5 4,5LAB + + + + + + +Mol + + + + + - -Fiber content(g/kg DM)TreatmentsNDFADF Different superscript in the same parameter show statistical differences (P<0.05; Tukey test) Figure 1. Content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the better mixed silages of sugar cane tops and Marabú forage after 30 d of ensiling (n=3)  The ADF content was lower (P<0.001) and the ME content and ARDOM were enhanced (P<0.05) in those silages with higher FD. Those results suggest that the lingo-cellulolytic enzymes from fungi during first ensiling hours (aerobic phase) were capable of degrading 8.74 and 10.15 % of ADF in the best silages (UC1+UC13 and L6+R6b, both at maximum fungi doses and LAB addition) as compared to the ensiled control and the fresh material. d cdcbaba050100150200250300FI - UC1+UC13 L6+R6b UC1+UC13 L6+R6b UC1+UC13 L6+R6bFD - 1,5 1,5 3,0 3,0 4,5 4,5LAB + + + + + + +Mol + + + + + - -ARDOM(g/kg DM)Treatments  Different superscript show statistical differences (P<0.05; Tukey test) Figure 2. Apparently rumen degradable organic matter (ARDOM) of the better mixed silages of sugarcane tops and Marabú forage after 24 h of in vitro rumen incubation (n=3) In addition, those silages that showed higher ARDOM had lower methane production per unit of short chain fatty acids, probably due to the higher cellulolytic activity (Demeyer and Fievez, 2000), due to higher bioavailability of cellulose, released by fungal activity in the silo.  Conclusions and Outlook Sugar cane tops and Marabú forage ensiled with a combination of molasses, lactobacillus and either one of the two fungal strains at doses of 3.0 and 4.5 ×105 spores/g FM showed the best silage quality, the lowest ADF content and, the highest ME and ARDOM. Hence, in tropical ruminant feeding systems, mixed forage from protein-rich plants and fibrous by-products can be adequately ensiled when molasses, lactobacillus and fungi are simultaneously added prior to ensiling. References DEMEYER D. y FIEVEZ V. (2000) Ruminants et environnement: la méthanogenèse. Annales de Zootechnie, 49, 95-112. DÍAZ R. F. (1998) Sistemas de producción de leche y carne con bajos insumos. In: ACPA (ed.) Producción bovina sostenible, pp. 109-138. La Habana, Cuba: Asociación Nacional Amistad Cuba-Italia. LIMA-OROZCO R., VAN DAELE I., ÁLVAREZ-HERNÁNDEZ U. y FIEVEZ V. (2016) Combination of the underutilised legumes Canavalia ensiformis (L.) D.C. and Mucuna pruriens (L.) D.C. with sorghum: integrated assessment of their potential as conserved ruminant feed. Cuban Journal of Agriculture Science, 50, 99-103. LIMA OROZCO R., VAN DAELE I., ÁLVAREZ HERNÁNDEZ U. y FIEVEZ V. (2014) Combined conservation of jack bean and velvet bean with sorghum: evaluation of lab-scale silages and in vitro assessment of their nutritive value. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 152, 967-980. LIMA R., DÍAZ R. F., CASTRO A., HOEDTKE S. y FIEVEZ V. (2011) Multifactorial models to assess responses to sorghum proportion, molasses and bacterial inoculant on in vitro quality of sorghum-soybean silages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 164, 161-173. LIMA R., LOURENÇO M., DÍAZ R. F., CASTRO A. y FIEVEZ V. (2010) Effect of combined ensiling of sorghum and soybean with or without molasses and lactobacilli on silage quality and in vitro rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 155, 122-131. MCDONALD P., HENDERSON A. R. y HERON S. J. E. (1991) The biochemistry of silage, 2nd edition edn, pp. 167-183. Aberystwyth, UK: Chalcombe Publications. OJEDA F. (2000) Harvesting and ensiling techniques, In: 'T MANNETJE L. (ed). Proceedings of the Silage Making in the Tropics with Particular Emphasis on Smallholders, Roma, Italy, p. Paper 8.0. OJEDA F. y CÁCERES O. (2002) Principales avances en la utilización de los subproductos agroindustriales. Pastos y Forrajes, 25, 21-30. OJEDA F., CÁCERES O. y ESPERANCE M. (1991) Sistema de evaluación para ensilajes tropicales. In: LÓPEZ TAPANES R. V., PEREIRA PÉREZ N., LOIDI RAMOS R. & PÉREZ NAVARRETE A. (eds.) Conservación de Forrajes, pp. 15-65. Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba: Pueblo y Educación. ROCHE A., LARDUET R., TORRES V. y AJETE A. (1999) CalRac: A microcomputer programme for the estimation of ruminant rations. Cuban J. Agric. Sci., 33, 13-19. SPSS (2012) Software for Windows, release 21.0, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA. TUKEY J. W. (1949) Comparing Individual Means in the Analysis of Variance. Biometrics, 5, 99-114.  

Assessment of quality and rumen degradability of mixed silages of sugarcane tops with Marabú forage

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Assessment of quality and rumen degradability of mixed silages of sugarcane tops with Marabú forage

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