In communications the area of coverage is very important, such that personal space or long range to send information. The distance refers to class of networks such as per-sonal range or wide area, while the protocols of communications refer to mode or type of networks, such as ad-hoc or self organization etc. in this report we refer to the for-mer part and analyze some of the used cases for students as tutorials

khurrum, abbas

English

E-LIS repository

1 
 
 
 
Title: 
 
Issues of WLAN 
 
Authors: 
Muhammad Umair 
Dr. Abbas Khurum  
 
 
 
 
 
Abstract: 
In communications the area of coverage is very important, such that personal space or 
long range to send information. The distance refers to class of networks such as per-
sonal range or wide area, while the protocols of communications refer to mode or type 
of networks, such as ad-hoc or self organization etc. in this report we refer to the for-
mer part and analyze some of the used cases for students as tutorials.     
  
2 
 
 
1. Introduction 
Wireless networks have a great deal of flexibility, allows rapid deployment.  
There are various typ of wireless networks such as BAN, PAN, WLAN, WiMax or 
cellular network etc., based on range.  In cellular network, for example, base stations 
are used to connect users to an existing network as long as users remain within the 
range of the base station, they can take advantage of the network. A simple wired in-
frastructure connects to the Internet, and then the wireless network can accommodate 
as many users as needed.  
WLAN is the type wireless network operates in user space. IEEE 802.11std. is the 
first implemented WLAN standard operate in the 2.4 GHz frequency and has a maxi-
mum throughput of 1 to 2 Mbps. The improvements in standard over the years has 
improved its performance, widely used IEEE 802.11b still operates in the same fre-
quency range, but with a maximum data rate of 11 Mbps. 
1.1 Architecture of Wireless LAN: 
Intro to WLAN (definition) 
The basic service set (BSS), is a group of stations that communicate with each other 
in fuzzy area, called the basic service area, defined by the propagation characteristics 
of the wireless medium. Members of BSS can communicate in two manners: 
1.2 Independent BSS or Ad-Hoc Network: 
A BSS of stands alone devices communicate only peer to peer is called an Independ-
ent BSS or Ad-Hoc Network. There is no base to gives permission to talk. These net-
works are spontaneous and can be set up rapidly.  
3 
 
 
Figure 1-1: Independent BSS or Ad-Hoc 
 
1.3 Infrastructure BSS: 
Access points (APs) are used for communications of stations in infrastructure net-
works. All communication relay through APs, so takes at least two hops.  
 
Figure 1-2: Infrastructure BSS 
 
1.4 Microcells and Roaming: 
The area of coverage for an access point is called a "microcell’. The installation of 
multiple access points is required in order to extend the WLAN range beyond the 
coverage of a single access. 
4 
 
 
Figure 1-3: Microcells and Roaming 
 
2. WLAN Services: 
a. Station Services (SS) 
Authentication:  
To control network access, stations first establish their identities. Stations have to 
prove identity by passing a series of tests before acknowledged and allowed to con-
verse. The authentication is relationship between two stations inside an IBSS or to the 
AP of the BSS. Once authenticated, it may then associate itself. There are two types 
of authentication services offered by 802.11.  Open-System Authentication:  
One tries to authenticate will receive authentication. Shared Key Authentication: 
The users must possess a shared key. The shared secret is implemented 
with the use of the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) privacy algorithm. 
The shared secret is securely delivered to all stations ahead of time. 
5 
 
De-authentication: 
The station or AP desire to terminate a stations authentication, the station is automati-
cally disassociated.  
Privacy 
An encryption algorithm is used to avoid eavesdropping on your LAN traffic. Wired 
Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is an optional algorithm to satisfy privacy. All stations 
start encryption mode until they are authenticated. 
MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) Delivery 
MSDU delivery ensures that the information is delivered between the medium access 
control service access points. 
 
b. Distribution System Services (DSS). 
Association 
A station has to affiliate itself to BSS infrastructure when it wants to use the LAN. 
This is done by associating itself with an access point. Associations are dynamic in 
nature as stations can move, turn on or off. A station can only be associated with one 
AP. 
Re-association 
Association supports no-transition mobility that is not enough to support BSS-
transition. Re-association service allows the station to switch its association from one 
AP to another. Both association and re-association are initiated by the station. 
Disassociation 
Disassociation is when the association between the station and the AP is terminated. 
This can be initiated by either party. A disassociated station cannot send or receive 
data. A station that move to a new Extended Service Station will have to reinitiate 
connections. 
6 
 
Distribution  
Obtain data from the sender to the intended receiver. The message is sent to the local 
AP (input AP), then distributed through the Distributed System to the AP (output AP) 
that the recipient is associated with. If the sender and receiver are in the same BSS, 
the input and out AP's are the same. So distribution service is logically invoked 
whether the data is going through the DS or not. 
Integration 
Integration is when the output AP is a portal. Thus, 802.x LANs are integrated into 
the 802.11 DS. 
 
3. WLAN Advantages 
There are several features of wireless LAN: 
Simplicity:  Wireless communication system are easy and fast to deploy in compar-
ison of cabled network. Initial setup cost could be a bit high but other advantages 
overcome that high cost. 
Reachability: In what concern the end user connectivity, WOLAN allaows connec-
tivity to wireless communication systems (tcp/ip or ninternet), enable people to be 
stay connected and be reachable, regardless of the location they are operating from. 
Mobility:  Provide mobile users with access to real-time information so that they 
can roam around in the network without getting disconnected from the network. Users 
can move seamlessly between access points without having to log in again and restart 
their applications 
Flexibility:  Wireless networks offer more flexibility and adapt easily to changes in 
the configuration of the network. 
Handed off: Access points have a way of exchanging information as a user connec-
tion is handed off from one access point to another, wireless nodes and access points 
frequently check the strength and quality of transmission 
7 
 
Scalability:  wireless systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to meet 
the needs of specific applications and installations. Configurations can be easily 
changed and range from peer-to-peer networks suitable for a small number of users to 
large infrastructure networks that enable roaming over a broad area. 
 
4. Issues of WLAN 
There are following issues with Wireless Networks. 
Quality of Service (QoS):  
One of the primary concerns about wireless data delivery is that, unlike the Internet 
through wired services, QoS is inadequate. Lost packets and atmospheric interference 
are recurring problems of the wireless protocols. 
• For application where mobility not required a wired connection provide a fast-
er, reliable and cost-effective solution. 
• Higher loss-rates due to interference (due to other communcaiotnsd) 
• Restrictive regulations of frequencies (e.g., wlan operates in ISM is unlicend 
specprm which has huge deployment) 
• Wireless network technology has low data throughput and data transmission 
rates due to collisions 
• Higher latency, higher jitter due to channel access.  
• Wireless technology does not provide the same bandwidth guarantees as a 
wired connection and is additionally shared with other users who are connect-
ed to the same access point. 
• Wireless networks are subject to interference from any electromagnetic 
sources 
• The signal strength is greatly reduced by obstacles. 
8 
 
• Congestion problems or even failure under error conditions or high or mali-
cious traffic, the actions of a few can potentially affect the network connec-
tions of many. 
• Limited channel selection induces “co-channel interference”. This inter-
ference happens when the access points are stepping on each other 
and is harmful to the performance of your network. 
Security Risk:  
A data transfer over a wireless network. Basic network security mechanisms like the 
service set identifier (SSID) and Wireless Equivalency Privacy (WEP); these 
measures may be adequate for residences and small businesses, but they are inade-
quate for the entities that require stronger security. 
• Denial of Service:  
The intruder floods network with valid or invalid messages affecting the avail-
ability of the network resources. The low bit rates of WLAN can be exploit to 
leave them open to denial of service attacks. Radio interference can be used to 
unable WLAN to communicate. 
• Spoofing and Session Hijacking:  
The attacker may gain access to privileged data and resources in the network 
by using identity of a valid user. Attackers spoof MAC addresses, and act as 
illegitimate AP. To avoid spoofing, authentication and access control mecha-
nisms need to be placed in the WLAN. 
• Eavesdropping:  
Eavesdropping is the most significant threat because the attacker can intercept 
the transmission, as it is impossible to control who can receive the signals in 
wireless LAN as medium is shared. 
5. Motivation:  
9 
 
Due to shared and broadcast medium and overhearinfg, the wireless nodes are ex-
posed to attacks. Security is one of the major drawbsack in wilress network as com-
pared to wired one. Risks involve various attacks whicb causing deassociations, 
interferenmce, ande/or co0llisons etc,. As a result we faces delay and loss of data.  
In order to take full advanagtwed pf WLAN dfacilities, we need to address the isuuses 
such as attcks, by enahcguing QoS.  
a. Solutions of WLAN issues: 
Use of infrastructure BSS: 
As Ad-Hoc networks have issues to control traffic in network, these can be overcome 
by use of Access Points (APs). Although the multi hop transmission takes more trans-
mission capacity than a directed frame from the sender to the receiver, it has two ma-
jor advantages: 
• All stations should be in range of the AP, no restriction placed on distance be-
tween mobile stations themselves. Direct communication between mobile sta-
tions can save transmission capacity but increases physical layer complexity 
because mobile stations would need to maintain neighbor relationships with 
all other mobile stations within the service area. 
• Access points can assist stations attempting to save power. AP can note when 
a station enters a power-saving mode and buffer frames for it. Battery-
operated stations can turn the wireless transceiver off and power it up only to 
transmit and retrieve buffered frames from the access point. 
 
 
References 
[1] Z. Haider, M. Saleem, and T. Jamal, "Analysis of Interference in Wireless", in Proc. of ArXiv, 
arXiv:1810.13164 [cs.NI], Oct. 2018.  
[2] T. Jamal and P. Mendes, “Relay Selection Approaches for Wireless Cooperative Networks”, in 
Proc. of IEEE WiMob, Niagara Falls, Canada, Oct. 2010.  
10 
 
[3] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Opportunistic Relay Selection for Wireless Cooperative 
Network”, in Proc. of IEEE IFIP NTMS, Istanbul Turkey, May 2012.  
[4] T. Jamal and P. Mendes, “Cooperative relaying in user-centric networking under interference con-
ditions”, in Proc. of IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 18–24, Dec 2014.  
[5] P. Mendes, W. Moreira, T. Jamal, and Huiling Zhu, “Cooperative Networking in User-Centric 
Wireless Networks”, In: Aldini A., Bogliolo A. (eds) User-Centric Networking. Lecture Notes in So-
cial Networks. Springer, Cham, ISBN 978-3-319- 05217-5, May 2014.  
[6] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Relayspot: A Framework for Opportunistic Cooperative 
Relaying”, in Proc. of IARIA ACCESS, Luxembourg, June 2011.  
[7] T. Jamal, and SA Butt, "Malicious Node Analysis in MANETS", in Proc. of International Journal of 
Information Technology, PP. 1-9, Springer Publisher, Apr. 2018.  
[8] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “COOPERATIVE RELAYING FOR DYNAMIC NETWORKS”, EU 
PATENT, (EP13182366.8), Aug. 2013.  
[9] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “802.11 Medium Access Control In MiXiM”, in Proc. of Tech Rep. 
SITILabs-TR-13-02, University Lusófona, Lisbon Portugal, Mar. 2013.  
[10] T Jamal, M Alam, and MM Umair, "Detection and Prevention Against RTS Attacks in Wireless 
LANs", in Proc. of IEEE C-CODE, Islamabad Pakistan, Mar. 2017.  
[11] L. Lopes, T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, "Towards Implementing Cooperative Relaying", In Proc. of 
Technical Report COPE-TR-13-06, CopeLabs University Lusofona Portugal, Jan 2013.  
[12] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Interference-Aware Opportunistic Relay Selection”, In 
Proc. of ACM CoNEXT student workshop, Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 2011.  
[13] T. Jamal, "Cooperative MAC for Wireless Network", In Proc. of 1st MAP Tele Workshop, Porto, 
Portugal, 2010.  
[14] T. Jamal and P. Mendes, “Analysis of Hybrid Relaying in Cooperative WLAN”, In Proc. of IEEE 
IFIP Wireless Days (WD), Valencia, Spain, November 2013.  
[15] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “Cooperative Relaying for Wireless Local Area Networks”, In: Ganchev 
I., Curado M., Kassler A. (eds) Wireless Networking for Moving Objects. Lecture Notes in Computer 
Science, vol 8611. Springer, Cham, (WiNeMo), Aug. 2014.  
[16] T. Jamal, and SA Butt, “Cooperative Cloudlet for Pervasive Networks”, in Proc. of Asia Pacific 
Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, PP. 42-26, Aug 2017.  
[17] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Wireless Cooperative Relaying Based on Opportunistic 
Relay Selection”, in Proc. of International Journal on Advances in Networks and Services, Vol. 5, No. 
2, PP. 116-127, Jun. 2012.  
[18] SA Butt, and T. Jamal, “Frequent Change Request from User to Handle Cost on Project in Agile 
Model”, in Proc. of Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 5 (2), 26-42, 2017.  
[19] T. Jamal, and P. Amaral, “Flow Table Congestion in Software Defined Networks”, in Proc. of 
IARIA 12th ICDS, Rome Italy, Mar. 2018.  
[20] R. Sofia, P. Mendes, W. Moreira, A. Ribeiro, S. Queiroz, A. Junior, T. Jamal, N. Chama, and L. 
Carvalho, “Upns: User Provided Networks, technical report: LivingExamples, Challenges, Ad-
11 
 
vantages”, Tech. Rep. SITI-TR-11- 03, Research Unit in Informatics Systems and Technologies (SITI), 
University Lusofona, Lisbon Portugal, Mar. 2011.  
[21] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “Cooperative Relaying in Wireless User-Centric Networks”, Book 
Chapter In: Aldini, A., Bogliolo, A. (eds.) User Centric Networking. Lecture Notes in Social Networks, 
Springer, Cham, pp. 171–195, 2014.  
[22] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Design and Performance of Wireless Cooperative Relay-
ing”, PhD Thesis MAP-Tele, University of Aveiro, Oct. 2013.  
[23] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zuquete, “RelaySpot: Cooperative Wireless Relaying”, in Proc. of 
MAP-Tele Workshop, Aveiro, Portugal, May 2011.  
[24] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “Cooperative Wireless Relaying, Key Factors for Relay Selection”, in 
Proc. of MAP-Tele Workshop, Porto, Portugal, Dec. 2009.  
[25] SA Butt, and T. Jamal, “Study of Black Hole Attack in AODV”, in Proc. of International Journal 
of Future Generation Communication and Networking, Vol. 10, No.9, pp. 37-48, 2017.  
[26] T. Jamal, and SA Butt, “Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Enhancement for 
Military Security Operations”, In Proc. Of Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, ISSN 
2090-4304, 2017.  
[27] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “RelaySpot, OMNET++ Module”, Software Simulator Extension In 
Proc. of COPE-SW-13-05, 2013.  
[28] T. Jamal and Z. Haider, "Denial of Service Attack in Cooperative Networks", in Proc. of ArXiv, 
arXiv: CoRR Vol. arXiv:1810.11070 [cs.NI], Oct. 2018.  
[29] M. Asam and T. Jamal, "Security Issues in WBANs", in proc of Arxiv, Volume arXiv:1911.04330 
[cs.NI], November 2019.  
[30] M. Asam and Z. Haider, "Novel Relay Selection Protocol for Cooperative Networks", in proc of 
Arxiv, Volume arXiv: 1911.07764 [cs.NI], November 2019.  
[31] SA Butt and T. Jamal, "A multivariant secure framework for smart mobile health application", in 
Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, Aug. 2019.  
[32] S. A. Butt, T. Jamal, and M. Shoaib, "IoT Smart Health Security Threats," in proc. of 19th Interna-
tional Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA), Saint Petersburg, Russia, 
2019, pp. 26- 31. doi: 10.1109/ICCSA.2019.000-8.  
[33] M. Asam and A. Ajaz, “Challenges in Wireless Body Area Network”, in Proc. of International 
Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Volume 10, No. 11, Nov. 2019.  
[34] SA Butt and T. jamal, "Predictive Variables for Agile Development Merging Cloud Computing 
Services", in Proc. of IEEE Access, Volume 7, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2929169.  
[35] T Jamal, P Amaral, A Khan, SAB, Kiramat, "Denial of Service Attack in Wireless LAN", in Proc 
of 12th ICDS 2018, Rome Italy.  
[36] M. Asam, K. Ghmman and Z. Haider, "Ubiquity of Healthcare System", in Proc of e-LIS [Pre-
print], Dec 2019, http://eprints.rclis.org/39303/ 
[37] A Khalid, SA Butt, T Jamal, and S Gochhait, “Agile Scrum Issues at Large-Scale Distributed Pro-
jects: Scrum Project Development At Large”, in International Journal of Software Innovation (IJSI), 
Vol 8, Issue 2, Pages: 85-94, IGI Global 2020. 
12 
 
[38] S Gochhait, SA Butt, T Jamal, and A Ali, “Cloud Enhances Agile Software Development” Book 
Chapter in Cloud Computing Applications and Techniques for E -Commerce, Pages: 28-49, IGI Glob-
al, 2020. 
 


Issues of WLAN

E-LIS

1    Title:  Issues of WLAN  Authors: Muhammad Umair Dr. Abbas Khurum       Abstract: In communications the area of coverage is very important, such that personal space or long range to send information. The distance refers to class of networks such as per-sonal range or wide area, while the protocols of communications refer to mode or type of networks, such as ad-hoc or self organization etc. in this report we refer to the for-mer part and analyze some of the used cases for students as tutorials.       2   1. Introduction Wireless networks have a great deal of flexibility, allows rapid deployment.  There are various typ of wireless networks such as BAN, PAN, WLAN, WiMax or cellular network etc., based on range.  In cellular network, for example, base stations are used to connect users to an existing network as long as users remain within the range of the base station, they can take advantage of the network. A simple wired in-frastructure connects to the Internet, and then the wireless network can accommodate as many users as needed.  WLAN is the type wireless network operates in user space. IEEE 802.11std. is the first implemented WLAN standard operate in the 2.4 GHz frequency and has a maxi-mum throughput of 1 to 2 Mbps. The improvements in standard over the years has improved its performance, widely used IEEE 802.11b still operates in the same fre-quency range, but with a maximum data rate of 11 Mbps. 1.1 Architecture of Wireless LAN: Intro to WLAN (definition) The basic service set (BSS), is a group of stations that communicate with each other in fuzzy area, called the basic service area, defined by the propagation characteristics of the wireless medium. Members of BSS can communicate in two manners: 1.2 Independent BSS or Ad-Hoc Network: A BSS of stands alone devices communicate only peer to peer is called an Independ-ent BSS or Ad-Hoc Network. There is no base to gives permission to talk. These net-works are spontaneous and can be set up rapidly.  3   Figure 1-1: Independent BSS or Ad-Hoc  1.3 Infrastructure BSS: Access points (APs) are used for communications of stations in infrastructure net-works. All communication relay through APs, so takes at least two hops.   Figure 1-2: Infrastructure BSS  1.4 Microcells and Roaming: The area of coverage for an access point is called a "microcell’. The installation of multiple access points is required in order to extend the WLAN range beyond the coverage of a single access. 4   Figure 1-3: Microcells and Roaming  2. WLAN Services: a. Station Services (SS) Authentication:  To control network access, stations first establish their identities. Stations have to prove identity by passing a series of tests before acknowledged and allowed to con-verse. The authentication is relationship between two stations inside an IBSS or to the AP of the BSS. Once authenticated, it may then associate itself. There are two types of authentication services offered by 802.11.  Open-System Authentication:  One tries to authenticate will receive authentication. Shared Key Authentication: The users must possess a shared key. The shared secret is implemented with the use of the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) privacy algorithm. The shared secret is securely delivered to all stations ahead of time. 5  De-authentication: The station or AP desire to terminate a stations authentication, the station is automati-cally disassociated.  Privacy An encryption algorithm is used to avoid eavesdropping on your LAN traffic. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is an optional algorithm to satisfy privacy. All stations start encryption mode until they are authenticated. MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) Delivery MSDU delivery ensures that the information is delivered between the medium access control service access points.  b. Distribution System Services (DSS). Association A station has to affiliate itself to BSS infrastructure when it wants to use the LAN. This is done by associating itself with an access point. Associations are dynamic in nature as stations can move, turn on or off. A station can only be associated with one AP. Re-association Association supports no-transition mobility that is not enough to support BSS-transition. Re-association service allows the station to switch its association from one AP to another. Both association and re-association are initiated by the station. Disassociation Disassociation is when the association between the station and the AP is terminated. This can be initiated by either party. A disassociated station cannot send or receive data. A station that move to a new Extended Service Station will have to reinitiate connections. 6  Distribution  Obtain data from the sender to the intended receiver. The message is sent to the local AP (input AP), then distributed through the Distributed System to the AP (output AP) that the recipient is associated with. If the sender and receiver are in the same BSS, the input and out AP's are the same. So distribution service is logically invoked whether the data is going through the DS or not. Integration Integration is when the output AP is a portal. Thus, 802.x LANs are integrated into the 802.11 DS.  3. WLAN Advantages There are several features of wireless LAN: Simplicity:  Wireless communication system are easy and fast to deploy in compar-ison of cabled network. Initial setup cost could be a bit high but other advantages overcome that high cost. Reachability: In what concern the end user connectivity, WOLAN allaows connec-tivity to wireless communication systems (tcp/ip or ninternet), enable people to be stay connected and be reachable, regardless of the location they are operating from. Mobility:  Provide mobile users with access to real-time information so that they can roam around in the network without getting disconnected from the network. Users can move seamlessly between access points without having to log in again and restart their applications Flexibility:  Wireless networks offer more flexibility and adapt easily to changes in the configuration of the network. Handed off: Access points have a way of exchanging information as a user connec-tion is handed off from one access point to another, wireless nodes and access points frequently check the strength and quality of transmission 7  Scalability:  wireless systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to meet the needs of specific applications and installations. Configurations can be easily changed and range from peer-to-peer networks suitable for a small number of users to large infrastructure networks that enable roaming over a broad area.  4. Issues of WLAN There are following issues with Wireless Networks. Quality of Service (QoS):  One of the primary concerns about wireless data delivery is that, unlike the Internet through wired services, QoS is inadequate. Lost packets and atmospheric interference are recurring problems of the wireless protocols. • For application where mobility not required a wired connection provide a fast-er, reliable and cost-effective solution. • Higher loss-rates due to interference (due to other communcaiotnsd) • Restrictive regulations of frequencies (e.g., wlan operates in ISM is unlicend specprm which has huge deployment) • Wireless network technology has low data throughput and data transmission rates due to collisions • Higher latency, higher jitter due to channel access.  • Wireless technology does not provide the same bandwidth guarantees as a wired connection and is additionally shared with other users who are connect-ed to the same access point. • Wireless networks are subject to interference from any electromagnetic sources • The signal strength is greatly reduced by obstacles. 8  • Congestion problems or even failure under error conditions or high or mali-cious traffic, the actions of a few can potentially affect the network connec-tions of many. • Limited channel selection induces “co-channel interference”. This inter-ference happens when the access points are stepping on each other and is harmful to the performance of your network. Security Risk:  A data transfer over a wireless network. Basic network security mechanisms like the service set identifier (SSID) and Wireless Equivalency Privacy (WEP); these measures may be adequate for residences and small businesses, but they are inade-quate for the entities that require stronger security. • Denial of Service:  The intruder floods network with valid or invalid messages affecting the avail-ability of the network resources. The low bit rates of WLAN can be exploit to leave them open to denial of service attacks. Radio interference can be used to unable WLAN to communicate. • Spoofing and Session Hijacking:  The attacker may gain access to privileged data and resources in the network by using identity of a valid user. Attackers spoof MAC addresses, and act as illegitimate AP. To avoid spoofing, authentication and access control mecha-nisms need to be placed in the WLAN. • Eavesdropping:  Eavesdropping is the most significant threat because the attacker can intercept the transmission, as it is impossible to control who can receive the signals in wireless LAN as medium is shared. 5. Motivation:  9  Due to shared and broadcast medium and overhearinfg, the wireless nodes are ex-posed to attacks. Security is one of the major drawbsack in wilress network as com-pared to wired one. Risks involve various attacks whicb causing deassociations, interferenmce, ande/or co0llisons etc,. As a result we faces delay and loss of data.  In order to take full advanagtwed pf WLAN dfacilities, we need to address the isuuses such as attcks, by enahcguing QoS.  a. Solutions of WLAN issues: Use of infrastructure BSS: As Ad-Hoc networks have issues to control traffic in network, these can be overcome by use of Access Points (APs). Although the multi hop transmission takes more trans-mission capacity than a directed frame from the sender to the receiver, it has two ma-jor advantages: • All stations should be in range of the AP, no restriction placed on distance be-tween mobile stations themselves. Direct communication between mobile sta-tions can save transmission capacity but increases physical layer complexity because mobile stations would need to maintain neighbor relationships with all other mobile stations within the service area. • Access points can assist stations attempting to save power. AP can note when a station enters a power-saving mode and buffer frames for it. Battery-operated stations can turn the wireless transceiver off and power it up only to transmit and retrieve buffered frames from the access point.   References [1] Z. Haider, M. Saleem, and T. Jamal, "Analysis of Interference in Wireless", in Proc. of ArXiv, arXiv:1810.13164 [cs.NI], Oct. 2018.  [2] T. Jamal and P. Mendes, “Relay Selection Approaches for Wireless Cooperative Networks”, in Proc. of IEEE WiMob, Niagara Falls, Canada, Oct. 2010.  10  [3] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Opportunistic Relay Selection for Wireless Cooperative Network”, in Proc. of IEEE IFIP NTMS, Istanbul Turkey, May 2012.  [4] T. Jamal and P. Mendes, “Cooperative relaying in user-centric networking under interference con-ditions”, in Proc. of IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 18–24, Dec 2014.  [5] P. Mendes, W. Moreira, T. Jamal, and Huiling Zhu, “Cooperative Networking in User-Centric Wireless Networks”, In: Aldini A., Bogliolo A. (eds) User-Centric Networking. Lecture Notes in So-cial Networks. Springer, Cham, ISBN 978-3-319- 05217-5, May 2014.  [6] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Relayspot: A Framework for Opportunistic Cooperative Relaying”, in Proc. of IARIA ACCESS, Luxembourg, June 2011.  [7] T. Jamal, and SA Butt, "Malicious Node Analysis in MANETS", in Proc. of International Journal of Information Technology, PP. 1-9, Springer Publisher, Apr. 2018.  [8] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “COOPERATIVE RELAYING FOR DYNAMIC NETWORKS”, EU PATENT, (EP13182366.8), Aug. 2013.  [9] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “802.11 Medium Access Control In MiXiM”, in Proc. of Tech Rep. SITILabs-TR-13-02, University Lusófona, Lisbon Portugal, Mar. 2013.  [10] T Jamal, M Alam, and MM Umair, "Detection and Prevention Against RTS Attacks in Wireless LANs", in Proc. of IEEE C-CODE, Islamabad Pakistan, Mar. 2017.  [11] L. Lopes, T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, "Towards Implementing Cooperative Relaying", In Proc. of Technical Report COPE-TR-13-06, CopeLabs University Lusofona Portugal, Jan 2013.  [12] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Interference-Aware Opportunistic Relay Selection”, In Proc. of ACM CoNEXT student workshop, Tokyo, Japan, Dec. 2011.  [13] T. Jamal, "Cooperative MAC for Wireless Network", In Proc. of 1st MAP Tele Workshop, Porto, Portugal, 2010.  [14] T. Jamal and P. Mendes, “Analysis of Hybrid Relaying in Cooperative WLAN”, In Proc. of IEEE IFIP Wireless Days (WD), Valencia, Spain, November 2013.  [15] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “Cooperative Relaying for Wireless Local Area Networks”, In: Ganchev I., Curado M., Kassler A. (eds) Wireless Networking for Moving Objects. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8611. Springer, Cham, (WiNeMo), Aug. 2014.  [16] T. Jamal, and SA Butt, “Cooperative Cloudlet for Pervasive Networks”, in Proc. of Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 5, No. 3, PP. 42-26, Aug 2017.  [17] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Wireless Cooperative Relaying Based on Opportunistic Relay Selection”, in Proc. of International Journal on Advances in Networks and Services, Vol. 5, No. 2, PP. 116-127, Jun. 2012.  [18] SA Butt, and T. Jamal, “Frequent Change Request from User to Handle Cost on Project in Agile Model”, in Proc. of Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research 5 (2), 26-42, 2017.  [19] T. Jamal, and P. Amaral, “Flow Table Congestion in Software Defined Networks”, in Proc. of IARIA 12th ICDS, Rome Italy, Mar. 2018.  [20] R. Sofia, P. Mendes, W. Moreira, A. Ribeiro, S. Queiroz, A. Junior, T. Jamal, N. Chama, and L. Carvalho, “Upns: User Provided Networks, technical report: LivingExamples, Challenges, Ad-11  vantages”, Tech. Rep. SITI-TR-11- 03, Research Unit in Informatics Systems and Technologies (SITI), University Lusofona, Lisbon Portugal, Mar. 2011.  [21] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “Cooperative Relaying in Wireless User-Centric Networks”, Book Chapter In: Aldini, A., Bogliolo, A. (eds.) User Centric Networking. Lecture Notes in Social Networks, Springer, Cham, pp. 171–195, 2014.  [22] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zúquete, “Design and Performance of Wireless Cooperative Relay-ing”, PhD Thesis MAP-Tele, University of Aveiro, Oct. 2013.  [23] T. Jamal, P. Mendes, and A. Zuquete, “RelaySpot: Cooperative Wireless Relaying”, in Proc. of MAP-Tele Workshop, Aveiro, Portugal, May 2011.  [24] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “Cooperative Wireless Relaying, Key Factors for Relay Selection”, in Proc. of MAP-Tele Workshop, Porto, Portugal, Dec. 2009.  [25] SA Butt, and T. Jamal, “Study of Black Hole Attack in AODV”, in Proc. of International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, Vol. 10, No.9, pp. 37-48, 2017.  [26] T. Jamal, and SA Butt, “Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) Enhancement for Military Security Operations”, In Proc. Of Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, ISSN 2090-4304, 2017.  [27] T. Jamal, and P. Mendes, “RelaySpot, OMNET++ Module”, Software Simulator Extension In Proc. of COPE-SW-13-05, 2013.  [28] T. Jamal and Z. Haider, "Denial of Service Attack in Cooperative Networks", in Proc. of ArXiv, arXiv: CoRR Vol. arXiv:1810.11070 [cs.NI], Oct. 2018.  [29] M. Asam and T. Jamal, "Security Issues in WBANs", in proc of Arxiv, Volume arXiv:1911.04330 [cs.NI], November 2019.  [30] M. Asam and Z. Haider, "Novel Relay Selection Protocol for Cooperative Networks", in proc of Arxiv, Volume arXiv: 1911.07764 [cs.NI], November 2019.  [31] SA Butt and T. Jamal, "A multivariant secure framework for smart mobile health application", in Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, Aug. 2019.  [32] S. A. Butt, T. Jamal, and M. Shoaib, "IoT Smart Health Security Threats," in proc. of 19th Interna-tional Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA), Saint Petersburg, Russia, 2019, pp. 26- 31. doi: 10.1109/ICCSA.2019.000-8.  [33] M. Asam and A. Ajaz, “Challenges in Wireless Body Area Network”, in Proc. of International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Volume 10, No. 11, Nov. 2019.  [34] SA Butt and T. jamal, "Predictive Variables for Agile Development Merging Cloud Computing Services", in Proc. of IEEE Access, Volume 7, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2929169.  [35] T Jamal, P Amaral, A Khan, SAB, Kiramat, "Denial of Service Attack in Wireless LAN", in Proc of 12th ICDS 2018, Rome Italy.  [36] M. Asam, K. Ghmman and Z. Haider, "Ubiquity of Healthcare System", in Proc of e-LIS [Pre-print], Dec 2019, http://eprints.rclis.org/39303/ [37] A Khalid, SA Butt, T Jamal, and S Gochhait, “Agile Scrum Issues at Large-Scale Distributed Pro-jects: Scrum Project Development At Large”, in International Journal of Software Innovation (IJSI), Vol 8, Issue 2, Pages: 85-94, IGI Global 2020. 12  [38] S Gochhait, SA Butt, T Jamal, and A Ali, “Cloud Enhances Agile Software Development” Book Chapter in Cloud Computing Applications and Techniques for E -Commerce, Pages: 28-49, IGI Glob-al, 2020.  

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