The aim of this study is to investigate some quantitative and qualitative indicators of einkorn wheat (T. monococcum L.). A three-year field experiment has been carried out at the experimental field of Department of Crop Science in Agricultural University - Plovdiv. To compare the performance, Sadovo1 common wheat (T. aestivum L.) is used as a standard. Both wheat species have been grown on two nitrogen fertilization levels – 80 and 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen. Phenological development of the plants was recorded at the onset of the main phenophase. Inter-phase period has been calculated (number of days). Grain yield (t ha-1) is accounted indirectly by ¼ m2 plot. The main structural elements of plants have been established. It has been found that phenological development stage of tillering occurs at the same time for both wheat species. Following the start of spring vegetation, common wheat enters a phase earlier than the einkorn. Common wheat is a high-yielding einkorn, that puts both proven wheat varieties in different groups. Einkorn has high tiller appearance but it has a low productive tillering than common wheat. Einkorn form lower grain in the spike and lighter grain per spike. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased harvested grain in common wheat. In einkorn it has no significant impact on yield

H. Kirchev

N. Semkova

English

Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje: Journals / Универзитет "Св. Кирил и Методиј"-Скопје

Journal of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences UDC 633.11-184(497.2) Original scientific paper ____________________________________________________________________________________________________   INVESTIGATION ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EINKORN WHEAT (T. MONOCOCCUM L.) DEPENDING ON NITROGEN FERTILIZATION  H. Kirchev*, N. Semkova  Faculty of Agronomy, Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria  *corresponding author: hristofor_kirchev@abv.bg  Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate some quantitative and qualitative indicators of einkorn wheat (T. monococcum L.). A three-year field experiment has been carried out at the experimental field of Department of Crop Science in Agricultural University - Plovdiv. To compare the performance, Sadovo1 common wheat (T. aestivum L.) is used as a standard. Both wheat species have been grown on two nitrogen fertilization levels – 80 and 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen.  Phenological development of the plants was recorded at the onset of the main phenophase. Inter-phase period has been calculated (number of days). Grain yield (t ha-1) is accounted indirectly by ¼ m2 plot. The main structural elements of plants have been established. It has been found that phenological development stage of tillering occurs at the same time for both wheat species. Following the start of spring vegetation, common wheat enters a phase earlier than the einkorn. Common wheat is a high-yielding einkorn, that puts both proven wheat varieties in different groups. Einkorn has high tiller appearance but it has a low productive tillering than common wheat. Einkorn form lower grain in the spike and lighter grain per spike. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased harvested grain in common wheat. In einkorn it has no significant impact on yield.  Key words: einkorn, wheat, yield, nitrogen fertilization.  Introduction  The first cultivated wheat, einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) was domesticated during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. It then spread to the Balkans, and finally to Western and Northern Europe (Desheva et al., 2014); (Laghetti et al., 2009); (Mielke & Rodemann, 2007). Growing of the einkorn has no significance in modern agriculture due to its late ripeness and low yields. At present, there is interest for einkorn because of the nutritional qualities, its adaptation to low-input agriculture and resistance to diseases that it gives an opportunity for organic farming (Konvalina et al., 2009); (Konvalina et al., 2010); (Ruiz et al., 2008). Compared to the common wheat, often only 20% of the soft wheat yield are achieved when cropping einkorn (without husks). The einkorn flour distinguishes itself by very high contents of proteins and glue. The yellow pigmentation gives the bread and cakes a pleasant looking color. Einkorn bread and cakes have a taste of nut (Guzmán et al., 2009; Hidalgo et al., 2009; Hidalgo et al., 2014; Zaharieva & Monneveux, 2014). Einkorn contains the highest levels of lutein among wheat species. It is a specialty wheat with high levels of carotenoids and other phytonutrients, with emphasis on its potential as a high-carotenoid wheat ingredient for use in developing high-lutein whole grain baked food products (Abdel-Aal & Hucl, 2014).   Material and methods  The aim of this study is to establish some morphological and biological characteristics of einkorn, compared with common wheat, depending on the level of nitrogen fertilization. For this purpose, a three-year field experiment has been carried out at the experimental field of Department of Crop Science in Agricultural University – Plovdiv.  To compare the performance, Sadovo1 common wheat (T. aestivum L.) is used as a standard. Both wheat species have been grown on two nitrogen fertilization levels – 80 and 160 kg.ha-1 nitrogen.  Phenological 70                                                                                                                                                              H. Kirchev, N. Semkova ____________________________________________________________________________________________________   JAFES, Vol 69, (2016) development of the plants was recorded at the onset of the main phenophase. Inter-phase period has been calculated (number of days).  Grain yield (t ha-1) is accounted indirectly by ¼ m2 plot. In einkorn, yield is assimilated to a naked grain by correlating grain glumes by medium samples of 20 g of harvested spikes.  The main structural elements of plants have been established: Plant heigh, cm ; Number of tillers per plant; Number of spikes per plant;  Productive tillers, %; Spike length, cm; Numbers of spikelets per spike; Numbers of grains per spike; Mass of grains per spike, g and Mass of glumes per spike, g.  To establish a statistically significant influence of the examined factors and differences between the tested variants was used analysis of variance.   Results and discussion  Phenological development of wheat species in this study during the three years of the study indicated as dates for the main phenological phases (Table 1). The different dates of sowing during the three years of the study are due to rainfall conditions and the ability to perform quality tillage and timely sowing. The sowing during of three years has been done later than the optimal period for the region (20 October). This is the reason crops to spring up at different times in each of the years, but both types of wheat germinate at the same time each year. Obviously germination depends on the meteorological conditions, but not on the genotype. Late germination is the reason of entering the crops the tillering phase in December. Even though this phase of the development of winter cereal crops is influenced mainly by temperature conditions, einkorn enters the tillering stage between 4 and 6 days later than common wheat. The earliest tillering occurs during the first harvest year - between December 10 to 15, and later - during the third year of the study - between 26 to 30 December.   Table 1. Phenological development. Species Sowing Germination Tillering Stem elongation Spike emergence Maturity 2010 Wheat 28.10.2009 12.11.2009 10.12.2009 09.04.2010 28.04.2010 28.06.2010 Einkorn 15.12.2009 30.04.2010 15.05.2010 06.07.2010 2011 Wheat 04.11.2010 15.11.2010 14.12.2010 11.04.2011 02.05.2011 30.06.2011 Einkorn 20.12.2010 02.05.2011 17.05.2011 07.07.2011 2012 Wheat 01.11.2011 15.11.2011 26.12.2011 16.04.2012 05.05.2012 27.06.2012 Einkorn 30.12.2011 05.05.2012 20.05.2012 05.07.2012   The beginning of the durable spring vegetation and the entering of the plants the phase of stem elongation occurs at different times in each of the species. In common wheat difference between the year with the early and later occurrence of the phase of stem elongation is 7 days (between 9 and 16 April), while einkorn – five days (April 30 and May 5). Similar to phase of stem elongation, the spike emergence in the common wheat occurs earlier (between April 28 and May 5) compared to einkorn, wherein the spike emergence was recorded between 15 to 20 May. The maturity occurs at different times for both types of wheat.  The phase of full maturity in common wheat was registered one week earlier compared to einkorn. In both species during the three years of study differences in the dates of entering the main phases of development of the crop are not registered, depending on the level of nitrogen fertilization, which gives grounds to consider that nitrogen fertilization does not affect phenological development of the wheat. 71                                                                                                                                                              H. Kirchev, N. Semkova ____________________________________________________________________________________________________   JAFES, Vol 69, (2016) 2934303642461211371191341121272016221620166253605254472322402312382282360 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500T. aestivumT. monococcum2010T. aestivumT. monococcum2011T. aestivumT. monococcum2012sprung-tillering tillering-stem elongationstem elongation-spike emergence spike emergence-maturitytotal vegetation periodNumber of daysFigure 1. Inter-phase periods, number of days.  Different dates of entering the main phenophases of development are the reason of different lengths of inter-phase periods in both types of wheat (Fig. 1). Inter-phase period germination – tillering in einkorn lasts between 34-46 days and in common wheat is shorter – between 29-42 days depending on the year. During the three years of study the period between tillering and stem elongation is longer by 15 days average at einkorn to common wheat. The period between phase of stem elongation and spike emergence is shorter in einkorn – 16 days during the three harvest years, while in common wheat – between 20-22 days. Even though maturity occurs first in common wheat, interphase period spike emergence – maturity is shorter in einkorn – 47 days in year 2012 and 53 days in the first year of study. Differences in the duration of inter-phase periods in wheat species are the reason of the different lengths of vegetation from germination to maturity. The vegetation period of common wheat is between 228-232 days, while for the einkorn is longer an average of 8 days – between 236-240 days.  Table 2. Grain yield, t ha-1.  Species  N rate, kg ha-1 Years Average 2010 2011 2012 Triticum aestivum L. 80 4.532** 4.128** 3.265** 3.975** 160 6.657*** 6.053*** 4.867*** 5.859*** Triticum monococcum L. 80 1.532* 1.831* 1.062* 1.475* 160 1.862* 2.106* 1.302* 1.757* LSD 5% 0.332 0.277 0.246 0.285 *Values with the different symbols are statistically proven.   Grain yield of the tested species of wheat varies during three years of study, as in the three harvest years common wheat variety Sadovo1 significantly exceed the yields obtained from einkorn (Table 2). Due to the very large differences in yields between the 72                                                                                                                                                              H. Kirchev, N. Semkova ____________________________________________________________________________________________________   JAFES, Vol 69, (2016) two species, the differences in the three years are statistically proven. In common wheat highest yields were obtained in the first harvesting year – an average of 5.595 t ha-1 for both fertilization rates, while einkorn yields are highest in the second year of study – 1.969 t ha-1. The lowest yields in both species were obtained during the third harvest year. Nitrogen fertilization increases the yield in both species, but during  the three years of study and average for the period at einkorn the difference between the two levels of fertilization are smaller than the least significant difference (LSD). In common wheat during the three studied years and average for the three years higher fertilizer rate of 160 kg ha-1 nitrogen proved increases grain yield by an average of 1.884 t ha-1.   Table 3. Structural elements of the crop.  Species N rate, kg ha-1 Plant heigh, cm Number of tillers per plant Number of spikes per plant Productive tillers, % T. aestivum L. 80 70.5* 2.8* 2.5* 89.3*** 160 88.6** 3.2* 2.6* 81.2** T. monococcum L. 80 103.4*** 3.8* 2.3* 60.5* 160 106.2*** 4.2* 2.5* 59.5* LSD 5% 14.2 1.3 0.5 3.3 *Values with the different symbols are statistically proven.    The structural elements of the crop for the two species of wheat enable them to be compared, both in height and density (Table 3). Plant height in both species is drastically different. In einkorn the average height of the crop is 104.8 cm – proved higher by 25.2 cm the formation of sowing Sadovo1 – 79.6 cm. Similar to the results for yield, nitrogen fertilization has no proven change in the height of the plants in einkorn, while wheat variety Sadovo1the higher fertilizer rate leads to proven raising of the height of the crop to 18.1 cm. Overall species Triticum monococcum formed higher stem than common wheat.  Crop density, determined by the number of tillers per plant allows einkorn to be defined as more strongly tillering species compared to common wheat. For both species nitrogen fertilization has no proven change in the number of tillers per plant. Number of spikes per plant is a factor determining how many of formed tillers are productive. Even though einkorn differs as dramatically strong tiller species, spikes formed on one plant are almost as many as on the common wheat. This puts both species close to each other by this indicator, since the difference does not exceed the necessary least significant difference (LSD), which indicates that it is not statistically significant. This is the main reason for the big difference, for productive tillering, which is in favor of common wheat. Einkorn has a low productive tillering for only about 60% of the generated tillers become productive, while Sadovo1 variety, despite the  relatively small number of tillers per plant, over 80% of them form spikes. Nitrogen fertilization has no proven effect on productive tillers on einkorn, while on common wheat it increases productive tillers by 8.1%.  In addition to the structure of the crop, the structural elements of the spike are essential for the productive potential of wheat  (Table 4). The length of the spike is higher in common wheat in comparison with einkorn by about 2 cm, so the difference of the spike in common wheat in comparison with einkorn may be considered to be statistically proven. Nitrogen fertilization did not significantly affect this feature in einkorn, while common wheat higher nitrogen rates lead to the formation of a longer spike. Although common wheat formed a longer spike, the number of spikelets per spike are on average 2 more in einkorn. In both wheat species nitrogen fertilization had no proven effect. In common wheat the number of grains per spike varies proven under the influence of nitrogen fertilization from 37.4 in fertilization with N80 to 39.6 in higher fertilization rates N160. As einkorn forms only one grain in spikelet, the number of grains per spike is equal to the number of spikelets. The mass of grain per spike in common wheat has been proven heavier about 1 g than in einkorn. In einkorn nitrogen fertilization had no proven effect on 73                                                                                                                                                              H. Kirchev, N. Semkova ____________________________________________________________________________________________________   JAFES, Vol 69, (2016) this feature, while on common wheat difference in the weight of the grain between the two fertilization rates has been proven statistically.   Table 4. Structural elements of the spike.  Species N rate, kg ha-1 Spike length, cm Numbers of spikelets per spike Numbers of grains per spike Mass of grains per spike, g Mass of glumes  per spike, g T. aestivum L. 80 9.4** 20.7* 37.4** 1.45** 0.04* 160 10.5** 21.3* 39.6*** 1.87*** 0.05* T. monococcum L. 80 7.3* 23.3** 23.3* 0.79* 0.40** 160 7.6* 23.5** 23.5* 0.86* 0.42** LSD 5% 1.2 1.8 2.0 0,19 0.08 *Values with the different symbols are statistically proven.    Typical of einkorn hulled wheat, with tough glumes that tightly enclose the grains, causing to form heavier glumes (0.41 g). In common wheat weight of glumes is low, compared with einkorn. Nitrogen fertilization did not significantly affect this feature in both species of wheat.  Conclusions  In einkorn, vegetation period is longer by an average of 8 days, compared to the common wheat. The reason for this is the late entry in the main phenophases of development in einkorn and different lengths of inter-phase periods in both wheat species. Nitrogen fertilization does not affect phenological development of both types of wheat.  In common wheat grain yields are significantly higher than einkorn. The main reasons for this are that einkorn has higher tiller appearance but it has a lower productive tillering than common wheat. Einkorn forms lower grain in the spike and lighter grain per spike.  Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased harvested grain in common wheat. In einkorn it has no significant impact on yield.  References 1. Abdel-Aal, E. M., Hucl, P. (2014). Einkorn: a functional wheat for developing high-lutein whole grain baked products. Cereal Foods World, 59(1), 5-10. 2. Desheva, G., Valchinova, E., Kyosev, B., Stoyanova, S. (2014). Grain physical characteristics and bread-making quality of alternative cereals towards common and durum wheat. Emirates Journal Of Food And Agriculture, 26(5), 418-424. 3. Guzmán, C., Caballero, L., Alvarez, J. B. (2009). Variation in Spanish cultivated einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) as determined by morphological traits and waxy proteins. Genetic Resources And Crop Evolution, 56(5), 601-604. 4. Hidalgo, A., Brandolini, A., Ratti, S. (2009). Influence of genetic and environmental factors on selected nutritional traits of Triticum monococcum. Journal Of Agricultural And Food Chemistry, 57(14), 6342-6348. 5. Hidalgo, A., Brandolini, A. (2014). Nutritional properties of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.). Journal Of The Science Of Food And Agriculture, 94(4), 601-612. 6. Konvalina, P., Šrámek, J., Stehno, Z., Moudrý, J. J. (2009). Efficiency of alternative wheat growing in organic farming. Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea De Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara A Banatului, Timisoara, Seria I, Management Agricol, 11(1), 111-116. 7. Konvalina, P., Capouchová, I., Stehno, Z., Moudrý, J. (2010). Morphological and biological characteristics of the land races of the spring soft wheat grown in the organic farming system. Journal Of Central European Agriculture, 11(2), 235-244. 8. Laghetti, G., Fiorentino, G., Hammer, K., Pignone, D. (2009). On the trail of the last autochthonous Italian einkorn (Triticum monococcum L.) and emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) populations: a mission impossible?. Genetic Resources And Crop Evolution, 56(8), 1163-1170. 9. Mielke, H., Rodemann, B. (2007). Zum Anbau und Pflanzenschutz bei der seltenen Weizenart Einkorn (Triticum monococcum). Nachrichtenblatt Des 74                                                                                                                                                              H. Kirchev, N. Semkova ____________________________________________________________________________________________________   JAFES, Vol 69, (2016) Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 59(7), 162-165. 10. Ruiz, M., Aguiriano, E., Carrillo, J. M. (2008). Effects of N fertilization on yield for low-input production in Spanish wheat landraces (Triticum turgidum L. and Triticum monococcum L.). Plant Breeding, 127(1), 20-23. 11. Zaharieva, M., Monneveux, P. (2014). Cultivated einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum): the long life of a founder crop of agriculture. Genetic Resources And Crop Evolution, 61(3), 677-706.                

INVESTIGATION ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EINKORN WHEAT (T. MONOCOCCUM L.) DEPENDING ON NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

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INVESTIGATION ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EINKORN WHEAT (T. MONOCOCCUM L.) DEPENDING ON NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

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Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje: Journals / Универзитет "Св. Кирил и Методиј"-Скопје