Averin, A. A.

Kvetinskaya, Alesya V.

Promakhov, Vladimir V.

Vorozhtsov, Alexander B.

Vorozhtsov, Sergey A.

Zhukov, Ilya A.

English

Tomsk State University Repository

SHOC K-WAVE SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OE MMC REINEORCED WITH AljOj, AIN AND AlBj (NANO) PARTICLESVjro/.htsuv'. V. Promakhov'. I. Zhukov', A. Vorozhtsov', A. Averin', A. Kvetinskaya''National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, 634050. Russia 'Federal Research & Production Cento: "Altai", Biysk, 659322, RussiaAbstractIn this paper the method of shcK-k-wave compaction was used for synthesis o f  metal ■nix composites (MMC). For the experiments were selected following compositions o f the composites; AI-IO wt.% of AlpOi nanoparticles and AI-IO wt.% o f AIN, Л1В: microparticles. BBCOfthe matrix material was selected a fine powder o f aluminum with a particle size o f 20 niemns. Powder mixtures of given composition were placed in aluminum tubes 400 mm long aid 10 mm in diameter, sealed hermetically, and then carried out their detonation. As the explosive TNI used. It was found that the method of shock-wave compaction produces metal mainx composites with a density close to the theoretical density o f aluminum. We also studied the-oucrostructure, phase composition, fine crystal structure parameters and mechanical |щ|сЛ1е5 of the MMC.IntroductionIn the recent years the use of aluminum based composites increasingly being considered far ^ ilications in the aerospace and automotive industries because they show exceptionally ^ itieng ih  to weight ratio (1, 2). Traditionally used aluminum alloys currently reached the tait of their properties and new lightweight materials such as Al-based metal-matrix composites (UMCi and metal-matnx nanocomposites (MMNC) arc under development [З]. CompositeII Mcnals based on Al represent a metal matrix with specified distribution o f reinforcing elements (IBticles, fibers etc.). Particulate reinforcement seems to be more universal than with fibers. The bus lend to form bundles and maybe more suitable for the preform route. Particle reinforcement Uocks diikxattun and grain boundary motion and elTectively strengthens the material at room ■ddevated temperatures [3]. MMC and MMNC reinforced with particles exhibit high physical ■taechankui properties (Young’s modulus, ultimate tensile .strength, yield strength, hardness, ^Julity, ipecific electrical and thermal properties) ]4, 5). Micro- and nano-sized particles of «idex,cmbides, nitrides, borides etc. can be used as reinforcing particles. MMC usually require J “ * d ^ k » d in g o f  5 to 20% with panicles of up to 10 pm [3 ,6|.Ncmadays. for MMC synthesis uses following technological routes; powder metallurgs. liquid-metal processing, preform impregnation etc. Particularly traditional metallurgicaJ processes are associated with an increase o f grain size, agglomeration nanoparticles and defect annealing, which require additional mechanical processing o f  the material, whereas prefonn- based routes are limited in size and shape o f the manufactures parts. In this work for MMC synthesis wc used powder metallurgy route, specifically shock-wave (SW) compaction [7-9] of powder mixtures A l-A l:0^ AI-AIN and Al-AIB: Shock-wave compaction of powder materials has been recently reviewed by Prummer j 10| from its origins, which now spans more than four decades. Was shown that the method o f  dynamic ptiwder compaction (SW-compaction) jlOj enables manufacturing o f  a broad variety o f  solidity material with desired composition and density close to theoretical value; additionally this processing technique facilitates introduction o f  desired number o f  defects and reinforcement elements.fhe objective o f  this work is to synthesis and study o f  pri>pertics o f MMC produced bj sh(K'k-wave compaction o f  aluminum powder mixed with AliOj, AIN and AIB: (nano) particlctExperim entallig. la shows the scheme for shock-wave compaction of an aluminum tube with powder mixtures. A 30-mm layer of I»T  explosive (pad) compacted to p=1.25 g,'cm^  was poured into a cardboard cup (40 mm in diameter). A tube was positioned onto the pad using a centering cardbtiard ring, fhe gap was also fitted with the compacted explosive. A mixtures of 10 wtS AbOi nanoparticles (<I00 nm), AIN, AIB  ^ (~10 pm) and 90 wt% Al powder (<20 цт) w-.b prepared in a tumble mixer with steel mixing bodies. ТЪе mixture was then placed in a lU-mra diameter aluminum (99.7% Al) tube that was sealed from both sides with aluminum stoppers, fhe tube with powder mixture was centered by means of a second ring, and then compacled explosive was put into the cup 50 mm above the tube. A standard electric detonator was installed in the middle of this layer at the 20-mm depth. (Ъе total mass of explosive was 860 g. Пк assembly was put into the blast chamber on a metal plate, detonator was connected to initiation circuit, the chamber was closed and the assembly was detonated. The samples before and afta SW-compaction are shown on the Fig. 1(b).The starting powders and MMCs were characterized using a Philips SEM 515 scannij^  electron microscope (SF.M) and JEM 2100 transmission electron microscope (ГЕМ). Ihc particle size for powders was calculated using Mastersizer 2000 particle size analyzer. Phase composition and structural parameters of the starting powders and obtained composile studied using a dilTractometer with CuA^u - radiation. Step-by-step collection of X-ray was performed with 0.02-0. Г  step in the range 2O°<20<12O“. Phase idcntificatioopert'ormcd b> comparing experimental paiiems with AS I’M-data. The sizes o f crystallites were determined by using small-angle peaks and microdistortion of crystal lattice wascalculated using widening o f reflection at large diffraction angles 1111. ГЪе density o f the MMC was detemtined by the Archimedes method. Microhardness was measured using Nano Indenter G200/XP tester with a load of 250 g. At least three samples were tested for each condition and the average data are reported.еШ:1пс detonator 0 cafdDoarv nng2  8 .  ’ t!§(uminum corkCOrr,p9Ct9tMlfy POWOOfatummum tubacarrfboenJ body9 t9 9 i W p fio n(a)Figure 1. The scheme for explosion compaction o f aluminum tube with powder mixtures (a) and Jimpics before (bottom) and alter SW-compaction (above) (b).Results and discussionA SEM image of the Al powder for MMC synthesis is shown in Fig. 2. As it can be seen, A1 powder consists of particles with a regular spherical shape. 1Ъе average particle size was 18 |im. The specific surface area of the powder was 0.7 m^/g. An XRD analysis showed that the size ofaystallites (coherent scattering region, i.e. defect-free area o f the crystal) in Al powder was no ran with the crystal lattice parameter 0.40479 nm and the crystal lattice microdistortion <^'"2.9x|0■^2. An SEM image of Al powder.X-ray phase analysis shows that AI^Oj nanopowders (produced using EEW method [2], I2 |) substantially consist o f a  and у АЬОз phase. The BET surface area is equal to 35-40 m /g. A typical image o f particles in the powder is shown in Fig. 3 (a). As it can be seen the particles in the powder are separated even in agglomerates and have a regular spherical shape.(a)Figure 3. An TF.M image o f A^Oi powder (a) and panicle size distribution (b).Fanicle size distribution bar chart is shown in Fig. 3 (b). Average particle size a„ = 36 nm; surface average siza; 3 , - 4 5  nm; mass average size 3m -  54 nm.An SEM images o f  the AIB2 and AIN powders are shown in Fig. 4. As it can be seen, AIB; powder consists o f particles with sharp edges with average size 5 pm, and AIN powder represents friable agglomerates consisting of irregularly shaped and spherical particles. The average size of spherical particles comprises 3 pm. 1Ъе BET surface area of these powdenis equal to I m^/g.i▼ X20&V аЗОгб SlimFigure 4. An SEM image of AIB2 (a) and AIN (b) powdersI'he microstructure o f  an AI-AI2O3 MMC after shock-wave compaction is shown in Fig.5 (a). The material has a fine grain structure aud the grain size between 2 and 10 pin. It can seen that in the structure of the material there are agglomerates of nanoparticles AI;Oj. The siK ^of these agglomerates up lo I pm. Probably agglomerates can be formed in the material on the stepol mix powders or nanoparticics can be sintered in agglomerates during the explosion.fhc XRD-diagram o f MMC sample (Fig. 5(b)) shows that there are two A b03-phases as apparent; a-AFOi (Corundum) and у-АЬОз. A rough estimation o f the main peak heights comparison gives a o/y-ratio o f approximately 30:70. The amount o f aluminum oxide in composite is Ч %. It follows from ratio o f redection o f phases Al and АЬОз intensity. Data o f microanalysis obtained with FDAX device of SEM confirms it - content o f aluminum oxide in MMC is 8.7 %. An XRD analysis showed that the crystallites size in MMC Al-АЬОз for ihiminum phase was equal 65 nm with the crystal lattice parameter 0.4048 nm, and the crystal hnicc microdistortion 0.6x10figure 5. An SEM image o f MMC AI-AI2O3 surface after shock-wave compaction (a) and fipientof the X-ray diffraction pattern o f material sampleThe microstructure of an AI-AIBj MMC after shock-wave compaction is shown in Fig. 6. c^an be seen that the particle distribution is uni form in material structure. XRD analysis showed the material contains aluminum phase and about 8.5% of the AIB2 phase An XRD analysis ie«nl that the crystallites size in AI-AIB: MMC for aluminum phase was > 400 nm with the ЬяЫ lattice parameter 0.4053 nm, i.e. above the table value for aluminum.The microstructure of an Al-AIN MMC after shock-wave compaction is shown in Fig. 7. he» be seen that the particle distribution is irregular in material structure. On the Fig. 7 (a) iown the boundary between the matrix of MMC and aluminum tube.Figure 6. Лп SFM image of MMC Л1-А1В: surface after shock-wave compactionOn the surlace o f this composite there are pores with the size up to 50 дт. XRO showed that the material contains aluminum phase and about 8% of the AIN phase /  analysis showed that the crystallites size in AI-AIN MMC for aluminum phase was 220 the crystal lattice parameter 0.4051 nm, i.e. also above the table value for aluminum as w the case o f AI-AIBj MMC.The density o f all MMCs is close to the theoretical density of Al and ranges bct\s to 2.7 g/cm^ Furthermore, the experiment is needed on the optimizing of technology fo synthesis in order to ensure uniform distribution o f particles in the materials and to ac non-porous state.Figure 6. An optical image o f MMC AI-AIBj surface after shock-wave compactionThe hardness measurements shown that maximum value (1050 MPa) has AI-- MMC, whereas AI-AIB: and AI-AIN MMCs have a hardness value 720 and 700 respectively. 7?ie Young's modulus (defined indentation) for AI-AljOj and AI-AIB: equal (iPa and for AI-AIN MMC Young’s modulus equal about 100 GPa. Compressive .strength fc A ^O ; MMC is equal 400 MPa.Concluding remarkil was shown that shock-wave compaction can be used for synthesis o f metal matrix composites Л1-АЬОз, А1-Л1В; and AI-AIN. The materials have a tine grain structure and the grain size between 2 and 10 pm. The nanoparticles AbOj after shock-wave compaction form agglomerates (with sizes up to I pm) in the MMC structure.X-ray analysis showed that the aluminum crystallites in materials arc ultratine and equal 65-4(X) nm depending on the type o f MMC.1Ъе highest value o f  hardness (1050 MPa) has a AI-ABOt MMC. The density of all MMCs is ranges between 2.5 to 2.7 g/cm'. f urthermore, the experiment is needed on the optimizing of technology for MMC synthesis in order to ensure uniform distribution o f particles in the materials and to achieve a non-porous state.Acknowledgementfhis study (rcsean-'h grant No 8.2.28.2015) was financially supported by The Tomsk State University Academic D.I. Mendeleev Fund Program in 2015 and was linancially aipponed by the Ministry of Kducation and Science o f  the Russian Federation within the hmework of the Federal larget Program. Agreement No. 14.578.21.0025 (Unique identifier RFMEF157814X0025).References1. F. He, Q. Han, and M. J. Jackson, “Nanoparticulate reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites -a review,” International Journal o f Nanoparticles, vol. I, no. 4, pp. 301- 309,2008.^  W. H. Sillekens, D. J. Jarvis, A. Vorozhtsov et al., "1Ъе ExoMet project: F.U/ESA research on high performance light-metal alloys and nanocomposites,” Metallurgical and Materials I ransactions A, Vol. 45, No. 8, pp. 3349-3361,2014.I l  S.A. Vorozhtsov, D.G. Eskin, J. Tamayo, A.B. Vorozhtsov, V.V. Promakhov, A.A. Averin, A.P. Khrustalyov. fhe Application of External Fields to the Manufacturing of Novel Dense Composite Master Alloys and Aluminum-Based Nanocomposites. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol.46A, No. 4, April 2015 l~4. S. A. Vorozhtsov, A, P. Khrustalyov, D. G. Eskin, S. N. Kulkov, and N. Alba-Baena. The Physical-Mechanical and Electrical Properties o f Cast Aluminum-Based Alloys |Reinforced With Diamond Nanoparticles. Russian Physics Journal, Vol. 57, No. 11, l ^ h ,  2015, p. 1489-14905. n .(j. l-.skin. S.K.. Vadakke Madam. J. I'amayo. S.A. Voro/hlsov. N. Hari Bi Voro/hl.sov. Applicalion оГ Ex(enial Helds lo die Development ol Alumim Nanoeotnpo.sile and Ma.sler Alloys. IMS 2015 Annual Meeting Sup| Proceedings. I MS ( I'he Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2011. pp. 19-24.6. Chawia N.. Andres C., Jones J.W., Alli.son J.E. EITect ol' SiC volume frac particle size on the fatigue resistance o f  a 2080 Al/SiCp composite. Metallur) materials transactions A. 1998. Vol. 29A. P. 2843-2854.7. Alba-I3aena, N. G.; Salas, W. and Murr, L. E. Characterization o f micro and n phase regimes created by explosive shock-wave consolidation of powder i Materials Characterization, vol. 59, 2008. pp. 1152-11608. S. N. Kulkov, S. A. Vorozhtsov, V. F. Komarov, V, V. Promakhov. Stnictur composition and mechanical properties o f aluminum alloys prtxJuced by sho compaction. Russian Physics Journal, Vol. 56, No. 1, 2013. pp. 85-89.9. S. Vorozhtsov, A. Vorozhtsov, S Kulkov, V. Komarov The physical-me properties o f aluminum nanocomposites produced by high energy explosion Light metals 2014. Edited by John Grandfield. I MS ( The Minerals, Metals and \  Society), 2014. P. 1397-140010. R,.A, Pruemmer, Г.В. Bhat, K.S. Kumar, and K. Hokamoto: Explosive Compa Powders and Composites, CRC, Boca Raton, 2006.11. Umansky Ya. S., Skakov Yu. A., Ivanov A.N., Rastorguev L.N. Crystallography and electron microscopy. Publishing house: Metallurgy, Moscow, 1982.12. S. Vorozht.sov, I. Zhukov, A. Vorozhtsov, A. Zhukov, D. E.skin, and A. Kvetii Synthesis o f Micro- and Nanoparticles o f Metal Oxides and Their Applicati Reinforcement o f  Al-Based Alloys. Advances in Materials Science and Engin Volume 2015, Article ID 718207, 6 pages. htin://dx.doi.ore,'IO.l 15.5/2015'718207

Shock-wave synthesis and properties of MMC reinforced with Al2O3, AlN and AlB2 (nano) particles

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Shock-wave synthesis and properties of MMC reinforced with Al2O3, AlN and AlB2 (nano) particles

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