Coebergh

Cole

Cope

Fukunishi

Gardner

Gerra

Hermesh

Hyman

Liikkanen

Ortiz de Gortari

Spence

Vitorovic

Williams

Williamson

Frontiers in Psychology

English

PubMed

Mark D. Griffiths

Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari

Crossref

Commentary: Musical hallucinations: review of treatment effects

Griffiths, MD

Ortiz de Gortari, AB

Nottingham Trent Institutional Repository (IRep)

GENERAL COMMENTARYpublished: 09 December 2015doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01885Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 December 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1885Edited by:Xavier Noel,Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique -FNRS, BelgiumReviewed by:Adriano Schimmenti,Kore University of Enna, ItalyYasser Khazaal,Geneva University Hospitals,Switzerland*Correspondence:Mark D. Griffithsmark.griffiths@ntu.ac.ukSpecialty section:This article was submitted toPsychopathology,a section of the journalFrontiers in PsychologyReceived: 15 September 2015Accepted: 22 November 2015Published: 09 December 2015Citation:Griffiths MD and Ortiz de Gortari AB(2015) Commentary: Musicalhallucinations: review of treatmenteffects. Front. Psychol. 6:1885.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01885Commentary: Musical hallucinations:review of treatment effectsMark D. Griffiths* and Angelica B. Ortiz de GortariInternational Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UKKeywords: musical hallucinations, video games, involuntary musical imagery, Game Transfer Phenomena,involuntary auditory imageryA commentary onMusical hallucinations: review of treatment effectsby Coebergh, J. A. F., Lauw, R. F., Bots, R., Sommer, I. E. C., and Blom, J. D. (2015). Front. Psychol.6:814. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00814According to Coebergh et al. (2015), musical hallucinations (MHs) “are auditory hallucinationscharacterized by songs, tunes, melodies, harmonics, rhythms, and/or timbres. . . and that themechanisms responsible for the mediation of MH are probably diverse” (p. 2). While some scholarshave reported that the prevalence rate of MHs among the general population is at present unknownand/or rare (Vitorovic and Biller, 2013), “involuntary musical imagery” [INMI; i.e., a tune thatcomes into the mind and repeats without unconscious control (Williamson et al., 2012)] is thoughtto be more commonplace. For instance, 89% in a Finish sample (n = 12,519) reported experiencingit at least once a week (Liikkanen, 2012). Music hallucination prevalence rates among variousgroups have been reported including obsessive-compulsive disorder patients (41%; Hermesh,2004), elderly people with auditory problems (2.5%; Cole et al., 2002), and general hospital settingpatients (0.16%; Fukunishi et al., 1998). Possible etiological factors include otological factors (e.g.,hearing loss), intoxication, brain injury, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders (Cope and Baguley,2009; Coebergh et al., 2015).Although Coebergh and colleagues described MHs, they were not explicitly defined. In otherreviews, Woo et al. (2014) defined MHs as “complex auditory perceptions in the absence of anexternal acoustic stimulus and are often consistent with previous listening experience” (p. 1) whereasVitorovic and Biller (2013) noted that MHs “represent a specific form of auditory hallucinationswhereby patients experience formed songs, instrumental music, or tunes, without an external musicalstimulus” (p. 1). Williams (2015) provided a classification of INMI and noted they cover a numberof different types of involuntary musical experience (including MHs). Despite the lack of detaileddefinition, it is known that MHs occur within the context of an individual’s culture and are oftenviewed by those experiencing them as intrusive and sometimes unpleasant (Cope and Baguley,2009; Vitorovic and Biller, 2013).As far as the present authors are aware, no review paper examining musical hallucinations hasever included papers referring to musical hallucinations arising from playing video games. Theearliest report in the psychological literature is by Spence (1993) who reported the case of a 20-year-old female patient with a family history of psychosis. She presented with persecutory delusions,suicidal ideation, violent behavior, and third-person auditory hallucinations comprising 48 h ofconstant MHs from the Mario Bros videogame that developed into delusional thoughts. No drugswere found in her urinary system and her EEG was normal when MHs occurred. The MHs fromthe videogame decreased within 48 h of treatment (via antidepressants/neuroleptics).Griffiths and Ortiz de Gortari Musical Hallucinations in Video GamingMore recently, a series of papers by the present authorsexamined Game Transfer Phenomena (GTP). GTP researchhas demonstrated how the videogame can keep on playingeven after the game has been turned off. GTP are non-volitional phenomena (e.g., altered perceptions, automaticmental processes, and involuntary behaviors) (Ortiz de Gortariand Griffiths, 2015). Analysis of over 1,600 gamers’ self-reportshave shown that videogame playing can lead to (i) perceptualdistortions of physical objects, environments, and/or sounds, (ii)misperceptions of objects and sounds that are similar to those inthe videogame, (iii) interpretation of events in real life contextsthat utilize the logic of the videogame, (iv) ghost perceptionsand sensations of images, sounds, and tactile experiences, and (v)involuntary actions and behaviors based on experiences from thevideogame (Ortiz de Gortari et al., 2011, 2015; Ortiz de Gortariand Griffiths, 2014a,b,c, 2015).One study (Ortiz de Gortari and Griffiths, 2014b) specificallyexamined auditory GTP experiences. Gamers’ experiencesidentified as GTP in one or more modalities (e.g., visual,auditory) were collected from 60 online videogame forums over7 months. Of these, there were 192 auditory experiences from155 gamers collected. The largest numbers of experiences (90%)were identified as involuntary auditory imagery. This manifestedas hearing music (n = 73), sound (n = 83), or voices fromwithin the game (n = 12). Some experiences were triggered byexternal cues associated with the videogame, while others werenot. Experiences with music included hearing high pitch musicin addition to calm and classical music.Music from the videogames was usually experiencedpersistently, while sound effects or voices appeared to occurmore episodically. Hearing the music persistently provokedsleep deprivation, annoyance, and uncertainty. When themusic was re-experienced very vividly, the gamers attributedthem to external sources associated with the videogame. Morespecifically, when auditory cues were associated with adversevideogame content, they resulted in such things as hearingsounds coming from objects around them or hearing theirown inner speech in a videogame character’s voice (Ortiz deGortari and Griffiths, 2014a). In many cases, the gamers saidthat they had been playing intensively (i.e., either playing longsessions or playing frequently). Previous studies have linkedhearing music in absence of auditory stimuli with the recent orrepeated exposure to music (e.g., Gardner, 1985; Gerra et al.,1998; Hyman et al., 2012). One gamer said that he heard thesound of music coming out from the speakers so he stoodup to check them, while another heard music from Pokémonwhen vacuuming. It also appears that musical hallucinationscan cross sensory modalities. For instance, some gamers havereported hearing music while seeing images from the videogame(Ortiz de Gortari and Griffiths, 2014a). An online survey aboutGTP with a convenience sample of 2,362 gamers found thathearing music from videogames when not playing were the moreprevalent (74%) than hearing sounds (65.0%) or voices (46%)when not playing (Ortiz de Gortari and Griffiths, Unpublishedmanuscript).Based on what is known empirically, we would concludethat (i) MHs from videogame playing—although not welldocumented—appear to be relatively commonplace amonggamers, and prevalence appears to be higher than foundin other populations, (ii) individual interpretation of MHsfrom videogames are influenced by the meanings and usesof auditory cues in the videogames, (iii) MHs can manifestbeyond one sensory modality and have been reported across-sensory channels (e.g., hearing music while seeing ghost imagesfrom the game), (iv) those researching in the field of MHsand INMI appear to have overlooked the literature on thesephenomena related to videogame playing, (v) better definitionsand further research are needed for MHs, and a distinctionbetweenMHs and INMI is required, as etiological issues have notbeen systematically studied among video game players.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSMG thought of the idea for the paper and wrote the first draft ofthe paper. AO then addedmaterial to the draft. Both authors thenedited the paper down.REFERENCESCoebergh, J. A. F., Lauw, R. F., Bots, R., Sommer, I. E. C., and Blom, J. D. (2015).Musical hallucinations: review of treatment effects. Front. Psychol. 6:814. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00814Cole, M. G., Dowson, L., Dendukuri, N., and Belzile, E. (2002). The prevalence andphenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects attendingan audiology clinic. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 17, 444–452. doi: 10.1002/gps.618Cope, T. E., and Baguley, D. M. (2009). Is musical hallucination an otologicalphenomenon? A review of the literature. Clin. Otolaryngol. 34, 423–430. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.02013.xFukunishi, I., Horikawa, N., and Onai, H. (1998). Prevalence rate of musicalhallucinations in a general hospital setting. Psychosomatics 39, 175. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(98)71368-4Gardner, M. P. (1985). Mood states and consumer behavior: a critical review.J. Consum. Res. 12, 281–300. doi: 10.1086/208516Gerra, G., Zaimovic, A., Franchini, D., Palladino, M., Giucastro, G., Reali, N.,et al. (1998). Neuroendocrine responses of healthy volunteers to ‘techno-music’:relationships with personality traits and emotional state. Int. J. Psychophysiol.28, 99–111. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00071-8Hermesh, H. (2004). Musical hallucinations: prevalence in psychoticand nonpsychotic outpatients. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65, 191–197. doi:10.4088/JCP.v65n0208Hyman, I. E., Burland, N. K., Duskin, H. M., Cook, M. C., Roy, C. M., McGrath, J.C., et al. (2012). Going gaga: investigating, creating, and manipulating the songstuck in my head. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 27, 204–215. doi: 10.1002/acp.2897Liikkanen, L. A. (2012). Musical activities predispose to involuntary musicalimagery. Psychol. Music 40, 236–256. doi: 10.1177/0305735611406578Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., Aronsson, K., and Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Game TransferPhenomena in video game playing: a qualitative interview study. Int. J. CyberBehav. Psychol. Learn. 1, 15–33. doi: 10.4018/ijcbpl.2011070102Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., and Griffiths, M. D. (2014a). Auditory experiences inGame Transfer Phenomena: an empirical self-report study. Int. J. Cyber Behav.Psychol. Learn. 4, 59–75. doi: 10.4018/ijcbpl.2014010105Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., and Griffiths, M. D. (2014b). Altered visual perceptionin Game Transfer Phenomena: an empirical self-report study. Int. J. Hum.Comput. Interact. 30, 95–105. doi: 10.1080/10447318.2013.839900Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 2 December 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1885Griffiths and Ortiz de Gortari Musical Hallucinations in Video GamingOrtiz de Gortari, A. B., and Griffiths, M. D. (2014c). Automatic mental processes,automatic actions and behaviours in Game Transfer Phenomena: an empiricalself-report study using online forum data. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 12,432–452. doi: 10.1007/s11469-014-9476-3Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., and Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Game TransferPhenomena and its associated factors: an exploratory empirical onlinesurvey study. Comput. Human Behav. 51, 195–202. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.060Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., Pontes, H. M., and Griffiths, M. D. (2015). The GameTransfer Phenomena Scale: an instrument for investigating the non-volitionaleffects of video game playing. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 18, 588–593. doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0221Spence, S. A. (1993). Nintendo hallucinations: a new phenomenological entity. Ir.J. Psychol. Med. 10, 98–99.Vitorovic, D., and Biller, J. (2013). Musical hallucinations and forgottentunes—case report and brief literature review. Front. Neurol. 4:109. doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00109Williams, T. I. (2015). The classification of involuntary musical imagery: the casefor earworms. Psychomusicology 25, 5–13. doi: 10.1037/pmu0000082Williamson, V. J., Jilka, S. R., Fry, J., Finkel, S., Müllensiefen, D., andStewart, L. (2012). How do “earworms” start? Classifying the everydaycircumstances of involuntary musical imagery. Psychol. Music 40, 259–284. doi:10.1177/0305735611418553Woo, P. Y. M., Leung, L. N. Y., Cheng, S. T. M., and Chan, K.-Y. (2014).Monoaural musical hallucinations caused by a thalamocortical auditoryradiation infarct: a case report. J. Med. Case Rep. 8:400. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-400Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that the research wasconducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that couldbe construed as a potential conflict of interest.Copyright © 2015 Griffiths and Ortiz de Gortari. This is an open-access articledistributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided theoriginal author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in thisjournal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distributionor reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 3 December 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1885

Altered visual perception in Game Transfer Phenomena: an empirical self-report study.

Going gaga: investigating, creating, and manipulating the song stuck in my head.

Monoaural musical hallucinations caused by a thalamocortical auditory radiation infarct: a case report.

Musical hallucinations and forgotten tunes—case report and brief literature review.

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Angelica eOrtiz de Gortari

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GENERAL COMMENTARY
published: 09 December 2015
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01885
Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 December 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1885
Edited by:
Xavier Noel,
Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique -
FNRS, Belgium
Reviewed by:
Adriano Schimmenti,
Kore University of Enna, Italy
Yasser Khazaal,
Geneva University Hospitals,
Switzerland
*Correspondence:
Mark D. Griffiths
mark.griffiths@ntu.ac.uk
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
Psychopathology,
a section of the journal
Frontiers in Psychology
Received: 15 September 2015
Accepted: 22 November 2015
Published: 09 December 2015
Citation:
Griffiths MD and Ortiz de Gortari AB
(2015) Commentary: Musical
hallucinations: review of treatment
effects. Front. Psychol. 6:1885.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01885
Commentary: Musical hallucinations:
review of treatment effects
Mark D. Griffiths* and Angelica B. Ortiz de Gortari
International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
Keywords: musical hallucinations, video games, involuntary musical imagery, Game Transfer Phenomena,
involuntary auditory imagery
A commentary on
Musical hallucinations: review of treatment effects
by Coebergh, J. A. F., Lauw, R. F., Bots, R., Sommer, I. E. C., and Blom, J. D. (2015). Front. Psychol.
6:814. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00814
According to Coebergh et al. (2015), musical hallucinations (MHs) “are auditory hallucinations
characterized by songs, tunes, melodies, harmonics, rhythms, and/or timbres. . . and that the
mechanisms responsible for the mediation of MH are probably diverse” (p. 2). While some scholars
have reported that the prevalence rate of MHs among the general population is at present unknown
and/or rare (Vitorovic and Biller, 2013), “involuntary musical imagery” [INMI; i.e., a tune that
comes into the mind and repeats without unconscious control (Williamson et al., 2012)] is thought
to be more commonplace. For instance, 89% in a Finish sample (n = 12,519) reported experiencing
it at least once a week (Liikkanen, 2012). Music hallucination prevalence rates among various
groups have been reported including obsessive-compulsive disorder patients (41%; Hermesh,
2004), elderly people with auditory problems (2.5%; Cole et al., 2002), and general hospital setting
patients (0.16%; Fukunishi et al., 1998). Possible etiological factors include otological factors (e.g.,
hearing loss), intoxication, brain injury, epilepsy, and psychiatric disorders (Cope and Baguley,
2009; Coebergh et al., 2015).
Although Coebergh and colleagues described MHs, they were not explicitly defined. In other
reviews, Woo et al. (2014) defined MHs as “complex auditory perceptions in the absence of an
external acoustic stimulus and are often consistent with previous listening experience” (p. 1) whereas
Vitorovic and Biller (2013) noted that MHs “represent a specific form of auditory hallucinations
whereby patients experience formed songs, instrumental music, or tunes, without an external musical
stimulus” (p. 1). Williams (2015) provided a classification of INMI and noted they cover a number
of different types of involuntary musical experience (including MHs). Despite the lack of detailed
definition, it is known that MHs occur within the context of an individual’s culture and are often
viewed by those experiencing them as intrusive and sometimes unpleasant (Cope and Baguley,
2009; Vitorovic and Biller, 2013).
As far as the present authors are aware, no review paper examining musical hallucinations has
ever included papers referring to musical hallucinations arising from playing video games. The
earliest report in the psychological literature is by Spence (1993) who reported the case of a 20-year-
old female patient with a family history of psychosis. She presented with persecutory delusions,
suicidal ideation, violent behavior, and third-person auditory hallucinations comprising 48 h of
constant MHs from the Mario Bros videogame that developed into delusional thoughts. No drugs
were found in her urinary system and her EEG was normal when MHs occurred. The MHs from
the videogame decreased within 48 h of treatment (via antidepressants/neuroleptics).
Griffiths and Ortiz de Gortari Musical Hallucinations in Video Gaming
More recently, a series of papers by the present authors
examined Game Transfer Phenomena (GTP). GTP research
has demonstrated how the videogame can keep on playing
even after the game has been turned off. GTP are non-
volitional phenomena (e.g., altered perceptions, automatic
mental processes, and involuntary behaviors) (Ortiz de Gortari
and Griffiths, 2015). Analysis of over 1,600 gamers’ self-reports
have shown that videogame playing can lead to (i) perceptual
distortions of physical objects, environments, and/or sounds, (ii)
misperceptions of objects and sounds that are similar to those in
the videogame, (iii) interpretation of events in real life contexts
that utilize the logic of the videogame, (iv) ghost perceptions
and sensations of images, sounds, and tactile experiences, and (v)
involuntary actions and behaviors based on experiences from the
videogame (Ortiz de Gortari et al., 2011, 2015; Ortiz de Gortari
and Griffiths, 2014a,b,c, 2015).
One study (Ortiz de Gortari and Griffiths, 2014b) specifically
examined auditory GTP experiences. Gamers’ experiences
identified as GTP in one or more modalities (e.g., visual,
auditory) were collected from 60 online videogame forums over
7 months. Of these, there were 192 auditory experiences from
155 gamers collected. The largest numbers of experiences (90%)
were identified as involuntary auditory imagery. This manifested
as hearing music (n = 73), sound (n = 83), or voices from
within the game (n = 12). Some experiences were triggered by
external cues associated with the videogame, while others were
not. Experiences with music included hearing high pitch music
in addition to calm and classical music.
Music from the videogames was usually experienced
persistently, while sound effects or voices appeared to occur
more episodically. Hearing the music persistently provoked
sleep deprivation, annoyance, and uncertainty. When the
music was re-experienced very vividly, the gamers attributed
them to external sources associated with the videogame. More
specifically, when auditory cues were associated with adverse
videogame content, they resulted in such things as hearing
sounds coming from objects around them or hearing their
own inner speech in a videogame character’s voice (Ortiz de
Gortari and Griffiths, 2014a). In many cases, the gamers said
that they had been playing intensively (i.e., either playing long
sessions or playing frequently). Previous studies have linked
hearing music in absence of auditory stimuli with the recent or
repeated exposure to music (e.g., Gardner, 1985; Gerra et al.,
1998; Hyman et al., 2012). One gamer said that he heard the
sound of music coming out from the speakers so he stood
up to check them, while another heard music from Pokémon
when vacuuming. It also appears that musical hallucinations
can cross sensory modalities. For instance, some gamers have
reported hearing music while seeing images from the videogame
(Ortiz de Gortari and Griffiths, 2014a). An online survey about
GTP with a convenience sample of 2,362 gamers found that
hearing music from videogames when not playing were the more
prevalent (74%) than hearing sounds (65.0%) or voices (46%)
when not playing (Ortiz de Gortari and Griffiths, Unpublished
manuscript).
Based on what is known empirically, we would conclude
that (i) MHs from videogame playing—although not well
documented—appear to be relatively commonplace among
gamers, and prevalence appears to be higher than found
in other populations, (ii) individual interpretation of MHs
from videogames are influenced by the meanings and uses
of auditory cues in the videogames, (iii) MHs can manifest
beyond one sensory modality and have been reported across-
sensory channels (e.g., hearing music while seeing ghost images
from the game), (iv) those researching in the field of MHs
and INMI appear to have overlooked the literature on these
phenomena related to videogame playing, (v) better definitions
and further research are needed for MHs, and a distinction
betweenMHs and INMI is required, as etiological issues have not
been systematically studied among video game players.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
MG thought of the idea for the paper and wrote the first draft of
the paper. AO then addedmaterial to the draft. Both authors then
edited the paper down.
REFERENCES
Coebergh, J. A. F., Lauw, R. F., Bots, R., Sommer, I. E. C., and Blom, J. D. (2015).
Musical hallucinations: review of treatment effects. Front. Psychol. 6:814. doi:
10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00814
Cole, M. G., Dowson, L., Dendukuri, N., and Belzile, E. (2002). The prevalence and
phenomenology of auditory hallucinations among elderly subjects attending
an audiology clinic. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 17, 444–452. doi: 10.1002/
gps.618
Cope, T. E., and Baguley, D. M. (2009). Is musical hallucination an otological
phenomenon? A review of the literature. Clin. Otolaryngol. 34, 423–430. doi:
10.1111/j.1749-4486.2009.02013.x
Fukunishi, I., Horikawa, N., and Onai, H. (1998). Prevalence rate of musical
hallucinations in a general hospital setting. Psychosomatics 39, 175. doi:
10.1016/S0033-3182(98)71368-4
Gardner, M. P. (1985). Mood states and consumer behavior: a critical review.
J. Consum. Res. 12, 281–300. doi: 10.1086/208516
Gerra, G., Zaimovic, A., Franchini, D., Palladino, M., Giucastro, G., Reali, N.,
et al. (1998). Neuroendocrine responses of healthy volunteers to ‘techno-music’:
relationships with personality traits and emotional state. Int. J. Psychophysiol.
28, 99–111. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8760(97)00071-8
Hermesh, H. (2004). Musical hallucinations: prevalence in psychotic
and nonpsychotic outpatients. J. Clin. Psychiatry 65, 191–197. doi:
10.4088/JCP.v65n0208
Hyman, I. E., Burland, N. K., Duskin, H. M., Cook, M. C., Roy, C. M., McGrath, J.
C., et al. (2012). Going gaga: investigating, creating, and manipulating the song
stuck in my head. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 27, 204–215. doi: 10.1002/acp.2897
Liikkanen, L. A. (2012). Musical activities predispose to involuntary musical
imagery. Psychol. Music 40, 236–256. doi: 10.1177/0305735611406578
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., Aronsson, K., and Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Game Transfer
Phenomena in video game playing: a qualitative interview study. Int. J. Cyber
Behav. Psychol. Learn. 1, 15–33. doi: 10.4018/ijcbpl.2011070102
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., and Griffiths, M. D. (2014a). Auditory experiences in
Game Transfer Phenomena: an empirical self-report study. Int. J. Cyber Behav.
Psychol. Learn. 4, 59–75. doi: 10.4018/ijcbpl.2014010105
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., and Griffiths, M. D. (2014b). Altered visual perception
in Game Transfer Phenomena: an empirical self-report study. Int. J. Hum.
Comput. Interact. 30, 95–105. doi: 10.1080/10447318.2013.839900
Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 2 December 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1885
Griffiths and Ortiz de Gortari Musical Hallucinations in Video Gaming
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., and Griffiths, M. D. (2014c). Automatic mental processes,
automatic actions and behaviours in Game Transfer Phenomena: an empirical
self-report study using online forum data. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 12,
432–452. doi: 10.1007/s11469-014-9476-3
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., and Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Game Transfer
Phenomena and its associated factors: an exploratory empirical online
survey study. Comput. Human Behav. 51, 195–202. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.
04.060
Ortiz de Gortari, A. B., Pontes, H. M., and Griffiths, M. D. (2015). The Game
Transfer Phenomena Scale: an instrument for investigating the non-volitional
effects of video game playing. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 18, 588–593. doi:
10.1089/cyber.2015.0221
Spence, S. A. (1993). Nintendo hallucinations: a new phenomenological entity. Ir.
J. Psychol. Med. 10, 98–99.
Vitorovic, D., and Biller, J. (2013). Musical hallucinations and forgotten
tunes—case report and brief literature review. Front. Neurol. 4:109. doi:
10.3389/fneur.2013.00109
Williams, T. I. (2015). The classification of involuntary musical imagery: the case
for earworms. Psychomusicology 25, 5–13. doi: 10.1037/pmu0000082
Williamson, V. J., Jilka, S. R., Fry, J., Finkel, S., Müllensiefen, D., and
Stewart, L. (2012). How do “earworms” start? Classifying the everyday
circumstances of involuntary musical imagery. Psychol. Music 40, 259–284. doi:
10.1177/0305735611418553
Woo, P. Y. M., Leung, L. N. Y., Cheng, S. T. M., and Chan, K.-Y. (2014).
Monoaural musical hallucinations caused by a thalamocortical auditory
radiation infarct: a case report. J. Med. Case Rep. 8:400. doi: 10.1186/1752-1947-
8-400
Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors declare that the research was
conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could
be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Copyright © 2015 Griffiths and Ortiz de Gortari. This is an open-access article
distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the
original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this
journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution
or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 3 December 2015 | Volume 6 | Article 1885


http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01885

Commentary: Musical hallucinations: review of treatment effects

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