Species composition and seasonal incidence of the Culicoides spp. were studies using light-trap at Chilanga near Lusaka, Zambia. Twenty-nine species of Culicoides collected in one year\u27s survey period from February, 1986 to February, 1987 and this included five new species. The results obtained by this and related surveys suggested that C. imicola is a complex of morphologically similar species

Kitaoka Shigeo

Zulu F.P

English

論文(Article)Species composition and seasonal incidence of the Culicoides spp. were studies using light-trap at Chilanga near Lusaka, Zambia. Twenty-nine species of Culicoides collected in one year's survey period from February, 1986 to February, 1987 and this included five new species. The results obtained by this and related surveys suggested that C. imicola is a complex of morphologically similar species.application/pdfdepartmental bulletin pape

Kitaoka, Shigeo

Zulu, F.P

Niigata Sangyo University Repository

Species composition of Culicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)found at Chilanga near Lusaka, Zambia-If :/ e:'7... Jv-lj- 7J JlI~T 7 :/ ')/~c:[ovt ~ ~ 7J 7J O)fim~~t Wi1 ~ ~ • F. P. ;(/L-SHIGEO KITAOKA* and F. P. ZBLU*** School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.**Livestock and Pest Research Centre, National Council for ScientificResearch, Chilanga, Zmabia.* Present address:Niigata Sangyo University, Karuigawa4730, Kashiwazaki,japan 945-13. Project funded by japan International CooperationAgency, japan.198 ~ulicoides spp. at Chilanga, Zambia--ABSTRACT. Species composition and seasonal incidence of theCulicoides spp. were studied using light-trap at Chilanga near Lusaka,Zambia. Twenty-nine species of Culicoides collected in one year's surveyperiod from February, 1986 to February, 1987 and this included five newspecies. The results obtained by this and related surveys suggested thatC. imicola is a complex of morphologically similar species. .:Key words: Culicoides, C. imicola, C. zuluensis,seasonal incidence, ZambiaINTRODUCTIONThe genus Culicoides Latreille is a group of blood sucking ceratopogonidswhich is the largest genus in the family, comprising of more than 1,000species in the world, and out of which about 140 species are found inAfrica south of the Sahara (Wirth et al, 1980).Culicoides biting midges are potential vectors of protozoa and Nematodaparasites in man and animals (Linley, 1985). They are also very importantvectors of various animal viruses particlarly in Africa. Du Toit (1944)proved' that Culicoides were responsible for bluetongue of sheep andhorsesickness in South Africa. Later bovine ephemeral fever, Nyabira,Palyam and Akabane viruses were isolated from Culicoides spp. (Theodrid-is et al, 1979). Akabane virus can cause outbreaks of abortions andepidemics of congenital arthrogryposis-hydroencephaly syndrome in cattle.Such outbreaks of the disease have been reported from Japan, Australiaand the Middle East. Recently Blackburn et al (1985) made four isolates ofthe Akabane virus from C. imicola in Zimbabwe. Wirth and Dyce (1985)reviewed world wide information on the relationship between Culicoides-Culicoides spp.· at Chilanga, Zambia--spp. and bluetongue viruses.199No information is available on either the Culicoides or Culicoides-bornediseases in Zambia. Therefore, this study was conducted in order toobserve the main zoophilic species of Culicoides and their seasonalincidence and to provide a basis for future work related to Culicoides-bornediseases of livestock in this country.METHODSamplingCollections were made at the Livestock and Pest Research centre ofNational Council for Scientific Research at Chilanga (15° 54'S, 28° 35'E)near Lusaka, Zambia. To select a suitable setting site, preliminary catcheswere made between 7 February and 7 March, 1986 between 17.00 hoursand 08.00, hours the next day in the following places; a chicken run,rabbity, animal house with several steers, guineapig run and cattle paddock.The guineapig run proved to the best site in insect catches and thereforecollections were made here once a week for 52 nights between 7 February,1986 and 24 February, 1987. Besides, extensive light-trap collections werecarried out to obtain representative samples of the Culicoides in differentlocalities throughout Zambia.For sample collection a light trap designed by the senior worker wasemployed. The apparatus consists of a cylinder 22.5 em diameter, with bothends open. Near the top of the cylinder is a wire mesh of 12 grids, andclose to the bottom is a 80-mesh stainless gauze small enough to holdmicroscopic insects. Attached to bottom of the cylinder is a suction fanand at the very top is a blacklight fluorescent tube (National, FL6BLB).200 ---Culicoides spp. at Chilanga, Zambia--As the insects get attracted to the light, they are sucked into the cylinderby the fan. The larger insects remain on the top mesh whereas the finerones go to the bottom. The cylinder part is detachable to carry to thelaboratory. The samples of the total catch were preserved in 70 % alcohol,but in general the midges in those samples are active the next morning andcan serve for laboratory culture and/or for virus isolation.Identification of speciesCulicoides species were sorted out under a stereo-microscope and wereidentified to species level primarily on body size and wing characters usingthe keys of Khamala and Kettle (1971) and Boorman and Dipeolu (1979).Selected or unidentifiable specimen were mounted in balsam by the methodof Wirth and Marston (1968). Mounted specimens were identified bycomparison with original descriptions as well as with the holotypes,paratypes and reference specimens offered or loaned by several workers.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTable 1 is the summarized data of number of unfed and fed females ofthe main 13 species caught in the 52 trap-nights and the total number ofspecies recorded per month. The names of the remaining 16 species areshown under the table in order· of abundance. Only 45 male specimenswere collected and these. were sproradically recorded.Species diversity was greatest In February and least in June. C.zuluensis de Meillon, 1935 and C. imicola Kieffer, 1913 were the mostabundant species around the guineapig run and they constituted about40.8%, and 34.8%, respectively of the total population of Culicoides spp.The population of C. zuluensis generally seemed to decline gradually,-Culicoides spp. at Chilanga, Zambia--throughout the year from a peak around February and March and appearedto rise again ,slightly the next February (Table1). The population of C.imicola was also highest around February, then declined sharply untilDecemder, rising slightly again the next February. However, to evaluatethe results on the abundance and seasonal of the two species, extrainformation such as the larval habitats, meteorological data, etc. isrequired.Nevertheless correlation between habitats, seasonal variations, etc, andthe abundance of Culicoides spp. could still be inferred. For example,Braverman and Phelps (1981) reported that C. imicola, C. zuluensis andC. milnei were dominant species in a poultry farm near Harare, Zimbabwein March, and the largest numbers were caught in March, April and May.Braverman (1978) also recorded a rather limited number of C. imicola andand C. zuluensis from the edge of water bodies in the Harare area.Therefore all habitats found required a source of water, in most cases rainwater, although the connection with rainfall was often delayed.The present survey started in the midst of the rainy season and no rainwas observed between 23 April and 9 October. The decrease in thepopulation density of C. zuluensis and C. imicola might be related to thecompletely dry weather between June and September. However, it isthought that some limited stable habitats may sustaining the larvalpopulation of the two species throughout the year. Minimum temperatures~ere recorded between June and August. These were constantly less than10"C, getting to as low as 3.6°C on 4 June, the day of the catch-night. Lowtemperatures could be inhibitory to breeding and/or flying activity ofmidges as shown by the few catches and least species diversity between202June and July.-Culicoides spp. at Chilanga, Zambia--The results in Table 1 show that most species collected fed on the hostanimals, possibly on guineapigs. C. zuluensis and C. imicola are knownto feed on large animals (Walker, 1976 ; Braverman and Phelps, 1981). Asimilar habit was observed in the preliminary collections in the cattle shed.Wirth and Dyce (1985) recently reviewed on the texonomic problem ofthe Colicoides related with bluetongue worldwide. They concluded that C.imicola is the most important species on cattle, followed by milnei andschultzei groups in Africa. C. zuluensis, C. krameri and C. moreli arespecies of milnei group. Earlier workers in Culicoldes in Africa used thename C. schultzei for the common species of this group. However, Cornet(personal communication) recognized 6 species in this group including 3 newspecies which have been temporarily designated as C. CE, C. CN and C.CSby us. Wirth and Dyce (1985) also noticed that the so-called imicola is acomplex of many species which are extremely similar morphologically andalso probably in their breeding and feeding habits as in their ability totransmit the bluetongue virus. Meiswinkel (personal communication)identified 17 species in the subgenus Avaritia or imicola group in SouthAfrica, including 10 new species. The senior author recorded 15 species inthe subgenus Avaritia in Zambia, including Meiswinkel's two new speciesand other 5 new species. Three of our new species C. A-I C. A-I 0have been collected from Chilanga. C. A-I and C. A -10 and membersof brossetti subgroup of the subgenus Avariria together with Meiswinkel'sC. #70, which have two yellowish vittae on thorax. C. A-2 is closelyrelated to C. imicola, but it has wider 1st and 2nd dark costal markingsand a non-interrupted dark streak over vein m.. In all about 25 new-Culicoides spp. atChilanga, Zambia-- 203species have been recorded in Zambia are expected to be described by thesenior author elsewhere in future.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWe wish to thank Dr. E. M. Nevill and Mr. R. Meiswinkel, VeterinaryResearch Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Prof. R. j. .Phelps,University of Zimbabwe; Prof. M. Kremer, Faculte de Medecine deStrasbourg; Dr, M. Cornet, Centre ORSTOM, Senegal, for providingreference specimens and unpulbished data; Dr. j. Boormen, British Museum(Natural History) for supporting to examine type materials of Culicoides inAfrotropical Region; Dr. W. W. Wirth, formerly of U. S. National Museumfor valuable comments on taxonomy of Zambian Culicoides.We are grateful to the Dean of the School of Veterinary Medicine,University of Zambia and the Secretary General of the National Council forScientific Research, for permission to publsh this work.REFERENCESBLACKBURN, N. K., SEARLE, L. and PHELPS, R. j. Viruses isolatedfrom Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) caught at the veterinary researchfarm, Mazowe, Zimbabwe. Journal of Entomological Society of SouthAfrica 48, 331-336. (1985)BOORMAN, j. and DIPEOLU, O. 0 1979.Nigerian Culicoides Latreille (Diptera:A taxonomic study of adultCeratopogonidae) species.204 -Culicoides spp. at Chilanga, Zambia-Entomological Society of Nigeria, Occasional Publication No. 22, 1-'-121.(1979)BRAVERMAN, Y. 1987. Characteristic of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopo-gonidae) breeding place near Salisbury, Rhodesia. Ecological Entomology3, 163-170. (1987)BRAVERMAN, Y. and PHELPS, R. J. Species composition andblood-meal identification in samples of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)collected near Salisbury, Zimbabwe in 1976-77. Journal of EntomologicalSociety of South Africa 44, 315-323. (1981)DU TOIT, R. M. The transission of bluetongue and horsesickness byCulicoides. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Science and AnimalIndustry 17,7-16. (1944)KHAMALA, C. P. M. and KETTLE, D. S. The Culicoides Latreille(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transaction of RoyalEntomological Society of London 123, 1-95. (1971)LINLEY, J. R. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors ofnonviral animal pathogens. Journal of Medical Entomology 22, 589-599.(1985)THEODORIDIS, A., NEVILL, E. M., ELlS, H. J and BOSHOFF, J. T.Viruses isolated from Culicoides midges in South Africa during unsussess-ful attempt to isolate bovine ephemeral fever vlrus.Onderstepoort ofVeterinary Research 46, 191- 198. (1979)-Culicoides spp. at Chilanga, Zambia-- 205WALKER, A. R.' Blood feeding of Culicoides (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) inKenya in relation to the epidemiology of bluetongue and ephemeral fever.Bulletin of Entomological Research 66, 181-188. (1976)WIRTH, W. W. and MARSTON, N. A method for mounting amall insectson microscope slides in Canada balsam. Annals of Entomological Societyof America 51, 783-784. (1968)WIRTH, W. ·W., DE MEILLON, B. and MASELBARTH, E. FamilyCeratopogonidae. pp. 150-174. In Catalogue of the Diptera of theAfrotropical Region, (R. W. Crosskey, Ed.) British Museum (NaturalHistory). (1980)WIRTH, W. W. and DYCE, A. L. The current taxonomic status of theCulicoides vectors of bluetongue viruses. pp. 151-164. In Bluetongue andrelated Orbiviruses. Alan, R. Liss Inc. (1985)N00)Tqble 1. Monthly number of dominant 13 species of Culicoides caught with light trap around guineapig run at Chilangabetween February 1986 and February 1987 and name list of lesser 16 species recorded.*Number of catch night **Number of fed femalesFEB MAR APR MAY jUN jUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB Total ~2* 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 5 3 4 521. zuluensis 1517(16)** 415(12) 318 489(18) 188 260( I) 9lC 7) 130 58 47 145 33 293(14) 3984(68) £.2. imicola 887(30) 568(16) 41 404(12) 105 94( I) 106(17) 68 473( 2)' 86 113 8 385 3338(78) rio03. krameri 394 101 0 32(12) 0 4lC I) 7( I) 10 0 0 1 1 7( I) 594(15) ~~c.,4. moreli 161(24) 121(30) 1 90( 6) 0 3 85(15) 1 0 1 0 0 2 465(75) en'05.A-lsp.n. 112(16) 56 8 82( 8) 1 9 35 9 0 1 1 5 25 344(24) '?6. brucei 22 8 18 13( 2) 4 5 4 15 27 23 38 5 16 198( 2) an7.CE 77 30 2 36( 2) 0 8( I) 13 0 1 0 1 0 15 183( 3) 2:Pi8. leucostictus 66 17 1 0 0 9 1 2 10 2 2 0 2 112 :3OQ9. A-2 sp. n. 52 16 5 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 81 ~N10. /ulvithorax 44 24 0 6( 2) 0 0 lCI) 0 0 o . 2 0 2 79( 3) III311. grahamii 21 22( 4) 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 46( 4) 0"Pi'12. pycnostictus 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 0 0 29 I13. nivosus 7 5 0 2 0 0 6 3 1 1 1 0 0 27Number of species 22 14 9 12 4 9 12 17 11 10 19 5 1514. CN 18. neavei 22. 'walkeri 26. ravus15. gulbenkiani 19. translucens 23. accraensis 27. F sp. n.16. coarctatus 20. gambiae 24. exspectaror 28. A-I0 sp. n.17. dekeyseri 21. nigripennis 25. huambensis 29. T-l sp. n.

ザンビア、ルサカ近郊チランガにおけるヌカカの種構成

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ザンビア、ルサカ近郊チランガにおけるヌカカの種構成

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