In the present study an attempt has been made to study the economic analysis of tomato cultivation in Kandi block, Murshidabad district, West Bengal. For this 60 tomato growers selected from the study area. The primary data for the agriculture year 2016-17 were collected by personal interviews of the selected farmer, using a multistage sampling method with the help of pre-tested survey schedule. The main objectives were to analyze the cost and return structure of tomato cultivation and to identify the major constraints faced by the farmers in tomato cultivation. The total sample size was 60. Simple statistical tools like Averages, percentages, cost concepts and garrett ranking were used to interpret the results properly. The overall findings of the study reveal that the cost of cultivation of tomato  was ` 50879.94 out of which total variable cost was ` 40456.52. The net income of the farmers per acre.was ` 83385.80. Output in the study area found to be 8853 kg per acre and cost of production was estimated ` 5.74 per kg. The major constraints identified in tomato cultivation were Non availability of institutional support, disease and pest attack, high cost of seeds, high cost of pesticides and high cost of labours during peak season etc

Agarwal, P. (Punit Kumar )

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Economic Analysis of Tomato Cultivation in Kandi Block of West-Bengal, India

Economic Affairs - Official Publication of AESRA

Economic Affairs, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 643-647, September 2019
DOI: 10.30954/0424-2513.3.2019.21
©2019 EA. All rights reserved
Economic Analysis of Tomato Cultivation in Kandi Block of 
West-Bengal, India
Punit Kumar Agarwal* and Arindam Banerjee
Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Ranchi-834008, India
*Corresponding author: punitagriculture@gmail.com (ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7208-5507)
 Received: 11-04-2019 Revised: 17-07-2019 Accepted: 23-08-2019
ABSTRACT
In the present study an attempt has been made to study the economic analysis of tomato cultivation in 
Kandi block, Murshidabad district, West Bengal. For this 60 tomato growers selected from the study area. 
The primary data for the agriculture year 2016-17 were collected by personal interviews of the selected 
farmer, using a multistage sampling method with the help of pre-tested survey schedule. The main 
objectives were to analyze the cost and return structure of tomato cultivation and to identify the major 
constraints faced by the farmers in tomato cultivation. The total sample size was 60. Simple statistical tools 
like Averages, percentages, cost concepts and garrett ranking were used to interpret the results properly. 
The overall findings of the study reveal that the cost of cultivation of tomato was `  50879.94 out of which 
total variable cost was ` 40456.52. The net income of the farmers per acre.was ` 83385.80. Output in the 
study area found to be 8853 kg per acre and cost of production was estimated ` 5.74 per kg. The major 
constraints identified in tomato cultivation were Non availability of institutional support, disease and 
pest attack, high cost of seeds, high cost of pesticides and high cost of labours during peak season etc.
Highlights
 m West-Bengal has secured first rank in vegetable production and tomato is one of the most consumed 
vegetable in the study area. The study highlights the cost and return structure of tomato cultivation 
Seed and labour was the main component of variable cost and the major constraints were Non 
availability of institutional support, disease and pest attack, high cost of seeds, high cost of pesticides 
and high cost of labours during peak season.
Keywords: Tomato cultivation, Cost and return structure, per acre output, production cost
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. 
Agriculture plays a crucial role in the livelihood of 
Indian economy.The share of agriculture during the 
independence was almost 55 per cent of the National 
GDP. But it continues showing a decreasing trend 
with the time, during 1980 it was 42 per cent and 
now the total contribution of agriculture in GDP of 
India is approximately 17 per cent. The horticulture 
products account about 30 per cent of the GDP 
among agricultural produces. India is now in the 
first position in the fruit production and it is also 
the second highest producer of vegetables in the 
world next only to China. Around 72 per cent of 
the people of West Bengal are living in the rural 
areas and agriculture is the main occupation of 
the state. West Bengal is in the first position for 
growing the vegetables rather than the other states 
of Indias. During 2012-13 the total production of 
vegetables was 26354.61 thousands of MT in net 
cropping area of 1348 thousands of Ha land which 
is around 15.71 per cent of the total production in 
India. The increasing rate of vegetable production 
is still ongoing in West Bengal. Tomato is one of the 
most consumed vegetable in India due to its higher 
nutritive value and organic acid contained. It is 
also a rich source of vitamin and it has also higher 
production rate and highly ecological amplitude. It 
is not only consumed raw, but also it is processed 
in ketchup sauce, salad, chutney, pickles and also 
in soups. It is known as the “poor man’s orange” 
as it highly contains vitamin A and vitamin C. 
Murshidabad is one of the major districts of tomato 
Agarwal and Banerjee
644Print ISSN : 0424-2513 Online ISSN : 0976-4666
producer in West Bengal. The average production 
rate of tomato is 48.79qu/acre in Murshidabad 
district.
Objective of the Study
 1. To estimate the cost and returns structure of 
tomato cultivation.
 2. To evaluate the constraints faced by the 
producer during the tomato cultivation 
process.
Research Methodology
The study was based on the input and output data 
obtained from the respondents of the Kandi block. 
For the selection of the respondents multistage 
sampling design was employed. In this procedure 
Murshidabad district of West Bengal was selected 
purposively at first step. Then the Kandi Block was 
selected purposively from Murshidabad district 
on the basis of secondary information. In the third 
stage, three villages were selected from Kandi block 
(Baganpara, Durgapur, Mahadia village) based on 
the higher Tomato growing villages. In the final 
stage, 20 farmers were selected from each village 
on the basis of land availability under tomato 
cultivation. Thus, the total sample size for the 
present study was 60.
Type and Source of Data
For accomplishing the objectives of the study both 
the primary and secondary data was utilized. 
Primary data were prevailed from the respondents 
through personal interview on the basis of the 
pre structured survey schedule and observation 
methods for necessary information for the report. 
The survey schedule included general information 
related to the respondents, their assets, position, 
cropping pattern, details of various products like 
seed, fertilizer, organic manure, plant protection 
chemicals used in the cultivation process, cultivating 
practices such as land preparation, transplantation, 
irrigation, intercultural operation, harvesting 
along with labour requirement. Information about 
the hindrances faced by the producer during the 
cultivation process were also collected.
Analytical Procedure
The technique of tabular presentation was used to 
assess the cost, returns and profile of the tomato 
crop in study area. The percentage and averages 
were computed and compared to draw meaningful 
inferences from the raw data.
The cost concept approach is widely used in India 
for evaluating crop profitability in production. The 
cost concepts in brief, are Cost A1, A2, B1, B2, C 1, 
C2, and Cost C3
COST A1: This gives the total cash expenses 
incurred by the owner or operator. It included the 
following terms of costs.
 1. Value of hired human labour.
 2. Value of bullock labour.
 3. Value of  machinery charges (except 
depreciation).
 4. Value of fertilizers and manures.
 5. Value of seeds.
 6. Value of insecticides, pesticides and weedicide
 7. Irrigation charges.
 8. Depreciation on farm implements
 9. Interest on working capital.
 10. Land revenue paid to government.
Cost A2 = Cost A1+ Rent paid for leased in land, 
if any
Cost B1 = Cost A1+ Interest on value of owned fixed 
capital assets.
Cost B2 = Cost B1+ Rental value of owned land less 
land revenue + rent paid for leased in land.
Cost C1 = Cost B1+ Imputed value of family labour.
Cost C2 = Cost B2+ Imputed value of family labour.
Cost C3 = Cost C2+10% of Cost C2 on account of 
managerial functions performed by the farmer.
Gross Income: Yield of main product (in qt./kg) × 
their prices (`) + Yield of by product (in qt./kg) and 
their prices (`)
Net Income: Gross Income – Cost C.
Farm Business Income: Gross Income – Cost A2
Farm Investment Income: Farm business income-
wages of family labour
Family Labour Income: Gross Income – Cost B
For achieving the second objective simply Garret’s 
ranking technique was used
Economic Analysis of Tomato Cultivation in Kandi Block of West-Bengal, India
645Print ISSN : 0424-2513 Online ISSN : 0976-4666
Garrett’s ranking technique
Percent position = 
( )100 0.5Rij
Nij
−
Where, Rij is the rank given for ith item by the Jth 
individual
Nij is the number of items ranked by the J th 
individual.
The percent position of each rank was converted in 
to scores using Garrett table. For each constraint, 
scores of individual respondents were added 
together and were divided by total number of 
respondents for whom scores were added. Thus, 
mean score for each constraint was ranked by 
arranging them in descending order.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The productivity and income from the crop 
production can be judged in a better way, if we 
analyse it with respect to the different costs incurred 
during cultivation of a particular crop. The cost of 
cultivation and cost of production of any crop is the 
most important aspect of the farm economy both at 
micro and macro level point of views; it provides 
guideline to the government in promulgating the 
price policy both for factors of production and the 
produce. 
Table 1: Per Acre Input used pattern in tomato 
cultivation
Particulars
Kandi
Expenditure Percentage
Variable 
Cost
Seed 10789.69 21.21
Urea 427.14 0.84
DAP 856.02 1.68
NPK 3795.18 7.46
Super Phosphate 410.84 0.81
Oil Cake 302.81 0.60
Cow Dung 294.15 0.58
FYM 93.09 0.18
Plant Prtotection 
Chemical
1440.12 2.83
Irrigation 1916.24 3.77
Hired Labour 2059.83 4.05
Family Labour 6767.68 13.30
Machinary Labour 10720.67 21.07
Interest on Working 
Capital @ 8%
583.06 1.15
Total Variable Cost 40456.52 79.51
Fixed Cost
Land Revenue 25.00 0.05
Rental Value of 
Land
5000.00 9.83
Depreciation 549.98 1.08
Interest on Fixed 
Capital @ 12 %
223.00 0.44
Total Fixed Cost 5797.97 11.40
Managerial Cost 4625.45 9.09
Total Cost of Cultivation 50879.94 100.00
Source: Field survey.
Table 2: Per Acre various cost concepts used in 
Tomato cultivation
Cost Kandi (`/acre)
A1 34263.81
A2 34263.81
B1 34486.81
B2 39486.81
C1 41254.50
C2 46254.50
C3 50879.94
Input wise cost was worked out in two broad 
heads namely variable cost and fixed cost. The 
variable cost includes cost of human labour (family 
and hired), machinery labour, seeds, manures, 
fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and interest on 
working capital. On the other hand, fixed cost 
involves land revenues, rental value of owned land 
and depreciation (Agarwal and Kumar 2017). After 
analyzing the data it was revealed that the cost of 
cultivation was ` 50879.94 per acre in Kandi block 
of Murshidabad district. Average variable cost in 
the study area was ` 40456.52 per acre. In terms of 
percentage it was 79.51 per cent of the total cost. 
Human labour cost was major variable component 
in Tomato cultivation which occupying ` 8827.51 
in Kandi block calculated on the basis of wage rate 
prevailing in study area. The percentage expenditure 
incurred on Irrigation component was 3.77 per 
cent of total cost of cultivation. Land revenue and 
Rental value of own land was ` 25 and ` 50,000 
per acre. Managerial cost calculated as a fixed cost 
component that was 9.09 per cent in Kandi block. It 
was observed at the time of data collection that there 
Agarwal and Banerjee
646Print ISSN : 0424-2513 Online ISSN : 0976-4666
is no rent paid for leased in land in the study area. 
So, Cost A1 and Cost A2 were same in Kandi block. 
The average yield of Tomato cultivation analyzed 
8853 kg per acre in Kandi block. The gross return 
was calculated from raw data was ` 134265.40 per 
acre. The net income from Tomato cultivation in 
Kandi block was ` 83385.80. Farm business income, 
farm labour income and farm investment income 
` 100001.60, ` 94778.63, ` 93233.95 per acre were 
also recorded respectively in Kandi block in Tomato 
cultivation. Cost of production was ` 5.74 per kg in 
Kandi block. Benefit-Cost ratio shows the income 
receives against per rupees investment. The benefit 
and cost ratio was 2.63 in the studied area (Table 3).
Table 3: Return structure of Tomato cultivation
Particulars Kandi
Gross Return 134265.40
Net Income 83385.80
Farm Business Income 100001.60
Farm Investment Income 93233.95
Farm Labour Income 94778.63
Output (kg) 8853
Marketing Prices(kg) 15.16
Cost of Production(kg) 5.74
B:C ratio 2.63
Table 4: Prioritization of constraints of tomato cultivation in Kandi Block
Kandi
Sl. No. Problems Percent position Garret Value Mean Value Rank
1 Not Availability Of Seed on time 8.33 77 49.75 III
2 Diseases and Pest Attack 25.00 63 52.88 II
3 High cost of Seed 41.67 54 44.65 VI
4 High cost of pesticide 58.33 46 46.38 IV
5 High cost of Labour 75.00 37 45.78 V
6 Non Availability of Institutional Support 91.67 23 60.55 I
Various Co
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
st Concept 2
A1 A
3543.14 2354
Vari
2 B1
3.14 23766.14
ous Cost Co
B2
28766.14 30
ncept
C1 C2
533.82 35533
C3
.82 39087.21
Fig. 1: Per acre various cost concepts used in Tomato Cultivation in Kandi Block
Kan
0
50000
100000
150000
di (Rs./acre)
Cost of 
cultivation
39087.21
Co
Cost of 
production
4.42
st and Ret
Gross incom
134265.44
urn
e Net incom
95178.24
e
Fig. 2: Return Structure in Kandi Block of Tomato Cultivation
Economic Analysis of Tomato Cultivation in Kandi Block of West-Bengal, India
647Print ISSN : 0424-2513 Online ISSN : 0976-4666
Tomato crop is grown in two seasons (Rabi and 
Khaif season) in the study area, Firstly problems 
were identified on survey basis then ranked them 
according to Garrett ranking method. High cost 
of pesticide, lack of irrigation water, high cost of 
labour, disease and pest attack were some of the 
main constraints in study area.
The farmers were asked to list priority wise six 
major constraints they were facing in Kandi Block 
when doing Tomato cultivation in Kharif season. All 
these were sorted screened and give them a rank 
according to the Garrett method.
A perusal of Table 4 revealed that the constraint Non 
availability of institutional support was the biggest 
constraint in the study area with the mean score 
of 60.55, followed by disease and pest attack with 
the mean score of 52.88. Not availability of seed on 
time was the third major constraint in Kandi Block 
with the mean score of 49.75. The other constraints 
expressed by the sample farmers were the high cost 
of seeds, high cost of pesticides and high cost of 
labours during peak season.
The livelihood of the people of Kandi block was 
solely dependent on agriculture. The mostly 
farmers were belonged from marginal category 
and having the total land area, less than 2 acre. The 
farmers cultivated Tomato in the Kharif season at 
Kandi block which acted as the cash crop for those 
marginal farmers. Due to the use of high yielding 
variety seeds in the cultivation process the rate 
of production was increased which helped them 
to gain more profit margins. Non availability of 
institutional support like lack of regulated markets, 
and lack of presence of co-operative and farmers 
producers’ organizations was the foremost reason 
behind their loss in the Tomato production process. 
At the time of data collection it was observed that 
no tomato processing unit in study area so in my 
view, there must be a processing unit to check the 
wastage of the tomatoes at higher rates and Storage 
facilities should be developed at the main or the 
submarket areas to check the post distress sell.
REFERENCES
Agarwal, P.K. and Kumar, A. 2017. A socioeconomic study 
on pros and cons of SRI method of paddy cultivation in 
Ormanjhi block of Ranchi district, Jharkhand, India, Indian 
Journal of Agric. Research, 51(1): 74-77.
Agricultural Statistics at a glance, Department of Agriculture 
and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of 
India, 2016 available at http://www.dacnet.nic.in
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Economic Analysis of Tomato Cultivation in Kandi Block of West-Bengal, India

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