Based on the Deform-3D finite element simulation software, the numerical analysis of prefabricated holes in the core of ultra-heavy plates is carried out in different rolling schemes. In this paper, the deformation of the hole in core under uniform temperature rolling (UTR) is compared by different gradient temperature rolling (GTR) processes. The results show that the GTR can improve the core deformation compared with the UTR. The increase of the number of water cooling can accelerate the welding of the core holes and the healing of the final gap, and multi-pass watercooled GTR should be used for ultra-heavy plate rolling

B. Xu

H. Fu

J. Xiao

S. Li

T. Kang

English

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175METALURGIJA 59 (2020) 2, 175-178H. FU, B. XU, J. XIAO, S. LI, T. KANGFINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF  PREFABRICATED HOLES IN ULTRA-HEAVY PLATES BY GRADIENT TEMPERATURE ROLLINGReceived – Primljeno: 2019-08-28Accepted – Prihvaćeno: 2019-11-05Original Scientific Paper – Izvorni znanstveni radB. Xu (e-mail: boxuchina @163.com), H. Fu, College of Metallurgy and Energy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, ChinaS. Li (e-mail: lishengli@ustl.edu.cn), Q.Xiao, Key Laboratory of metal-lurgical engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning, ChinaT. Kang, 725 Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Heavy IndustryBased on the Deform-3D finite element simulation software, the numerical analysis of prefabricated holes in the core of ultra-heavy plates is carried out in different rolling schemes. In this paper, the deformation of the hole in core under uniform temperature rolling (UTR) is compared by different gradient temperature rolling (GTR) processes. The results show that the GTR can improve the core deformation compared with the UTR. The increase of the number of water cooling can accelerate the welding of the core holes and the healing of the final gap, and multi-pass water-cooled GTR should be used for ultra-heavy plate rolling.Keywords: gradient temperature rolling; prefabricated holes; deformation; finite element simulationINTRODUCTIONUltra-heavy plates have a wide range of applications in marine offshore steel, bridges, large pressure vessels and other structural components, and as their demand increases, their performance requirements are also in-creasing [1,2]. Due to the solidification shrinkage dur-ing casting, void defects such as voids, shrinkage and pores cannot be avoided [3]. There are two stages, void closure and surface bonding, which included in elimi-nating void defects in forging or rolling process [4]. Most void defects can be eliminated by strong plastic deformation. During the forging or rolling process, high temperatures and stresses are applied to the voids, which makes the elimination of void defects relatively easy to achieve [5]. It has been shown that the influence of pressure, temperature and holding time on the quality of diffusion welding is very important [6]. Therefore, in the rolling process of ultra-heavy plates, the hole de-fects in the core are welded by deformation. The re-search shows that the differential temperature rolling is to perform the water cooling of the slab with a certain intensity and time between the rolling passes, so that the blank produces a certain temperature gradient along the thickness direction, thereby increasing the core defor-mation during the rolling process and improving quality of the core [7-10]. In recent years, with the development of computer technology, numerical simulation has been ISSN 0543-5846METABK 59(2) 175-178 (2020)UDC – UDK 669.14/621-41:621.771/536.58:539.374:531.79=111widely used due to its low cost and high efficiency [11,12]. Therefore, the numerical simulation technolo-gy is more conducive to the study of the deformation law of the core of the ultra-heavy plate rolling [13].Based on Deform-3D finite element numerical sim-ulation software, the deformation of core prefabricated holes under uniform temperature rolling and differential cooling under different water-cooling conditions was studied in this paper, and the deformation welding laws of holes in core under different rolling conditions are revealed, which provide a theoretical basis for actual production.Experimental processIn the rolling experimental model, to simplify the calculation of the overall rolling set to 1 / 4 model, the complete size of the rolled piece is 320 mm × 260 mm × 300 mm, the roll diameter is 750 mm, the rolling is divided into 12 passes, and the thickness of the rolled piece is changed to 300 → 270 → 235 → 200 → 170 → 145 → 125 → 110 → 104 → 100 → 96 → 92 → 90 mm. Improving the core defect is one of the key prob-lems in ultra-thick plate rolling. To simplify the study of the deformation law of the shrinkage hole in the core of ultra-heavy plates during the rolling process, a 5 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm cube model is established in the core of the block, and pull out a circular shrinkage hole with a diameter of 3 mm, as shown in Figure 1.The simulation experiment procedure is as shown in Table 1, and multiple sets of GTR experimental schemes are established, which are compared with the UTR.The material of the simulated rolled thick plate is EH40 steel, assuming conditions [14,15]: the elastic de-formation of the material is negligible; ignore the ef-176H. FU et al.: FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF  PREFABRICATED HOLES... METALURGIJA 59 (2020) 2, 175-178fects of volumetric forces (gravity and inertial forces, etc.); the material is homogeneous, incompressible, and initially isotropic; material deformation conforms to Levy-Mises yield criterion.Simulation results and analysisDuring the deformation process, the deformation of the prefabricated holes is shown in Figure 2. To study the prefabricated holes deformation, the K value to quantify the deformation of the shrinkage cavity was defined. Where h is the height of the hole, a is the length of the hole.In each of the four cases, the prefabricated holes of each pass are shown in Table 2. It can be clearly seen that in the case of multi-pass water cooling, the final thickness is smaller, and the gap of the core is shorter, and the gap is completely healed in GTR - 03, so the increase in the number of water cooling can increase the deformation of the core, thereby making the prefabri-cated holes of the core heals.It can be seen from Figure 3 (a) that the prefabricat-ed holes are closed at the 9th pass of the UTR, and the 3 sets of the GTR are at the 8th, 7th, and 6th passes re-spectively closed, and the K value of the pass after add-ing water cooling drops faster, that is, the prefabricated holes closes faster. During the deformation process of the prefabricated holes, it will become elliptical from a circle, and after the prefabricated holes is closed, the defect is not completely repaired, but a gap is gradually formed, and the gap is gradually healed by further roll-ing, finally, the defect will be gradually fixed. Figure 3 (b) is the comparison of the length of the gap remaining in the final shrinkage after the last pass. It can be seen that under different experimental schemes, the gap length of the UTR is the longest, and as the number of water-cooling increases, the length of gap will gradual-ly decrease. By comparing the data, it can be found that the final gap length of the three GTR is reduced by 33,34 %, 77 02 %, and 100 %, respectively, compared to the UTR. Particularly, at GTR - 03, the gap has all healed, which indicates that the differential temperature rolling has a significant improvement on the defect of the core, and multiple pass water cooling is more con-ducive to the repair of the defect of the core.SUMMARYGradient temperature rolling is more favorable for the welding of the prefabricated holes than the uniform temperature rolling, and the increase of the number of water-cooling times significantly improves the defor-mation of the prefabricated holes. Prominently, adding three times of water cooling can completely weld the prefabricated holes. Therefore, a reasonable differential temperature rolling process can effectively improve de-Figure 1 The schematic of prefabricated holes in core Table 1 Experimental processAfter 1st pass After 3rd pass After 5th passUTR No No NoGTR - 01 Water cooling No NoGTR - 02 Water cooling Water cooling NoGTR - 03 Water cooling Water cooling Water coolingFigure 2 The change of shrinkage deformationFigure 3  The simulation of hole’s deformation (a) the change of K-value; (b) the final length of gap177H. FU et al.: FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF  PREFABRICATED HOLES...METALURGIJA 59 (2020) 2, 175-178Table 2 The change of hole’s deformation in each pass178H. FU et al.: FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF  PREFABRICATED HOLES... METALURGIJA 59 (2020) 2, 175-178fects welding of the hole in core of the ultra-heavy plate and improve the microstructure performance.Acknowledgments This work was financially supported by Opening Fund for National Key Laboratory of Metallic Materials for Marine Equipment and Application (SKLMEA-K201801), Liaoning Province Natural Science Fund Project (201602385), 2017 Provincial Key Laboratory Opening Project of Liaoning University of Science and Technology (USTLKFSY201709), Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Innovation Team Project (LT2016003)REFERENCES[1] B. S. Xie, Q. W. Cai, Y. Yun, et al. De velopment of high strength ultra-heavy plate processed with gradient tempe-rature rolling, intercritical quenching and tempering [J], Materials Science & Engineering A 680 (2017), 454 - 468.[2] J. Chen, K. Chandrashekhara, C. Mahimkar. 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Xiao is responsible for English language, Liaoning, China

Finite element simulation of deformation behavior of prefabricated holes in ultra-heavy plates by gradient temperature rolling

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