This paper presents the course of the spore season of Alternaria in Cracow, Sosnowiec, Opole, Piotrków Trybunalski, Wrocław, Zielona

Góra in 2016. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Lanzoni and Burkard). Alternaria spore season was defined as the period in

which 90% of the annual total catch occurred. The Alternaria season started first in Opole on the 5th May and lasted till the 22nd June in Cracow and

Wrocław. The highest airborne concentration of 1231 Alternaria spores × m-3 was noted in Zielona Góra on the 6th July. The highest annual sum of

Alternaria spores (SSI) was observed also in Zielona Góra (17 776 spores)

Chłopek, Kazimiera

Dąbrowska-Zapart, Katarzyna

Jurkiewicz, Dariusz

Lipiec, Agnieszka

Malkiewicz, Małgorzata

Rapiejko, Adam

Rapiejko, Piotr

Ziemianin, Monika

Alergoprofil

Polish

Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository

36 Alergoprofil 2017, Vol. 13, Nr 1, 36-39Received: 2017.03.09Accepted: 2017.03.19“Copyright by Medical Education”Alternaria spores in the air of southern Poland cities in 2016Piotr Rapiejko1, Agnieszka Lipiec2, Małgorzata Malkiewicz3, Kazimiera Chłopek4, Katarzyna Dąbrowska-Zapart4, Monika Ziemianin5, Adam Rapiejko6,7, Dariusz Jurkiewicz11 Department of Otolaryngology with Division of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery in Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland 2 Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland3 Department of Paleobotany, Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Poland4 Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland5 Department of Clinical and Environmental Allergology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland6 Allergen Research Center Ltd., Warsaw, Poland 7 Oxford Archaeology Ltd., Oxford, England Abstract: This paper presents the course of the spore season of Alternaria in Cracow, Sosnowiec, Opole, Piotrków Trybunalski, Wrocław, Zielona Góra in 2016. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Lanzoni and Burkard). Alternaria spore season was defined as the period in which 90% of the annual total catch occurred. The Alternaria season started first in Opole on the 5th May and lasted till the 22nd June in Cracow and Wrocław. The highest airborne concentration of 1231 Alternaria spores × m-3 was noted in Zielona Góra on the 6th July. The highest annual sum of Alternaria spores (SSI) was observed also in Zielona Góra (17 776 spores).Key words: aeroallergens, spores, mould, Alternaria, 2016Introduction Fungi of the Alternaria colonize the superficial layers of the soil and dying vegetation [1, 2]. Most abundant Alternaria spores production are observed at 22 to 28ºC [1, 2]. Alternaria spores are classified as dry spores, since they are released during warm and dry weather [1, 2]. In Poland the threshold value for first clinical symptoms for Alternaria spore for the majority of sensitised patients is visible during exposure to the concentration of 80 spores in 1 m3 of air [3]. Symp-toms were noted in all the subjects sensitized to Alter-naria spore at the concentration of approximately 100 spores/m3 of air [3]. During exposure to the concentra-tion of 150 spores per m3 the symptoms were acute (at 300 spores/1 m3 there were wheezing and shortness of breath) [3]. The aimThe aim of the presented research was to compare the concentration of Alternaria spores in 2016 in Cracow, Sosnowiec, Opole, Piotrków Trybunalski, Wrocław, Zielona Góra.Material and methods The analysis of the concentration of Alternaria spores was performed on the basis of data collected from the selected cities in 2016. The study was carried out using a volumetric method (Burkard or Lanzoni trap). Spores were counted under a light microscope (× 400) [2, 4]. The spores data were analysed to deter-mine the start and duration of the season using the 90% method [2, 4]. The start of season was defined as the MEDICAL AEROBIOLOGY ORIGINAL PAPER© Medical Education. For private and non-commercial use only. Downloaded fromhttps://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/alergoprofil: 04.11.2020; 15:53,48For non-commrcial u only37Alergoprofil2017, Vol. 13, Nr 1, 36-39MEDICAL AEROBIOLOGY ORIGINAL PAPERP. Rapiejko, A. Lipiec, M. Malkiewicz, K. Chłopek, K. Dąbrowska-Zapart, M. Ziemianin, A. Rapiejko, D. Jurkiewicz:  Alternaria spores in the air of southern Poland cities in 2016Figure 1. Alternaria spores in the air of Piotrków Trybunalski in 2016.Figure 2. Alternaria spores in the air of Wrocław in 2016.Figure 3. Alternaria spores in the air of Zielona Góra in 2016.300,00 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 0,002016-01-27    2016-02-27    2016-03-27    2016-04-27    2016-05-27    2016-06-27    2016-07-27    2016-08-27    2016-09-27    2016-10-27350,00 300,00 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 0,002016-01-27       2016-02-27       2016-03-27       2016-04-27       2016-05-27       2016-06-27       2016-07-27       2016-08-27       2016-09-27800,00 700,00 600,00 500,00 400,00 300,00 200,00 100,00 0,002016-01-27    2016-02-27    2016-03-27    2016-04-27    2016-05-27    2016-06-27    2016-07-27    2016-08-27    2016-09-27    2016-10-27© Medical Education. For private and non-commercial use only. Downloaded fromhttps://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/alergoprofil: 04.11.2020; 15:53,48For non-commercial use only38 Alergoprofil2017, Vol. 13, Nr 1, 36-39Figure 4. Alternaria spores in the air of Cracow in 2016.Figure 5. Alternaria spores in the air of Opole in 2016.Figure 6. Alternaria spores in the air of Sosnowiec in 2016.600,00 500,00 400,00 300,00 200,00 100,00 0,002016-01-27    2016-02-27    2016-03-27    2016-04-27    2016-05-27    2016-06-27    2016-07-27    2016-08-27    2016-09-27    2016-10-27450,00 400,00 350,00 300,00 250,00 200,00 150,00 100,00 50,00 0,002016-01-27    2016-02-27    2016-03-27    2016-04-27    2016-05-27    2016-06-27    2016-07-27    2016-08-27    2016-09-27    2016-10-27900,00 800,00 700,00 600,00 500,00 400,00 300,00 200,00 100,00 0,002016-01-27       2016-02-27       2016-03-27       2016-04-27       2016-05-27       2016-06-27       2016-07-27       2016-08-27       2016-09-27MEDICAL AEROBIOLOGY ORIGINAL PAPERP. Rapiejko, A. Lipiec, M. Malkiewicz, K. Chłopek, K. Dąbrowska-Zapart, M. Ziemianin, A. Rapiejko, D. Jurkiewicz: Alternaria spores in the air of southern Poland cities in 2016© Medical Education. For private and non-commercial use only. Downloaded fromhttps://www.journalsmededu.pl/index.php/alergoprofil: 04.11.2020; 15:53,48For non-commercial use only39Alergoprofil2017, Vol. 13, Nr 1, 36-39MEDICAL AEROBIOLOGY ORIGINAL PAPERP. Rapiejko, A. Lipiec, M. Malkiewicz, K. Chłopek, K. Dąbrowska-Zapart, M. Ziemianin, A. Rapiejko, D. Jurkiewicz:  Alternaria spores in the air of southern Poland cities in 2016date when 5% of the seasonal cumulative spore count was trapped. Moreover, in the analysis also was deter-mined the number of days with spores count above 80, 100, 150 and 300 in 1 m³ – threshold necessary to evoke allergic symptoms [3].Results Appointed by 90% method sporulation season of Alternaria in 2016 began at the earliest in Opole on the 5th May and in Piotrków Trybunalski on the 8th May, and at most measuring points between 29th May (Zielona Góra) and 22nd June (Cracow and Wrocław). Limit concentration of 80 spores per 1 m³ air occurred early in Opole (12nd June) and in a few days intervals at the other measuring points. In 2016 the maximum daily concentration of Alternaria spores was observed between July 18th and August 9th. The highest daily Alternaria spore count was noted in 2016 in Zielona Góra (1231/m3) and in Sos-nowiec (786/m3) (tab. 1). The highest annual sum of Alternaria spore (SSI, Seasonal Spore Index) was ob-served also in Zielona Góra (17 776) and it was about 3 times higher than in Wrocław (4689). The highest Alter-naria spores allergen hazard occurred (above 80 spores/m3) in Zielona Góra (61 days). Spores concentration causing severe clinical symptoms (above 150 spores/m3) was noted also in Zielona Góra (31 days). Conclusions Alternaria season in most cities was character-ized by very high total annual spores (even to 1231 spores/m3). The onset of the Alternaria season in 2016 was recorded in Opole and Piotrków Trybunalski in the first decade of May. The highest Alternaria spores allergen hazard oc-curred in 2016 in Zielona Góra. The period with spores counts exceeding the threshold value (≥ 80 s/m3) lasted as long as 17 (in Wrocław) – 61 (in Zielona Góra) days. Accurate pollen and spores announcements are important for efficient prophylaxis and treatment of pollen and spores allergies.References:1. Lipiec A., Rapiejko P.: Alternaria alternata – aerobiologia, charakterystyka alergenów i aspekt biologiczny. Alergia 2005, 2(24): 39-42.2. Pawłowska S., Lipiec A., Rapiejko P. et al.: Cladosporium spores in the air of selected Polish cities in 2015. Alergoprofil 2016, 12(1): 41-45.3. Rapiejko P., Lipiec A., Wojdas A. et al.: Threshold pollen con-centration necessary to evoke allergic symptoms. Int. Rev. Al-lergol. Clin. 2004, 10(3): 91-93.4. Grinn-Gofroń A., Rapiejko P., Lipiec A. et al.: Zarodniki Al-ternaria w powietrzu wybranych miast Polski w 2014 r. (in Polish). Alergoprofil 2014, 10(4): 27-31.Authors’ contributions: Rapiejko P.: 50%; Lipiec A.: 15%; and other Authors: 5% each. Conflict of interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Financial support: Research in Opole, Piotrków Trybunalski, Zielona Góra was funded by Allergen Research Center Ltd. (Ośrodek Badania Alergenów Środowiskowych Sp. z o.o.). Ethics: The contents presented in this paper are compatible with the rules the Declaration of Helsin-ki, EU directives and standardized requirements for medical journals. Corresponding author: dr n. med. Piotr RapiejkoAllergen Research Center Ltd.biuro@obas.plstation start (date) peak day (date) end (date) peak value total (SSI) days ≥ 80 days ≥ 100 days ≥ 150 days ≥ 300 daysCracow 2016-06-22 2016-07-24 2016-09-17 544,0 9503,0 175 44 35 11 3Sosnowiec 2016-06-18 2016-07-22 2016-09-16 786,0 14012,0 185 51 44 27 10Opole 2016-05-05 2016-07-22 2016-09-12 426,0 10668,0 249 45 34 17 2Piotrków Tryb. 2016-05-08 2016-07-29 2016-09-16 275,0 10182,0 258 45 32 17 0Wrocław 2016-06-22 2016-07-26 2016-08-30 300,0 4689,0 142 17 13 8 1Zielona Góra 2016-05-29 2016-07-06 2016-09-16 1231,0 17776,0 256 61 51 31 14Table 1. Spore season for Alternaria in selected Polish cities in 2016. The number of days with spores count above 80 spores in 1 m3 – threshold necessary to evoke allergic symptoms. Seasonal Spore Index (SSI) was esti-mated as the annual sum of daily average spore concentrations (total).© Medical Education. For private and non-commercial use only. 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Alternaria spores in the air of southern Poland cities in 2016

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Alternaria spores in the air of southern Poland cities in 2016

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