The use of pedicled buccal fat pad flap (BFP) has proved of value for the closure of oroantral and oronasal communications and is a well-established tool in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Otherwise, the perceived limitations of surgical therapy for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) have been widely discussed, and recommendations have largely been made to offer aggressive surgery only to stage 3 patients refractary to conservative management. Oroantral communication may be a common complication after sequestrectomy and bone debridement in upper maxillary BRONJ. We report a case series of stage 3 recalcitrant maxillary BRONJ surgically treated with extensive sequestrectomy and first reconstruction using pedicled BFP. All the cases presented an uneventful postoperative healing was uneventful without dehiscence, infection, necrosis or oroantral communication. We postulate that managing initially the site with BFP and primary closure may ensure a sufficient blood supply and adequate protection for an effective bone-healing response to occur. This technique may represent a mechanic protection and an abundant source of adipose-derived adult stem cells after debridement in upper maxillary BRONJ. We evaluate in this work results, advantages and indications of this technique. © Medicina Oral S. L

Gallego, Lorena

Hernando, J.

Junquera Gutiérrez, Luis Manuel

Megías, Joaquim

Pelaz, A.

L. Gallego

L. Junquera

A. Pelaz

J. Hernando

J. Megias

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Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal

The use of pedicled buccal fat pad combined with sequestrectomy in bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the maxilla

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Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012 Mar 1;17 (2):e236-41.                                                                                                                                                      Pedicled buccal fat pad in osteonecrosise236Journal section: Oral SurgeryPublication Types: ReviewThe use of pedicled buccal fat pad combined with sequestrectomy in bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the maxillaLorena Gallego 1, Luis Junquera 2, Alejandro Pelaz 3, Josué Hernando 4, Joaquim Megías 41 DDS,MD,PhD, Staff Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cabueñes Hospital, Gijón, Spain2 DDS,MD,PhD, Adjunct Professor, University of Oviedo Dental School, Spain. Staff Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillo-facial Surgery, Central University Hospital, Oviedo, Spain3 DDS, MD, Attending, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Central University Hospital, Oviedo, Spain4 MD, Attending, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Central University Hospital, Oviedo, SpainCorrespondence:Oviedo University. School of DentistryCatedrático José Serrano Street. 33009 Oviedo. Spain Junquera@uniovi.esReceived: 03/12/2010Accepted: 25/03/2011AbstractThe use of pedicled buccal fat pad flap (BFP) has proved of value for the closure of oroantral and oronasal com-munications and is a well-established tool in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Otherwise, the perceived limitations of surgical therapy for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) have been widely discussed, and recommendations have largely been made to offer aggressive surgery only to stage 3 patients refractary to conservative management. Oroantral communication may be a common complication after sequestrectomy and bone debridement in upper maxillary BRONJ. We report a case series of stage 3 recalcitrant maxillary BRONJ surgically treated with extensive sequestrectomy and first reconstruction using pedicled BFP. All the cases pre-sented an uneventful postoperative healing was uneventful without dehiscence, infection, necrosis or oroantral communication. We postulate that managing initially the site with BFP and primary closure may ensure a suf-ficient blood supply and adequate protection for an effective bone-healing response to occur. This technique may represent a mechanic protection and an abundant source of adipose-derived adult stem cells after debridement in upper maxillary BRONJ. We evaluate in this work results, advantages and indications of this technique.Key words: Buccal fat pad flap, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws, oroantral communications, sequestrectomy.Gallego L, Junquera L, Pelaz A, Hernando J, Megías J. The use of pedicled buccal fat pad combined with sequestrectomy in bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the maxilla. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012 Mar 1;17 (2):e236-41. http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/v17i2/medoralv17i2p236.pdfArticle Number: 17422          http://www.medicinaoral.com/© Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - pISSN 1698-4447 - eISSN: 1698-6946eMail:  medicina@medicinaoral.com Indexed in: Science Citation Index ExpandedJournal Citation ReportsIndex Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMedScopus, Embase and Emcare Indice Médico Españoldoi:10.4317/medoral.17422http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/medoral.17422Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012 Mar 1;17 (2):e236-41.                                                                                                                                                       Pedicled buccal fat pad in osteonecrosise237IntroductionA pedicled buccal fat pad flap (BFP) was first described by Egyedi in 1977 for the closure of oroantral (OACs) and oronasal communications secondary to oncologic resections (1). During the past 3 decades, it has proved of value for the closure of OACs and is a well-establish-ed tool in oral and maxillofacial surgery. It has been used as a pedicled graft in facial augmentation proce-dures, for the repair of persistent oroantral fistulas after dental extractions, and in the treatment of oral submu-cous fibrosis (2,3).Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ) is an enigmatic pathologic entity that was described in the scientific literature initially in 2003 by Marx et al. (4) A clinical stage classification has been proposed, based on clinical symptoms (mainly pain) and the presence of lesions and complications such as jaw fractures, bone sequestrum and skin fis-tulas by Ruggiero et al. (5) Treatment strategies varies depending stage of BRONJ, although literature regard-ing the treatment of an established disease (stage 3) is not conclusive. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) purpose conserva-tive debridement, including resection, combined with antibiotic therapy in these patients (6). Recently, some authors describe high success rates developing aggres-sive resections (7,8). OACs may be a common complication after sequestrec-tomy and bone debridement in upper maxillary BRONJ, avoiding spontaneous healing and results in chronic fis-tulas. We evaluate the use of BFP for first reconstruc-tion of refractary maxillary BRONJ surgically treated with extensive sequestrectomy. The effectiveness of this technique for OAC prevention, advantages and in-dications are discussed.Case SeriesThree cases of stage 3 maxillary BRONJ are presented. They were diagnosed and surgically treated with se-questrectomy and reconstruction using pedicled BFP and primary mucosal closure at the Oral and Maxillofa-cial Department of University Central Hospital between 2008 and 2009.-Case 1A 62-year-old woman presented in March 2008 with pain and swelling in the left upper molar region. The patient presented history of breast cancer diagnosed in 2000 treated with zoledronate (Zometa®, 4 mg IV once every 1 month) for 24 months, from 2005 to 2007. She underwent first upper molar extraction in another centre in January 2008. Intraoral examination revealed swelling and infection at the same site of molar extraction, but any bone ex-posure was observed (Fig. 1.A). Panoramic radiograph was not conclusive, but Computed Tomography (CT) images revealed an 8.9 mm bone sequestrum in the affected area (Fig. 1.B).A diagnosis of BRONJ stage 3 was made. We applied medical therapy: amoxicillin (4 gr/day) and clavulanate (250 mg/day) was started and continued for 15 days. Mouth-washes with chlorexidine and hydrogen peroxide were also prescribed. Then, sequestrectomy and bone de-bridement was performed under general anaesthesia. Surgical techniqueIntraoperatively, an incision was made in the superior vestibular sulcus at about 10 mm from the inserted gin-giva beginning at the level of the upper second molar, exposing the maxillary periosteum and the BFP. The fat pad was delivered into the mouth by pulling it by blunt dissection, rotated and transferred onto the maxillary defect (Fig. 1.C). The overlying mucosa was sutured over the BFP without tension (Fig. 1.D). Postoperative healing was uneventful. No dehiscence, infection, or necrosis was observed (Fig. 1E). No oroan-tral communication was observed. No new oral lesions were observed after 20-months carefully follow-up. -Case 2A 64-year-old woman was referred in January 2009 by her oncologist for diagnosis of a painful oral lesion. Her past medical history included breast cancer since 1999, treated monthly with intravenous zoledronate infu-sions, at a dose of 4 mg, from 2006 to 2008. Three years after initiating therapy with zoledronate, the patient complained of discomfort and drainage in the edentu-lous left upper molar area. The patient did not report previous tooth extraction, and found it difficult to eat, speak, and perform oral hygiene. Intraoral examination revealed that the alveolar bone of the edentulous poste-rior maxilla was exposed with a purulent discharge (Fig. 2.A). The surrounding soft tissue was erythematous and edematous. CT images revealed a bone sequestrum and third upper molar impacted in the affected area (Figs. 2.B-C), and diagnosis of BRONJ stage 3 was made.Medical therapy with amoxicillin (4 gr/day), clavulanate (250 mg/day) and chlorexidine mouth-washes were started and continued for 15 days. Then, sequestrectomy and third molar extraction was performed under general anaesthesia. Intraoperatively, reconstruction using BFP was performed as described in Case 1 (Figs. 2.D-E).Postoperative healing was uneventful with complete healing one month after surgery. No new oral lesions were observed after 10-months carefully follow-up. -Case 3A 54-year-old woman presented in April 2005 with pain and swelling in the posterior right side of the maxilla. The patient reported first right maxillary molar extrac-tion three months before. Clinical inspection showed a 2mm fenestration that exposed a whitish necrotic cen-tre in the affected area. Computed tomography (CT) showed right maxillary bone sequestrum. Eighteen Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012 Mar 1;17 (2):e236-41.                                                                                                                                                      Pedicled buccal fat pad in osteonecrosise238months before she had had multiple myeloma (isotype IgG) that had been treated with zoledronate (Zometa® 4mg given intravenously every 3 weeks). A diagnosis of BRONJ stage 3 of the jaws was made. In August 2005 zoledronate was discontinued in consulta-tion with her oncologist. It was performed sequestrec-tomy and bone debridement under general anaesthesia. The overlying mucosa was sutured over the defect with-out reconstruction with BFP. There had been oroantral communication after sequestrectomy in the early post-operative period, closing completely at 8-week follow-up. Treatment with zoledronate was not restarted.She was followed-up annually. In October 2007 she de-veloped pathological fractures of the bilateral humerus and right femur that were treated with an intramedu-llary nail that was locked with proximal and distal inter-locking screws. Then, the oncologist restarted therapy with zoledronate (Zometa® 4mg given intravenously every month).The patient was carefully followed-up and in July 2009 referred pain and swelling in the upper left edentulous maxillary area. The clinical finding was an area of ul-cerated mucosa and exposed devitalized bone (Fig. 3.A) and CT images revealed a large bone sequestrum (Fig. 3.B). Then, the patient underwent surgical bone debri-dement and sequestrectomy under general anaesthesia, and reconstruction using BFP was performed as des-cribed in Case 1 (Figs. 3.C-E).After this second surgery, no oroantral communica-tion was observed and the patient showed acceptable healing and resolution of their disease 6 weeks after surgery. The patient died 7 months after surgery of her systemic disease.Fig. 1. A) Photograph showing swelling area in upper left maxilla without bone exposure.Fig. 1. B) CT image demonstrating bone sequestrum of 8.9 mm di-ameter in the affected area (red arrow).Fig. 1. C) Surgical approach after bone debridement using pedicled BFP and transferring into maxillary defect.Fig. 1. D) Photograph showing suture of the mucosa over BFP with-out tension.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012 Mar 1;17 (2):e236-41.                                                                                                                                                       Pedicled buccal fat pad in osteonecrosise239Fig. 1. E) Clinical image six months after surgery.Fig. 2. A) Clinical image revealing alveolar bone exposure of the edentulous posterior maxilla with a purulent discharge.Fig. 2. B) Sagital CT image demonstrating bone sequestrum and third molar inclusion (red arrow).Fig. 2. C) Axial CT image showing large sequestrum around third molar included (red arrow).Fig. 2. D) Surgical approach after bone debridement using pedicled BFP into maxillary defect.Fig. 2. E) Photograph showing suture of the mucosa over BFP with-out tension.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012 Mar 1;17 (2):e236-41.                                                                                                                                                      Pedicled buccal fat pad in osteonecrosise240Fig. 3. A) Photograph showing exposed devitalized bone in the upper left edentulous maxillary area.Fig. 3. B) CT image demonstrating a large bone sequestrum in the affected area (red arrow).Fig. 3. C) Photograph of the surgical approach showing bone seques-trum before debridement.Fig. 3. D) The fat pad was delivered into the mouth by pulling it by blunt dissection, rotated and transferred onto the maxillary defect.Fig. 3. E) Photograph showing final suture of the mucosa over BFP without tension.DiscussionThe successful application of BFP has been documented for reconstruction of the palatal region, buccal mucosa, closure of oronasal fistulas, coverage of the surface of bone grafts, and reconstruction after post-traumatic or oncolo-gic defects in the maxillary region (9-12). Hao (9) reported that the ideal defects to be reconstructed with a BFP are the maxillary defects due to their close anatomical loca-tion. However, it can be applied in areas ranging from the mouth angle to the retromolar trigone and palate.The BFP separates the masticatory muscles. The fat tissue is of the syssarcosis type, not subject to lipid metabolism, resembling periorbital fat tissue and can be easily distin-guished from subcutaneous fat tissue. The BFP consists of an encapsulated body with 4 extensions: buccal, ptery-goid, superficial, and deep temporal. The blood supply Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2012 Mar 1;17 (2):e236-41.                                                                                                                                                       Pedicled buccal fat pad in osteonecrosise241to the BFP derives from the buccal and deep temporal branches of the maxillary artery, from the transverse fa-cial branch of the superficial temporal artery, and from some small branches of the facial artery (13).The perceived limitations of surgical therapy for BRONJ have been discussed extensively in the literature, and re-commendations have largely been made to offer conser-vative therapy to patients, with aggressive surgery offered only to stage 3 patients refractary to conservative mana-gement (6,14). Otherwise, many cases do not respond to conservative management and the infection and bone de-struction are progressive. Williamson (8) have proposed surgical management of BRONJ included debridement of all necrotic bone, surgical smoothing of the irregular bony areas, tension free primary closure of the wound site with pre and postoperative antibiotics for recalcitrant cases. Carlson et al. (7) described that healing is particu-larly predictable after resection of the maxilla and man-dible in patients in whom BRONJ develops related to a parenteral or an oral bisphosphonate medication. Thus, more aggressive surgery may represent an effective ma-nagement of stage 3 BRONJ patients. When BRONJ area or bone sequestrum is localized in upper maxilla and surgery treatment is planned, OAC must be considered as a potential complication. We pos-tulate that managing the site with BFP and primary clo-sure may ensure a sufficient blood supply and adequate protection for an effective bone-healing response to occur. The BFP must be gently brought into the surgi-cal defect while maintaining the vascular pedicle and it must not be sutured under tension. This flap provides a rich vascularization in the BRONJ site, a mechanic protection and an abundant source of adipose-derived adult stem cells. Those cells have been widely used in bone engineering due their capacity to differentiate along multiple mesodermal lineage pathways and form osteoid matrix in vivo (15).ConclusionsIn summary, the BFP is a simple procedure, widely applicable with low incidence of failure and minimal donor site morbidity that may be recommended when surgery in upper maxilla in BRONJ patients is planned. This technique could reduce or avoid postsurgical OAC and promote bone healing in the affected area.References 1. Egyedi P. Utilization of the buccal fat pad for closure of oro-antral and/or oro-nasal communications. J Maxillofac Surg. 1977;5:241-4. 2. Abad-Gallegos M, Figueiredo R, Rodríguez-Baeza A, Gay-Esco-da C. Use of Bichat’s buccal fat pad for the sealing of orosinusal communications. A presentation of 8 cases.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16:e215-9. 3. Amin MA, Bailey BM, Swinson B, Witherow H. Use of the buccal fat pad in the reconstruction and prosthetic rehabilitation of oncolog-ical maxillary defects. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005;43:148-54.4. Marx RE. Pamidronate (Aredia) and zoledronate (Zometa) in-duced avascular necrosis of the jaws: a growing epidemic. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:1115-7. 5. Ruggiero SL, Fantasia J, Carlson E. Bisphosphonate-related os-teonecrosis of the jaw: background and guidelines for diagnosis, staging and management. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Ra-diol Endod. 2006;102:433-41.6. Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, Landesberg R, Marx RE, Mehrotra B, et al. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws--2009 update. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:2-12. 7. Carlson ER, Basile JD. The role of surgical resection in the man-agement of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67:85-95.8. Williamson RA. Surgical management of bisphosphonate induced osteonecrosis of the jaws. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39:251-5.9. Hao SP. Reconstruction of oral defects with the pedicled buccal fat pad flap. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;122:863-7. 10. Dean A, Alamillos F, García-López A, Sánchez J, Peñalba M. The buccal fat pad flap in oral reconstruction. Head Neck. 2001;23:383-8. 11. Colella G, Tartaro G, Giudice A. The buccal fat pad in oral recon-struction.Br J Plast Surg. 2004;57:326-9.12. Ngeow WC. The use of Bichat’s buccal fat pad to close oroan-tral communications in irradiated maxilla. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:229-30.13. Yousuf S, Tubbs RS, Wartmann CT, Kapos T, Cohen-Gadol AA, Loukas M. A review of the gross anatomy, functions, pathology, and clinical uses of the buccal fat pad. Surg Radiol Anat. 2010;32:427-36.14. Scoletta M, Arduino PG, Dalmasso P, Broccoletti R, Mozzati M. Treatment outcomes in patients with bisphosphonate-related os-teonecrosis of the jaws: A prospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110:46-53.15. Hicok KC, Du Laney TV, Zhou YS, Halvorsen YD, Hitt DC, Cooper LF, et al. Human adipose-derived adult stem cells produce osteoid in vivo. Tissue Eng. 2004;10:371-80. References with links to Crossref - DOI    

The use of pedicled buccal fat pad combined with sequestrectomy in bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the maxilla

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Repositori d'Objectes Digitals per a l'Ensenyament la Recerca i la Cultura