Introduction: Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a rare inflammatory necrotizing reactive process that can involve minor and major salivary glands. Gland tissue ischaemia has been proposed as the aetiology. Case Report: A 21-year-old woman was referred with a 1-week history of bilateral painful swelling of the palate, with the development of two deep ulcers after the first 3 days. Ulcer edges were elevated but not indurated, and the bases had a necrotic appearance. An incisional biopsy of the margin of one ulcer confirmed the diagnosis of necrotizing sialometaplasia. The ulcers spontaneously healed within 8 weeks without treatment. Discussion: The clinical and histological similarity between this entity and a malignant lesion implies a risk of unnecessary or inadequate treatment. This case illustrates the need for an incisional biopsy to be analyzed by an experienced pathologist to establish a correct diagnosis. © Medicina Oral S. L

Bascones Ilundain, Jaime

Bascones Martínez, Antonio

Cerero Lapiedra, Rocío

Esparza Gómez, G.

Muñoz Corcuera, Marta

Repositori d'Objectes Digitals per a l'Ensenyament la Recerca i la Cultura

Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Sep 1;16 (6):e700-3.                                                                                                                                                                             Necrotizing sialometaplasiae700Journal section: Oral Medicine and PathologyPublication Types: Case ReportCase report of necrotizing sialometaplasiaAntonio Bascones-Martínez 1, Marta Muñoz-Corcuera 2, Rocío Cerero-Lapiedra 3, Jaime Bascones-�lun-dáin 4, Germán Esparza-Gómez 31 Chairman of Oral Medicine and Periodontics. Medicine and Orofacial Surgery Department, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain2 Dentistry Graduate. PhD Student. Fellow on Education Department FPU programme, Medicine and Orofacial Surgery Depart-ment, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain3 Professor of Oral Medicine. Medicine and Orofacial Surgery Department, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain4 Professor of Endodontics. Conservative Department, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid SpainCorrespondence:Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Bucofacial Facultad de OdontologíaUniversidad Complutense de Madrid. SpainPlaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n28040 Madrid. Spainantbasco@odon.ucm.esReceived: 06/02/2010Accepted: 12/04/2010AbstractIntroduction: Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a rare inflammatory necrotizing reactive process that can involve minor and major salivary glands. Gland tissue ischaemia has been proposed as the aetiology.Case Report: A 21-year-old woman was referred with a 1-week history of bilateral painful swelling of the palate, with the development of two deep ulcers after the first 3 days. Ulcer edges were elevated but not indurated, and the bases had a necrotic appearance. An incisional biopsy of the margin of one ulcer confirmed the diagnosis of necrotizing sialometaplasia. The ulcers spontaneously healed within 8 weeks without treatment.Discussion: The clinical and histological similarity between this entity and a malignant lesion implies a risk of unnecessary or inadequate treatment. This case illustrates the need for an incisional biopsy to be analyzed by an experienced pathologist to establish a correct diagnosis. Key words: Necrotizing sialometaplasia, oral ulcers, minor salivary glands, palate, biopsy.Bascones-Martínez A, Muñoz-Corcuera M, Cerero-Lapiedra R,  Basco-nes-Ilundáin J, Esparza-G�mez G. Case report of necrotizing sialometa-plasia. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Sep 1;16 (6):e700-3.    http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/v16i6/medoralv16i6p700.pdfArticle Number: 16789          http://www.medicinaoral.com/© Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - pISSN 1698-4447 - eISSN: 1698-6946eMail:  medicina@medicinaoral.com �ndexed in: Science Citation Index ExpandedJournal Citation ReportsIndex Medicus, MEDLINE, PubMedScopus, Embase and Emcare Indice Médico Españoldoi:10.4317/medoral.16789http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4317/medoral.16789Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Sep 1;16 (6):e700-3.                                                                                                                                                                            Necrotizing sialometaplasiae701�ntroductionNecrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) was first described in 1973 by Abrams et al. as an inflammatory necrotizing reactive process affecting minor salivary glands of the hard palate (1). They proposed the following histopatho-logical criteria: necrosis of acinary cells of seromuci-nous glands; squamous metaplasia of salivary ductal epithelial and acini; pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia of the epithelium lining the gland; mucous release; in-flammatory response associated with granulation tis-sue in or around the glands; intact lobular architecture; and histologically benign nuclear morphology, although normal mitoses can sometimes be observed (1).There have since been numerous case  reports of this lesion (2-11), not only on the hard palate but at all sites with salivary tissue, including upper and lower lip (2,4,7), maxillary sinus (2,4), floor of mouth (2), tongue (2,4), retromolar area (4), oral mucosa (4), tonsillar fossa (4), major salivary glands (4), nasal cavity (4), incisor canal (4), larynx (4), soft palate (4-6, 8,11) and soft-hard palate junction (4,5).The histological characteristics proposed by Abrams et al. were modified by Brannon (1991) (4), who described a predominance of coagulative necrosis of acini in early lesions and of squamous metaplasia and reactive fibrosis in later lesions. Anneroth, Hansen and Imbery, Edwards (6) described five histological stages of NS: infarction (necrosis), sequestration, ulceration, repair and healing. NS is an uncommon, benign and self-limiting reactive inflammatory process involving minor and major sali-vary glands. The most frequent NS site is the hard pal-ate (58%), mainly manifesting as a deep crateriform ul-cer with indurated and well-defined edges or, less often, as a non-ulcerated mass (2,4), generally unilateral but bilateral in around 12% of cases (3), as in the present pa-tient. Bone involvement has been reported in only a few cases (4). The lesion can be painful or asymptomatic, while some patients present with fever, malaise or par-aesthesia/anaesthesia of the area (4). The lesion is most frequently detected in Caucasian males aged between 40 and 50 years (4).The aetiology of NS has not been fully elucidated, but an underlying cause appears to be gland tissue ischemia (4), leading to infarction and subsequent necrosis of the tissue, followed by repair and metaplasia (8). Numerous risk factors have been described, including: local trau-ma, e.g., surgery, intubation, poor-fitting prostheses, fellatio or  local pressure (2,4,6,8); alcohol (4,5), tobacco (4,5,9) or cocaine (6) use; radiation (6); respiratory in-fections or allergies (4); previous adenoidectomy or sur-gery for other lesions (e.g., tumours, mucoceles) (5,7,11); adjacent tumours or other lesions producing compres-sion and ischemia (4); bulimia and chronic vomiting (8,10); diabetes (8); and drepanocytic anaemia, with an increase in blood viscosity that favours ischemia (3). All of these factors can compromise the supply of blood to affected glands. Application of local dental anaesthesia to the hard pal-ate is thought to play a role in this disease due to nee-dle-induced trauma and vasoconstrictive effects (2,4,6). In 1996, Shigematsu et al. (12) found a relationship be-tween the repeated application of local anaesthesia into rat palate and histological changes similar to those ob-served in NS. In the present patient, the only predispos-ing factor was tobacco use.Management of these lesions should always include an incisional biopsy and close follow-up until their com-plete disappearance, administering analgesics in cases of pain. There are usually no recurrences or anatomic or functional sequelae (6,11). NS lesions heal by second intention without treatment within 4-10 weeks (4,6,11), and the healing time is primarily related to the size rath-er than the nature of the lesions (6). The importance of this clinical entity lies in its clini-cal and histological similarity to a malignant lesion. Because of the severity of the ulceration and tissue de-struction over a short time period, it is frequently mis-diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma or cystic adenoid carcinoma, leading to unnecessary treatments ranging from conservative ex-cision to total maxillectomy (4,5,8,10). Analysis by an experienced pathologist of an incisional biopsy is there-fore essential to establish a correct diagnosis (9). Case Report Clinical and pathological characteristics A 21-year-old woman, smoker of 10 cigarettes/day but with no other predisposing factors, was referred to our Department by her general dental practitioner with a one-week history of bilateral palatal swellings that had developed into two deep ulcers after the first three days. The swellings had been painful and her temperature had risen to 38ºC during the initial three-day period, but both the pain and fever disappeared with the appear-ance of the ulcers. Clinical examination revealed two deep ulcers (3x1 cm and 2x1 cm), one on either side of the midline of the hard palate (Fig. 1). The edges of the lesions were el-evated but not indurated, and the base was covered with necrotic debris. No pain was caused by the examina-tion, and no abnormities were observed in the rest of the oral cavity. Haematological and radiographic findings were normal. An incisional biopsy of the peripheral margin of one of the ulcers was taken under local anaesthesia. Micro-scopic study of histological sections revealed mucosa composed of parakeratotic, stratified squamous epithe-lium. The submucosa contained numerous degenerating mucus-producing salivary glands with mucus spillage. Some areas showed extensive necrosis of glandular aci-Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Sep 1;16 (6):e700-3.                                                                                                                                                                             Necrotizing sialometaplasiae702ni and squamous ductal metaplasia (Fig. 2). The con-nective tissue was infiltrated by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate. All of these histopathological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of necrotizing sialometa-plasia. The ulcers resolved spontaneously without treatment over the following 8 weeks (Fig. 3).DiscussionThe differential diagnosis of necrotizing sialometapla-sia should consider other ulcerous and erosive lesions, including those of traumatic or inflammatory/infectious aetiology, e.g., dental fissures, major aphthae, tuberculo-sis, tertiary syphilis or deep fungal infection in patients with AIDS or under immunosuppressive treatment (6,8,11), and those of cancerous origin, e.g., squamous cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid carcinoma, leukaemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma or sar-coma (6,8,13,14). NS is differentiated from tuberculosis, syphilis and fun-gal ulcers by means of serologic tests and by staining histopathological samples for fungi, bacilli and bacteria (6). Histological criteria to distinguish NS from a ma-lignancy are: (1) preserved general lobular morphology, (2) bland appearance of squamous islands or nests with no cytological evidence of malignancy and (3) no find-ings of residual ductal lumina in any nest (4,14). Reac-tive atypias are occasionally observed in nests or islets, and the diagnosis must then be confirmed by the general lobular appearance and the presence of intraepithelial inflammation in squamous nests (4). When samples are too small to permit study of the general architecture, this entity can be confused with a squamous cell or mu-coepidermoid carcinoma (10,14). In addition, the meta-plastic and hyperplastic changes can be florid, and the reparative fibrosis can be confused with infiltrate (10). Account should be taken of the aforementioned pre-dominance of coagulative necrosis of acini in early le-sions and of squamous metaplasia and reactive fibrosis in later lesions (4).Rizkalla and Toner (14) studied the usefulness of myoepithelial markers and cytokeratin subtype expres-sion to distinguish NS from squamous cell and mu-coepidermoid carcinomas by immunohistochemistry. They concluded that expression of calponin and smooth muscle actin in myoepithelial cells from the periphery of squamous islets and focal staining with cytokeratin 7 are characteristic of NS but not normally expressed in carcinomas. This diagnostic tool may be especially use-ful when the sample is of inadequate size.The possibility of a subacute necrotizing sialadenitis should also be taken into account, although some au-thors consider it to lie within the spectrum of NS (8,15). According to Fowler et al. (15), it is a non-specific acute inflammatory condition of unknown origin, histologi-Fig. 1. Palatal ulcers at presentation.Fig. 2. Necrosis of acini and acute inflammatory infiltrate (HE 20x).Fig. 3. Lesions resolved at 8 weeks from the onset.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011 Sep 1;16 (6):e700-3.                                                                                                                                                                            Necrotizing sialometaplasiae703cally characterized by focal acinar necrosis (secondary to the inflammation) and atrophy of duct cells, without ductal metaplasia, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia or fibrosis (8,15). It manifests as non-ulcerated ery-thematous nodular lesions on the palate accompanied by acute pain and has been reported in young people living in groups (8,15). The lesions usually last for around two weeks and it has been suggested that the aetiology may be infectious (viral) or allergic (15). References1. Abrams AM, Melrose RJ, Howell FV. Necrotizing sialometapla-sia. A disease simulating malignancy. Cancer. 1973;32:130-5. 2. Van der Wal JE, Van der Waal I. Necrotizing sialometaplasia: re-port of 12 new cases. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;28:326-8. 3. Mandel L, Kaynar A, DeChiara S. Necrotizing sialometapla-sia in a patient with sickle-cell anemia. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;49:757-9. 4. Brannon RB, Fowler CB, Hartman KS. Necrotizing sialometapla-sia. A clinicopathologic study of sixty-nine cases and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991;72:317-25. 5. Abaza NA, Abaza MM, Sedhom AW. Necrotizing sialometaplasia: a review and two case reports. Compendium. 1992;13:12,14,16-8.6. Imbery TA, Edwards PA. Necrotizing sialometaplasia: literature review and cas reports. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127:1087-92. 7. Pulse CL, Lebovics RS, Zegarelli DJ. Necrotizing sialometaplasia: report of a case after lower lip mucocele excision. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:1419-21. 8. Femopase FL, Hernández SL, Gendelman H, Criscuolo MI, L�pez-de-Blanc SA. Necrotizing sialometaplasia: report of five cases. Med Oral. 2004;9:304-8. 9. Komínek P, Blasch P. Necrotizing sialometaplasia: a potential di-agnostic pitfall. Ear Nose Throat J. 2006;85:604-5. 10. Solomon LW, Merzianu M, Sullivan M, Rigual NR. Necrotiz-ing sialometaplasia associated with bulimia: case report and litera-ture review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103:e39-42. 11. Ylikontiola L, Siponen M, Salo T, Sándor GK. Sialometaplasia of the soft palate in a 2-year-old girl. J Can Dent Assoc. 2007;73:333-6. 12. Shigematsu H, Shigematsu Y, Noguchi Y, Fujita K. Experimental study on necrotizing sialometaplasia of the palate in rats. Role of local anesthetic injections. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25:239-41. 13. Bascones-Martínez A, Figuero-Ruiz E, Esparza-G�mez GC. [Oral ulcers]. Med Clin (Barc). 2005;125:590-7. 14. Rizkalla H, Toner M. Necrotizing sialometaplasia versus inva-sive carcinoma of  the head and neck: the use of myoepithelial mark-ers and keratin subtypes as an adjunct to diagnosis. Histopathology. 2007;51:184-9. 15. Fowler CB, Brannon RB. Subacute necrotizing sialadenitis: re-port of 7 cases and a review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:600-9. �nstitution Medicine and Orofacial Surgery Department, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain References with links to Crossref - DOI    

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