Wlasiuk, J.

Repository of Polessky State University (Репозиторий Полесского государственного университета)

17  ренних водных путей с помощью соответствующей системы налогов и сборов, взимаемых за ис-пользование инфраструктуры. Но в краткосрочном плане изменений размеров и структуры сборов следует избегать. Эффективное пользование уже существующей инфраструктурой может стимулироваться сбо-рами, основанными на краткосрочных минимальных социальных затратах. Оно потребует более высокой степени территориальной дифференциации ставок, чтобы учитывать издержки, различа-ющиеся по местностям. 8. Инвестиции дорожных сборов Некоторые правительства направляют инвестиции в железнодорожную инфраструктуру из средств, получаемых от дорожных сборов на автомобильных дорогах.  Такая мера в ограниченном масштабе может оказаться успешной с точки зрения как получения поддержки общественности, так и преодоления дефицита государственных инвестиционных средств. Но при более широком применении это потребует тщательного расчета и контроля во из-бежание риска возникновения искажений экономического характера. 9. Ограничение пользования автомобильными дорогами Правила, ограничивающие использование автодорог грузовиками, могут повлиять на распреде-ление грузов между видами транспорта. Но в отдельных случаях возникают проблемы совмести-мости таких физических ограничений с целями торговой политики стран. Поэтому все аспекты затрат и выгод данных мероприятий должны быть тщательно проанализированы. Ограничения на конкретных маршрутах являются более приемлемыми, нежели всеобщие, как национальные квоты на движение грузовиков. В определенных случаях также могут быть эффек-тивны для решения локальных экологических проблем мероприятия по перенаправлению транс-портных потоков, например, мимо города или деревни. Однако ограничение движения в выходные и праздничные дни требует значительно более эффективного информационного обеспечения гру-зоотправителей для избегания простоя грузовиков на границах. 10. Субсидии Ряд  правительств считают государственное субсидирование  эксплуатационных расходов же-лезнодорожных грузоперевозок необходимой временной мерой для достижения нужного уровня перераспределения грузов между отдельными видами транспорта. Некоторые государства оказы-вают такое содействие, поддерживая плату за пользование инфраструктурой ниже минимального краткосрочного предела убыточности. Однако следует отметить, что долгосрочное сохранение субсидий на эксплуатационные расходы железнодорожных грузоперевозок будет искажать ры-ночные  эффекты.  Список использованных источников: 1. Перспективы развития рынка железнодорожных перевозок Единого экономического пространства. – Алматы: Евразийский  банк  развития, 2014. – с. 127. 2. White Paper. Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area – Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system. – Brussels: European Commission, 2011. – p. 144.   УДК 65.338.242 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF INNOVATIVE  ENTREPRENEURSHIP  J. Wlasiuk Brest State Technical University, docentwlasiuk@yandex.ru  Entrepreneurship is becoming more and more socialized owing to its intellectualization. The new type of entrepreneurship – intellectual, which is carried out by people with higher education, developed intel-lect and high level of creativity, is successfully developing today. The main result of their entrepreneurial activity is socially–oriented complex innovative intellectual production.  The representatives of intellec-tual entrepreneurship anticipate needs that haven’t come into being on the market yet, form the demand.  Entrepreneurship is a special form of economic activity based on innovative independent approach to production and putting on the market of goods and services bringing income and realizing of his self–importance to the subject of entrepreneurial activity [1].  Like any other kind of system, the economic system aims at stability and is inertial to a certain extent. The specific role of entrepreneurs is in overcoming of economic system persistence and convergence of ПолесГУ18  economic subjects to act according to customary practice. Any innovation in economic sphere entails high risk the traditional economic subjects try to avoid. The entrepreneur is constantly breaking the system stability finding new models of management, new behavior strategies. The entrepreneur estimates the suitability of idea (innovation) and leans on his intuition. Market is the sphere where crystal clarity and stability is absent. Therefore the key success factors of the entrepreneur are intuition, feeling and other not–rationalized factors. For the entrepreneur the research of new risky situations and the ability to solve them have self–sufficient value. Only on the early stages money and profit are adequate reward for risk. Further an increasing weight is acquired by individual ―me‖. At the same time the entrepreneur can’t be assimilated to imprudent player. Despite widespread opinion, identifying entrepreneurship and risk, suc-cessful entrepreneurs risk moderately, behind the courageous decisions they hide sober accounting of ob-jective opportunities and their own forces.  According to J. Ronen , D. Kahneman, A. Tversky, P. Fishburn and some other scientists entrepre-neurs have an electoral heuristic. They are able to solve common problems in a non–standard way and resist to external circumstances pressure more actively than other people. Furthermore they give up minor tasks and dwell on the main. Projects which are favorable to the success they conceive and carry out more quickly than those neutral and containing danger [2, 3].  Thus the ability to find instantly action appropriate for present situation, determine its temp, realize flexible behavior model to achieve the aim, find out fruitful ideas, choose correct information. Actions of innovative entrepreneur resemble those of a scientist: he can find a hidden sense in information. Constant return from new positions to former aim and research of alternative ways of its achievement are signifi-cant aspects of entrepreneur’s mentality. Value structure with constant renovation determination is pecu-liar to entrepreneur–innovator. From social point of view the entrepreneur role in society innovative development is extremely im-portant. The entrepreneur as a founder of a new business is more concerned about its perspectives than about quick profit. He is noted for combination of high level of achievement motivation and high level of social responsibility.  Innovative potential can be considered as one of the components of cultural capital. Innovative poten-tial as intellectual and business preparedness to take part in innovative processes has a tendency of con-centration in narrow society segments.  Nor upper neither lower society layers have a sufficient innovative potential. Upper layers are inert as a result of their self–containment and don’t have a motivation to innovative activity. They are not inter-ested in change of current system.  Historical experience shows that the upper layers are usually characterized by rather conservative than innovative–reformative positions.  The lower society layers have neither motivation nor cultural capital. The one who has a resolution to launch a challenge against current customs and regularities becomes the entrepreneur. It’s instantly inherent to the society collision of innovative values and opposing traditional-istic and conservative life–meaning positions.  P. Drucker wrote: ―What we need is an entrepreneurial society in which innovation and entrepreneur-ship are normal, steady, and continuous. Innovation and entrepreneurship have to become an integral life sustaining activity in our organizations, our economy and our society.‖ Ideally in such kind of the society any person able to work should become an entrepreneur, be aimed on search and realization of innova-tions in his professional activity. One of economic development key factors is system of values and sense that motivate an entrepreneur [4].  When speaking about Eastern Europe countries this period of historic development is specified by cer-tain lack of innovative entrepreneurship spirit.  It is caused by absence of axiological–semantic motiva-tions in post–Soviet culture along with certain economic causes. Effective functioning in noosphere economy requires modifications of principles and models of suc-cessful entrepreneurial activity.  Innovative development of entrepreneurship assumes entrepreneurial structures to integrate into their activity different kinds of innovations – technical, organizational, market-ing, etc. in order to improve/develop self–competitiveness. Development of innovative entrepreneurship can be provided by mutual efforts of three key subjects of national innovative system – government, en-trepreneurship and education system.  Principal conditions ensuring innovativeness management in entrepreneurship sphere:  developed engineering and science base;  research intensity of production and output;  availability of innovative structures; ПолесГУ19   developed industrial base by group of indicators;  science and technology level of production;  availability of high–qualified personnel. One of the ways of optimizing entrepreneurial activity is creation of networks. In institutional theory networks are considered as alternative to markets and hierarchies forms of management structures. Net-works enable to use of mutual resources more effectively, achieve maximal synergetic effect and consid-erably reduce risks peculiar to innovative entrepreneurship by way of their distribution among network participants. There are actual questions of industry and interindustryassociations creation, aggregation of small and large business, where large business is the source of financing of innovations generated by small businesses. Effective network interaction of innovative development contributors is a factor of knowledge economy sustainable development.  Education system should become key integrator of economic subjects intellectual and innovation en-suring. One of the forms of innovative and entrepreneurial activity cooperation is cluster structures with involvement of institutions of higher education departments providing effective transfer of knowledge from education system to entrepreneurship for innovative development achievement. Integration of edu-cation system and entrepreneurship promotes more effective knowledge exchange, introduction of more complete production methods, increase in entrepreneurship accomplishment and morality, i.e. sociologi-zation of entrepreneurship.  In addition entrepreneurship intellectualization problem can be solved through introduction into edu-cation of humanitarian entrepreneurial orientation contributing to entrepreneurship general intellectual and cultural level increase. System of motives, stimulating innovative activity, form innovative culture which is an essential part of innovative potential. Problem of innovations motivation has its specificity. It involves economic, psy-chological and ethic aspects of relations occurring during innovative activity, i.e. innovative activity in its development is impelled by innovative entrepreneurship integrated motives system. Formation and func-tioning promotion of motivation system should be provided by government. Coincidence of governmental views on methods of economic problems solving and entrepreneurial in-terests provides quality and quantity increase in entrepreneurship innovative development. Innovative development is impossible without innovative mentality and innovative culture of a separate person along with society as a whole. Premises of innovative culture formation lie in creation of innovative activity motivation developed system. Despite the number of problems one has to notice increasing entrepreneurship socialization. Entrepre-neurship acquires status of driving force of positive social–economic transformations and instrument of economy innovative development.  References: 1. Никитенко П.Г., Солодовников С.Ю. Социодинамика Беларуси, России,Украины. – Минск, 2010. – 556с. 2. Joshua Ronen Entrepreneurship. Lexington Books Publishing Company, 1983.– 630p. 3. Kahneman, D., Slovic, P., &Tversky, A. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. – New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982. – 446p. 4. Peter F. Drucker. Innovation and Entrepreneurship. – New York, 1993. – 468p.   УДК 63.011.573  ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ РИСКИ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫХ  СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ  О.Ю. Войтович Пинская теплоэлектроцентраль, woytovich@mail.ru  В последние годы значительно сокращена убыточность сельскохозяйственных предприятий, увеличиваются объѐмы производства и сбыта продукции, активизировались процессы техническо-го и технологического переоснащения сельского хозяйства, реализуется комплекс мер по воссо-зданию и развитию социальной инфраструктуры села. Вместе с тем, в условиях конкуренции с зарубежными производителями сельскохозяйственной продукции возрастают экономические рис-ки. Поэтому необходима дальнейшая индустриализация отечественного сельского хозяйства, эф-ПолесГУ

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP

https://rep.polessu.by/bitstream/123456789/8203/1/9.pdf

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

Repository of Polessky State University (Репозиторий Полесского государственного университета)