This short review was written with the objective to look over the   concepts of endotokia matricida, bring back the memorable article by Luc, Taylor and Netscher (1979).  The term endotokia matricida has been misused in  scientific publications and should be avoided. This fact is evident  when involving plant-parasitic nematodes and requires  more academic and scientific considerations

de Moura, Romero Marinho

English

Portal de Periódicos da UFRPE (Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco)

P á g i n a  | 45 Revisões A brief review and discussion on the term...   Anais da Academia Pernambucana de Ciência Agronômica, v.16, n.2, p. 45-49, 2019.  A BRIEF REVIEW AND DISCUSSION ON THE TERM ENDOTOKIA MATRICIDA  ROMERO MARINHO DE MOURA1,2,3,4  1 Academia Pernambucana de Ciência Agronômica. 2 Academia Brasileira de Ciência Agronômica. 3 Academia Pernambucana de Ciências. 4 Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Recife, Pernambuco.   Autor para correspondência: romeromoura@yahoo.com.br   Abstract This short review was written with the objective to look over the   concepts of endotokia matricida, bring back the memorable article by Luc, Taylor and Netscher (1979).  The term endotokia matricida has been misused in  scientific publications and should be avoided. This fact is evident  when involving plant-parasitic nematodes and requires  more academic and scientific considerations. Key words: endotokia matricida, intra-uterine development, intra-uterine hatching.  Resumo Esta curta revisão foi escrita com o objetivo de rever e discutir os conceitos sobre endotoquia matricida, trazendo de volta o memorável artigo de Luc, Taylor and Netscher (1979). Aparentemente, o termo endotoquia matricida   vem sendo usado erroneamente em publicações científicas, fato evidente especialmente em publicações envolvendo nematoides parasitas de planta. A questão merece mais considerações acadêmicas e científicas. Palavras-chave: desenvolvimento intra-uterino, eclosão intra-uterina, endotoquia matricida,     According to Luc, Taylor and Netscher (1979), the term endotokia matricida, endotokia matricide in Franch (SEURAT, 1914)  and endotoquia matricida in Portuguese (LORDELLO, 1951), was primarily used by  Seurat (1914) apud  Luc, Taylor and Netscher (1979). In his paper, Seurat  described an unusual phenomenon in the reproductive system of Oxyuris spinicauda Dujardin = Pharyngodon spinicauda (Dujardin) Diesing,  an intestinal parasite of a type of  gecko, collected in Algeria.  In his pioneer observations,   the French scientist found in the nematode ovaries a high amount of eggs arranged in several lines inside of a strongly distended uterus occupying nearly all body cavity  (LUC; TAYLOR; NETSCHER, 1979). The inside pressure of the eggs over the internal organs was the possible cause the death of the nematode parasite. In that situation, the nematode cuticle detached from the body, acting as a protective sheath, covering a veritable sac stuffed with eggs, similarly to one cyst.   Earlier references on the use of the endotokia matricida were not found, even though the biology of the cyst nematode was perfectly known at that time.  Only six year later of his first founding and publication,  the same  Seurat (1920) apud Luc, Taylor and Netscher (1979),  applied  again the term endotokia matricida to describe the cyst forming process in  H. schachtii Schmidt.   In conclusion, Luc, Taylor and Netscher (1979) admitted that the term endotokia matricida  should  be 46 | P á g i n a  Revisões MOURA, R. M.   Anais da Academia Pernambucana de Ciência Agronômica, v.16, n.2, p. 45-49, 2019.  discontinued in the way it has been used and must be substituted by the term female encystment  (Seurat senso). They also indicated that the term  should be only applied to characterize the death of the nematode female due to the pressure of egg accumulation inside of the body, acting as a  surviving mechanism like a cyst.  Lordello (1951), in Brazil, however, applied the term endotokia matricida  with a different meaning,  when described  an  unusual phenomenon in  Rhabiditis sp.  That author  found females dead due to the hatching of juveniles inside of their bodies as can be seen in figure 1A. Apparently,  that was the first use of the term endotokia matricida after Seurat’s publications. Due to the new use of the term and the scientific credibility of the author, a new concept was raised:  Lordello senso, according to Paetzold (1958), in his article: Bemer zur endotokia matricida von Lordello (1951).    Figura 1 – (A) Above: a case of intra-uterine hatching (matricidal hatching) in Aphelenchus avenae resulting several juvenile (J2) moving inside of a death female body. (B) Below: Inter-uterine development of J2s in Turbatrix aceti inside of an active female. The photo depicts all eggs carrying fully developed juveniles in a live female   Fonte: Moura (unpublished data).   Female encystment is a natural phenomenon, with phylogenetic roots. This mechanism is    aimed to ensure   the nematode surviving during adverse conditions.   On the other hand, during nematode reproduction “accidents”  may occur due to female injuries or  environmental disturbance (LOOS, 1962). In many cases, these accident may provoke   the female death. However, Luc, Taylor and Netscher (1979), supported the opinion that these accidents should never be referred as endotokia matricida, because they are not coherent with Seurat’s concept.   According to the literature, two types of accidents may occur during nematode reproduction:  1- Intra-uterine hatching:  the presence of J2 full developed inside of the body of a dead female (LORDELLO, 1951;  (A) (B) P á g i n a  | 47 Revisões A brief review and discussion on the term...   Anais da Academia Pernambucana de Ciência Agronômica, v.16, n.2, p. 45-49, 2019.  MOURA (Figure 1A, unpublished data). A different situation, close related to  the hereby matter, very rare in occuring, is when  males and juveniles  are found inside of a death female body, as reported in Anguina tritici (Steibach) Chitwood,  described  by Gupta and Swarup (1968). This fact was only reported in this nematode. Luc, Taylor and Netscher (1979) suggested the term “matricidal hatching” as a synonym of intra-uterine hatching;  2- Intra-uterine development: defines the presence of egg or eggs containing J2 fully developed located in the reproductive tract of the nematode, especially in the uterus. This phenomenon may or may not causes the female’s death (Figures 1B and C, respectively). In most the cases, when a  dead female is found holding one egg or many eggs with  fully developed J2s it is always difficult to   affirm if the  embryonic development occurred before or after the female death. This is especially true in species that in normal conditions produce in majority unsegmented  eggs or eggs in the two or three blastomeres stages. In the Turbatrix aceti Borelus (the vinegar nematode) the adult females are very active moving species and the majority of adult females carries many intra-uterine developed eggs (Figure 1C). This occurence may be seen in Moura, Oliveira e Torres (2006).    Moura during a routine soil analyses found a dead adult female of Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmerman) Filipjev &  Shurmans Stekhoven  in one apparent case of intra-uterine development  with death of the female (Figure 1B and Figure 2B,C). The female inside had not individual organs, but only remains. On the other hand, in the uterus region, it was found an egg with a fully developed J2 in constant moving. The egg dimensions, especially the width, were larger then the uterus, indicating a possible inside over pressure and destruction of the organ. The J2 kept moving for several hours but hatching did not occurred.  This phenomenon in P. coffeae was first reported by Wehant et Edwards (1971).                       48 | P á g i n a  Revisões MOURA, R. M.   Anais da Academia Pernambucana de Ciência Agronômica, v.16, n.2, p. 45-49, 2019.  Figure 2 – (A) Above: Pratylenchus coffeae shortly before egg expelling.  The unsegmented egg has dimensions compatible with the uterus size. (B) Below: left: the fully intra-uterine embryonic development of a moving J2 in P. coffeae. Apparently the egg is pressing the uterus wall of the dead female. (C) Below Right: the same  moving juvenile, now in different position.                                                                             Luc, Taylor and Netscher  (1979) in their final conclusions, affirmed  that  most of the authors  that followed Seurat (1914)  misapplied the term endotokia matricida, because  in all cases were not female encystment,   indicating as  examples: Hirchmann (1960), Jatala (1975), Lordello (1951),  Lordelllo and Kogut (1962),  among others. They added that: “even Caveness (1964) gave an erroneous definitions of endotokia matricida in his famous  Nematological Glossary”.   REFERENCES  CAVINESS, F. E. A glossary of nematological terms. Ibadan: Pacific Printers. 1964.  GUPTA, P.; SWARUP, G. Occurrence of living adult males and second stage larvae inside live adult females of Anguina tritice. Nematologica, Leiden, v. 14, n. 1, p. 157, 1968.  HIRCHMANN, H. Reproduction of nematodes. In: SASSER, J. N.; JENKINS, W. R. (Ed.). Nematology: fundamental and recent advances with emphasis on plant parasitic and soil forms. Chapel Hill:  University of North Carolina Press, 1960. p. 140-167.  JAIRAJPURI, M. S. Intra-uterine egg development in Aphelenchus avenae. Nematologica, Leiden, v. 10, n. 1, p. 183, 1964.    (A) (B) (C) P á g i n a  | 49 Revisões A brief review and discussion on the term...   Anais da Academia Pernambucana de Ciência Agronômica, v.16, n.2, p. 45-49, 2019.  JATALA, P.  Endotokia matricida in a Xiphinema sp.  Journal of Nematology, College Park, v. 7, n. 3, p. 205-206, 1975.  LAUGHLIN, C. W.; LORDELLO, L. G. E.; MONTERIO, R. Intra-uterine development of eggs in Pratylenchus brachyurus. Nematologia Mediterranea, Bari, v. 6, n. 1, p. 119-121, 1978.   LOOF, P. A. A. Ueber das vorkommen von endotokia matricida bei Tylenchida. Nematologica, Leiden,  v. 4, n. 3, p. 238-240, 1959.   LOOS, C. A. Studies on the life-history and habits of the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, the cause of black-head disease of banana. Proceedings of the Helminthological Socociety of Washington, Washington, v. 29, n. 1, p.  43-52, 1962. LORDELLO, L. G. E.  Endotoquia matricida em Rhabditis sp. (Nematoda : Rhabditidae). Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiróz, Piracicaba, v. 8, p. 111-114, 1951.   LORDELLO, L. G. E.; KOGUTI, S. Ocorrência de endotoquia matricida em Meloidogyne javanica (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiróz, Piracicaba, v. 19, p. 305-308, 1962.  LUC, M.; TAYLOR, D. P.; NETSCHER, C.  On endotokia and intra-uterine development and hatching in nematodes. Nematologica, Leiden, v. 25, n. 2, p. 268-274, 1979.  MOURA, R. M.; OLIVEIRA, I. S.; TORRES, G. R. C. Assinalamento do nematoide do vinagre no Nordeste do Brasil.  Nematologia Brasileira, Campinas, v. 30, n. 1, p. 67-70,   2006.  PAETZOLD, D.  Bemerkungen zur Endotokia matricida  von Lordello 1951. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther   Universitat  Halle – Wittenberg, v. 7, p. 81-83,  1958.  SEURAT, L.G. Histoire naturelle des nematodes de la Berbèrie. Première partie: morphologie, développement, éthologie et affinities des nematodes.  Alger: Impr. de S. Stamel, 1920. 221 p.  SEURAT, L.G.  Sur um cas d’endotokie matricide chez um Oxyure.  Comptes Rendus de la Société. Biologique, Paris, v. 76, n. 18, p. 850-852, 1914.  WEHUNT, E. J.; EDWARDS, D. I. Intra-uterine egg development of Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Filipjev &  Schuurmans Stekhoven.  Journal of Nematology, College Park, v. 3, n. 4, p. 422-423, 1971.       

A BRIEF REVIEW AND DISCUSSION ON THE TERM ENDOTOKIA MATRICIDA

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A BRIEF REVIEW AND DISCUSSION ON THE TERM ENDOTOKIA MATRICIDA

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