Waldorf, Montessori, Freinet and Summerhill education approaches in the context of modern education

Abstract

Alternativni načini obrazovanja javili su se još u 18. stoljeću u želji da se djecu odgaja u slobodi kroz rad i igru. Već su tada nastavnici, roditelji, ali i učenici htjeli drugačiju pedagogiju okrenutu djetetu u čijem je ono središtu. Alternativne škole pristupaju pojedincu i odgovaraju na njegove individualne potrebe u odgoju i obrazovanju. Modeli alternativnih škola Rudolfa Steinera, Marije Montessori, Celesitna Freineta i Alexandera Sutherlanda Neilla objašnjeni su u ovom radu s naglaskom na pedagoška načela i didaktičko-metodičke aspekte nastave te njihov rad u suvremenom odgoju i obrazovanju. Nastava orijentirana na učenika, učenje na izravnoj stvarnosti, razvoj osjetila, demokracija među sudionicima odgojno-obrazovnog procesa i učionica prilagođena učenicima neke su od metoda uspješnog provođenja nastavnog procesa i lakog uklapanja u razrednu zajednicu. Ovim i sličnim metodama razvijaju se samostalni i sposobni pojedinci koji posjeduju ključne kompetencije potrebne za cjeloživotno učenje.Alternative forms of education appeared in 18. century in order to educate children in freedom trough work and playing. Teachers, parents and children wanted different kind of pedagogy which puts child in center of education. Alternative schools approach to individual and respond to his individual needs in eduacation. Models of alternative schools of Rudolf Steiner, Maria Montessori, Celestin Freinet and Alexander Sutherland Neill are explaned in this paper with its pedagogical principles and didactic-methodological aspects of teaching and their work in modern education. Teaching orientated to students, direct reality learning, sensible development, democracy within students and teachers and classroom adapted to students are kind of successful teaching process and could be easily integrated into the class community.This and similar methods develop self-sufficient and capable individuals who possess the key competences needed for lifelong learning