Glaser, Hugh

English

Southampton (e-Prints Soton)

© 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Seme4 18 Soho Square London W1 3QL T : + 44 20 7060 1590 Pragmatics of Semantic Technologies in Education: Linked Data Hugh Glaser Seme4 Ltd. and University of Southampton, UK   SemHE ‘10: Semantic Web Applications in Higher Education  University of Southampton, UK  h p://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/21666	 ﾠ© 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  2 Linked Data – a little motivation © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  3 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  4 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  5 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  6 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Repositories •  Eg Dspace, ePrints •  Open sharing of material (usually) •  Beneﬁt scientiﬁc research –  Makes available results •  Quickly •  Accessible to almost all •  Beneﬁt researchers –  A vehicle for publication and easy access –  Reputation is enhanced –  Online access is many times more seen than paper •  Some argue –  Researchers do the work, often funded by government –  They give the outputs to publishers (or even pay) –  Then they pay to get the outputs back from the publishers 7 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com •  Which repositories? –  Institutional –  Professional organisation –  Governments and other stakeholders –  Publishers –  Third parties •  What? –  Open Archive people are concerned to make the content public –  Here, we are concerned primarily with the metadata •  Metadata publishing should be non-controversial –  But many organisations do not understand! 8 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  9 http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  10 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Linked Data •  Tim Berners-Lee  –  http://www.w3.org/2009/Talks/0204-ted-tbl/ –  “the Semantic Web done right, and the Web done right” 11 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Linked Data Principles 12 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 1. Use URIs as names for things •  Everything –  If you donʼt name something you canʼt talk about it –  Things of course –  Year of publication –  Ideas –  … •  Cool URIs –  Think of the consumer/customer •  https://secure.ecs.soton.ac.uk/gizmos/person_by_username.php?username=hg •  https://secure.ecs.soton.ac.uk/person/username/hg •  RESTful Interfaces •  Ambiguity –  URIs help to avoid it, especially if you… 13 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 2. Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names •  HTTP URI names come with an excellent look up mechanism •  And ownership, etc. 14 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 3. When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL) •  So they know what you mean •  Deliver some human readable data –  html •  Deliver some machine processable data –  RDF –  JSON –  CSV –  text 15 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com RDF (Resource Description Framework) “Hugh Glaser works for the University of Southampton” person-00021 name     "Hugh Glaser" person-00021 works-for     Southampton_University  Southampton_University label     "The University of Southampton" 16 How to Publish Linked Data on the Web:- http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/ © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com RDF (Resource Description Framework) “Hugh Glaser works for the University of Southampton” <http://southampton.rkbexplorer.com/id/person-00021> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name>     "Hugh Glaser" . <http://southampton.rkbexplorer.com/id/person-00021> <http://aktors.org/ontology/portal#works-for>     <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Southampton_University> .  <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Southampton_University> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label>     "The University of Southampton" . 17 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com RDF (Resource Description Framework) •  RDF Triples constitute a graph –  <subject-uri> <predicate-uri> <object-uri> –  <subject-uri> <predicate-uri> “String” •  ontologies deﬁne vocabularies, types and relationships •  Agreed URIs facilitate linkage between datasets 18 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 4. Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things •  “Foreign” URIs –  dbpedia:Southampton_University  •  Equivalence –  owl:sameAs –  skos:exactMatch –  … 19 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Making Processing “safer” 20 Natural Language URIs Difficult problem  rdfs:label Semantic Web © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Example – This Presentation in HTML 21 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com This Presentation in RDF 22 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Machine-Processable Metadata •  Accessible data •  Common vocabularies •  Relations –  Eg dct:creator •  Instances –  Eg epid:person/ext-21 23 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Metadata Out There •  Current statistics for this RDF repository (http://oai.rkbexplorer.com/sparql/) — •  Last data assertion  2010-01-06 21:22:05 •  Number of triples    24206591 •  Number of symbols    8512102 •  Size of RDF dataset  22G 24 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com In the OAI.rkbexplorer.com Repository 25 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Somehow Open Data should offer Linkage •  At present very little linkage between repositories •  Our other data stores: 26 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 27 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com ePrints repositories  28 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 29 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Context: RKB and RKBExplorer •  RKB (ReSIST Knowledge Base) and RKBExplorer •  Knowledge-enabled infrastructure for cooperation in research into resilient systems •  Came out of CS AKTiveSpace –  (Semantic Web Challenge winner 2003) •  Reasonably mature system and ongoing development 30 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com RKBExplorer – the ReSIST Project © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com RKBExplorer.com © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 33 Or a Paper © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Or a Couple of People 34 And how they are linked © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 35 And Why they are Linked? © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com One of Many KBs, including other ePrints acm.rkbexplorer.com budapest.rkbexplorer.com citeseer.rkbexplorer.com cordis.rkbexplorer.com courseware.rkbexplorer.com darmstadt.rkbexplorer.com dblp.rkbexplorer.com dbpedia.org deepblue.rkbexplorer.com deploy.rkbexplorer.com epsrc.rkbexplorer.com eurecom.rkbexplorer.com ft.rkbexplorer.com ibm.rkbexplorer.com ieee.rkbexplorer.com irit.rkbexplorer.com italy.rkbexplorer.com kaunas.rkbexplorer.com kisti.rkbexplorer.com laas.rkbexplorer.com lisbon.rkbexplorer.com newcastle.rkbexplorer.com nsf.rkbexplorer.com pisa.rkbexplorer.com rae2001.rkbexplorer.com resex.rkbexplorer.com roma.rkbexplorer.com southampton.rkbexplorer.com ulm.rkbexplorer.com unlocode.rkbexplorer.com wiki.rkbexplorer.com xxx.yyy.zzz Range from a few 100 to more than 10,000,000 “facts”  © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com The Need to Expose More •  Drill down from the papers to the data •  And the experimental method •  Climategate 37 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 38 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 39 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Co-Reference •  Repositories have people, publications, etc.  from other institutions who also have records there and elsewhere •  And vice versa •  Co-Reference is a Big Problem –  Everything is a URI (not title, name, number…) –  Identifying multiple URIs for one resource –  Rejecting incorrectly conﬂated resources –  Publishing –  Using •  Coldstart –  A serious problem –  Nothing is linked to anything –  Not even (reliably) within most repositories 40 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Who is Nigel Shadbolt? 41 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Co-Reference Service (CRS) •  CRS Subsystem –  Find co-references –  Store them –  Publish them •  Essentially: •  URIi -> { URI1, …, URIi, …, URIn } –  Recommend a “Canon” •  Published by the Data Publisher –  And possibly others •  Middleware aggregates co-references from recognised CRSes 42 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com CRS continued •  CRS Policies are deﬁned by context –  Often one per Triplestore –  Can be many per Triplestore for different purposes –  May not be associated with a particular Triplestore •  Maintenance –  Provenance –  Rollback •  Can be used to infer owl:sameAs •  Eg OAI CRS has –  7531045 different URIs –  in –  2544955 bundles 43 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Co-Reference Closure 44 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Distributed System – discoverable with attribution © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com A General Facility - Finding Co-reference 46 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  47 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Other Subsystems •  All ﬁt into a Linked data framework 48 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 50 Dealing With Different Ontologies •  The RKBExplorer application uses particular ontologies –  Mostly AKT Reference Ontology –  Some KBs will use different ontologies –  Eg kisti.rkbexplorer.com –  Uses KISTI Research Ontology •  One solution –  Represent the ontology mapping in RDF (as far as possible) –  Resolve the URI through a mapping service to get RDF in the required ontology 50 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 51 On-ﾭ‐The-ﾭ‐Fly	 ﾠTransla on	 ﾠ© 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com User Interaction •  Semantic MediaWiki •  Custom form interfaces •  Google Maps •  Raw Knowledge Browser •  RKBExplorer •  Why do you think that? information 52 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Seme4 18 Soho Square London W1 3QL T : + 44 20 7060 1590 Oﬄine	 ﾠConversion	 ﾠ&	 ﾠVersioning	 ﾠ3store	 ﾠ CRS	 ﾠOntology	 ﾠMapping	 ﾠService	 ﾠFresnel	 ﾠrenderer	 ﾠLinked	 ﾠData	 ﾠSPARQL	 ﾠMesh-ﾭ‐up	 ﾠSeman c	 ﾠMediaWiki	 ﾠNLP	 ﾠAJAX-ﾭ‐based	 ﾠData	 ﾠEntry	 ﾠWhy?	 ﾠFaceted	 ﾠBrowser	 ﾠCommunity	 ﾠof	 ﾠPrac ce	 ﾠAnalyser	 ﾠMachine	 ﾠLearning	 ﾠCoreference	 ﾠAnalysis	 ﾠKnowledge-ﾭ‐Enabled	 ﾠResearch	 ﾠSupport:	 ﾠRKBExplorer.com	 ﾠIan	 ﾠMillard	 ﾠ&	 ﾠHugh	 ﾠGlaser,	 ﾠ{icm,hg}@ecs.soton.ac.uk	We are pleased to acknowledge the help and work provided by our ReSIST Partners and many others.	This work was supported by the ReSIST Network of Excellence, which is sponsored by the Information Society Technology (IST) priority under contract number IST 4 026764 NOE.	© 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Update in Action 58 Before and after inserting this paper in the Southampton ePrints repository and RKB has noticed Note the position of Les Carr in Hugh’s related People © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 59 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 60 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 61 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com edshare 62 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Our Application Domain: Supporting resilient computing –  People, Publication, Projects, Research Areas –  Resilience-related topics –  Resilience-Explicit Computing –  Educational Resources –  In the future •  Automating discovery of issues and solutions –  Design time –  Run time © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Finding mechanisms that are appropriate for Hardware and Aerospace SELECT DISTINCT ?mechanismURI ?mechanismName ?metadataName ?metadataValue WHERE {   ?mechanismURI rdf:type resex:Resilience-Mechanism .   ?mechanismURI resex:applies-to-technology akt:Hardware-Platform .   ?mechanismURI resex:has-application-domain acm:J.2.0 .   ?mechanismURI rdfs:label ?mechanismName . }  © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Inspecting metadata, number of variants SELECT DISTINCT ?mechanismURI ?mechanismName ?metadataName ?metadataValue WHERE {   ?mechanismURI rdf:type resex:Resilience-Mechanism .   ?mechanismURI resex:applies-to-technology akt:Hardware-Platform .   ?mechanismURI resex:has-application-domain acm:J.2.0 .   ?mechanismURI rdfs:label ?mechanismName .   ?mechanismURI resex:has-resilience-metadata ?metadata .         ?metadata resex:metadata-type id:resilience-metadata-type-231c8583         ?metadata resex:metadata-type ?mt . ?mt rdfs:label ?metadataName .         ?metadata resex:has-value ?metadataValue } © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Inspecting metadata, average cost of implementing fault tolerant system -vs- cost of implementing non fault tolerant system SELECT DISTINCT ?mechanismURI ?mechanismName ?metadataName ?metadataValue WHERE {   ?mechanismURI rdf:type resex:Resilience-Mechanism .   ?mechanismURI resex:applies-to-technology akt:Hardware-Platform .   ?mechanismURI resex:has-application-domain acm:J.2.0 .   ?mechanismURI rdfs:label ?mechanismName .   ?mechanismURI resex:has-resilience-metadata ?metadata .         ?metadata resex:metadata-type id:resilience-metadata-type-de1eddf9 .         ?metadata resex:metadata-type ?mt . ?mt rdfs:label ?metadataName .         ?metadata resex:has-value ?metadataValue } © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Comparison of the operational overheads in determining a fault has occurred SELECT DISTINCT ?mechanismURI ?mechanismName ?metadataName ?metadataValue WHERE {   ?mechanismURI rdf:type resex:Resilience-Mechanism .   ?mechanismURI resex:applies-to-technology akt:Hardware-Platform .   ?mechanismURI resex:has-application-domain acm:J.2.0 .   ?mechanismURI rdfs:label ?mechanismName .   ?mechanismURI resex:has-resilience-metadata ?metadata .         ?metadata resex:metadata-type id:resilience-metadata-type-3443934c .         ?metadata resex:metadata-type ?mt . ?mt rdfs:label ?metadataName .         ?metadata resex:has-value ?metadataValue } © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Open System •  RKBExplorer is only one interface –  And not a required part •  Services: –  Details for a paper (the right hand pane in RKBExplorer): •  http://www.rkbexplorer.com/detail/?uri=http://southampton.rkbexplorer.com/id/eprints-12614 –  Network of people for a publication (lower pane): •  http://www.rkbexplorer.com/network/?uri=http://southampton.rkbexplorer.com/id/eprints-12614&type=publication-person –  … •  Services –  http://www.rkbexplorer.com/services/ •  Other Interfaces (using the services) –  Personal Web pages –  iPhone –  iGoogle Gadget 68 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  69 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com  70 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com 71 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com iPhone App 72 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Semantic Web is not “All or Nothing” 73 © 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com Concluding Remarks •  Linked Data works for integration •  Much added value •  Repositories are a rich source of metadata •  Need to support the entire research life-cycle •  Linked Data works pretty well •  RDF works pretty well •  A little Ontology goes a long way •  Please donʼt stop at the repository •  Drill down to the science •  Go on and get the added value of Linked Data •  Worry about your co-reference –  Do you have IDs in your repository? –  Can you reliably identify all the papers of a single person? 74  h p://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/21666	 ﾠ© 2010 Seme4  Seme4.com You are never alone •  Ian Millard •  ReSIST Project •  AKT Project •  EnAKTing Project •  10 years of collaborators 75 

Seme4 Seme4.com Update in Action 58 Before and after inserting this paper in the Southampton ePrints repository and RKB has noticed Note the position of Les Carr

Pragmatics of Semantic Technologies in Education: Linked Data

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