Hand, foot and mouth disease, that was once considered a disease of cattle, has been emerging as a common human 
childhood disease in the last few years. It is a viral disease characterized by a brief febrile illness and typical vesicular rashes. In rare cases, patients may also develop neurological complications. This report describes a case of 
hand, foot and mouth disease, presented with typical clinical features in the South Indian region

Kashyap, Rajesh Shanker

Kashyap, Roopashri Rajesh

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry

PubMed

Repositori d'Objectes Digitals per a l'Ensenyament la Recerca i la Cultura

J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(2):e336-8.                                                                                                                                                                                          Hand, foot and mouth diseasee336Journal section: Oral Medicine and Pathology                           Publication Types: Case ReportHand, foot and mouth disease - a short case reportRoopashri-Rajesh Kashyap 1, Rajesh-Shanker Kashyap 21 M.D.S. Reader, Dept. of Oral Medicine and Radiology, A.J. Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore- 575004, Karnataka, India2 M.D.S. Professor, Dept. of Periodontics, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, IndiaCorrespondence:Dept. of Oral Medicine and RadiologyA.J. Institute of Dental SciencesMangalore- 575004Karnataka, Indiaroopashri.r.k@gmail.comReceived: 11/09/2014Accepted: 04/12/2014Abstract Hand, foot and mouth disease, that was once considered a disease of cattle, has been emerging as a common human childhood disease in the last few years. It is a viral disease characterized by a brief febrile illness and typical vesi-cular rashes. In rare cases, patients may also develop neurological complications. This report describes a case of hand, foot and mouth disease, presented with typical clinical features in the South Indian region.Key words: Hand, foot and mouth disease, viral lesions, blisters.doi:10.4317/jced.52031http://dx.doi.org/10.4317/jced.52031Article Number: 52031                http://www.medicinaoral.com/odo/indice.htm© Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - eISSN: 1989-5488eMail:  jced@jced.esIndexed in:PubmedPubmed Central® (PMC)ScopusDOI® SystemKashyap RR, Kashyap RS. Hand, foot and mouth disease - a short case report. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(2):e336-8.http://www.medicinaoral.com/odo/volumenes/v7i2/jcedv7i2p336.pdfIntroductionHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood disease characterized by a brief febrile illness, typical vesicular rashes on the palms, soles, or buttocks, and oropharyngeal ulcers. In rare cases, patients may also develop neurological complications, such as en-cephalomyelitis, aseptic meningitis, and acute ﬂaccid paralysis. The most common etiological agents are coxsackievirus A6, A16 and enterovirus type 71 (1,2). Here we report a case of a two- year old child presented with typical features of HFMD.Case ReportA two years old boy  reported to the hospital with the complaint of difficulty in eating since a day. History re-vealed the presence of fever since a day. The patient had developed fever suddenly the previous night without any symptoms of ﬂu. After 12 hours his mother had no-ticed two papules; one in the palm and one in the foot. Following that he developed a severe ache in legs and difficulty to eat. The patient experienced a severe itching over the papules.Informed consent was obtained from the parent as a part of the routine protocol before the clinical examination. On examination, the patient was febrile and had a body temperature of 101.4°F. Many papules were noted on the palm and foot. 2-3 papules were present over the trunk region and knee as well (Fig. 1). Intraoral examination revealed multiple reddish macules, measuring approxi-mately 2mm in diameter in the roof of the hard palate. No other lesions were present intraorally. Based on the clinical features, the case was diagnosed as hand, foot and mouth disease. The patient was advised to consume plenty of ﬂuids and was prescribed paracetamol syrup to control fever, topical local anesthetic for intraoral appli-cation, antihistamine syrup to reduce itching and calami-J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(2):e336-8.                                                                                                                                                                                          Hand, foot and mouth diseasee337Fig. 1. Papules on hands and feet on the first day.ne lotion for topical application. After two days, most of the papules had turned into ﬂuid filled blisters and few blisters were present around the mouth (Fig. 2). Howe-ver, palatal lesions had subsided improving the patient’s ability to take food. Vesicles started forming crustations in a week and the skin returned to normal in a month (Fig. 3). The patient was followed up for 6 months and no recurrence was noted.DiscussionHFMD is a common, usually mild childhood illness cau-sed by enteroviruses. Over the last five years, coxsac-kievirus A6 has been identified as a causative agent Fig. 2. Papules and blisters on the hand, foot and mouth on the third day.Fig. 3. Healing lesions on hand and foot on the 15th day.in outbreaks in Europe, South-East Asia and America (3). HFMD was first reported in New Zealand in 1957. Coxsackievirus A16 was first identified next year in 1958 in Canada. HFMD has been considered to be a be-nign disease of self limiting nature (4). The term HFMD derives from typical maculopapular or vesicular lesions involving the skin of the hands, feet and oral mucosa. The prodromal phase, including low-grade fever, malai-se and sore throat is commonly observed (5).HFMD is characterized by the sudden appearance of erythematous papulo vesicular eruptions. Vesicles are round or oval. Generally, they appear in crops and persist in groups over some specific areas like hand, feet, perio-ral area, knees, buttocks and also intraorally. Lesions in thick skin like the palms and soles may not develop clas-sical vesicle; they may instead persist as erythematous papules. The disease usually improves spontaneously after 7-10 days without any complication. In severe di-sease, cardiorespiratory and neurological involvement may develop. HFMD is generally easily diagnosed on clinical grounds. Although, this shares some clinical resemblance with other diseases like varicella zoster, papular urticaria, impetigo and pompholyx, the constellation of features are unique enough to aid instant clinical diagnosis with certainty in almost all cases. There is neither an effecti-ve antiviral therapy, nor an effective vaccine available against the disease. This is a contagious disease and has the potentiality to spread very fast over a large popu-lation in the community (4). Treatment for HFMD is mainly symptomatic. Antipyretics are given to control fever and antihistamines to reduce itching. Topical local J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(2):e336-8.                                                                                                                                                                                          Hand, foot and mouth diseasee338anesthetics can be prescribed for oral ulcers to improve patients’ ability to consume a routine diet.Prevention of further spread of the disease is the only way to control a disease from becoming a large out-break. As the organisms are enterovirus, they spread through faeco-oral route. Strict implementation of  ba-sic protocols like monitoring cleanliness of the hands, utensils and drinking water and avoiding direct contact with affected people can be rewarding. Restriction of the affected children from attending school or other outdoor activities is a very simple but effective strategy (4).ConclusionsHFMD, that was once considered a disease of cattle, has been emerging as a common human childhood disease in the last few years. The incidence of this disease in-creases every year. Though in most of the cases, it is nonfatal, there are some reported cases of complications seen in HFMD patients. All dentists, pediatricians and dermatologists should be aware of the clinical features of this disease and possible complications.References1. Wu Y, Yeo A, Phoon MC, Tan EL, Poh CL, Quak SH, et al. The largest outbreak of hand; foot and mouth disease in Singapore in 2008: The role of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A strain. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:e1076-81.2. Ben-Chetrit E, Wiener-Well Y, Shulman LM, Cohen MJ, Elinav H, Sofer D, et al. Coxsackievirus A6-related hand foot and mouth disease: Skin manifestations in a cluster of adult patients. J Clin Virol.2014;59:201-3.3. Hayman R, Shepherd M, Tarring C, Best E. Outbreak of variant hand-foot-and-mouth disease caused by coxsackievirus A6 in Auc-kland, New Zealand. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50:751-54.Sarma N. Hand, foot, and mouth disease: Current scenario and Indian perspective. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2013;79:165-75.5. Kaminska K, Martinetti G, Lucchini R, Kaya G, Mainetti C. Coxsac-kievirus A6 and Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease: Three Case Reports of Familial Child-to-Immunocompetent Adult Transmission and a Li-terature Review Case Rep Dermatol. 2013;5:203-9.

Hand, foot and mouth disease: a short case report

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