Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic fungal infection that commonly affects patients who are immuno-compromised. It invariably presents as an acute spreading infection, with very poor prognosis if not treated promptly. We 
report  a  case  of  mucormycosis  in  immuno-competent  elderly  patient,  presenting  as  oro-antral  communication. 
Patient’s  history,  clinical  and  laboratory  evaluation  revealed  no  systemic  predisposing  factors. The  disease  was 
non-fulminant, localized and showed remission after local measures, without parentral anti-fungal therap

Belgaumi, Uzma

Malik, Neelima A.

Nilesh, Kumar

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry

PubMed

K Nilesh

NA Malik

U Belgaumi

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Mucormycosis in a healthy elderly patient presenting as oro-antral fistula: Report of a rare incidence

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J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(2):e333-5.                                                                                                                                     Kumar Nilesh; mucormycosis presenting as oro-antral fistulae333Journal section: Oral Surgery                           Publication Types: Case ReportMucormycosis in a healthy elderly patient presenting as oro-antral fistula: Report of a rare incidence Kumar Nilesh 1, Neelima A. Malik  2, Uzma Belgaumi 31 M.D.S. (Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery), Reader, School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU,Karad, India2 Professor  & HOD, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad3 Lecturer, Department Of Oral Pathology, Microbiology & Forensic Odontology, School of dental Sciences, KIMSDU, KaradCorrespondence:Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial SurgerySchool of Dental SciencesKrishna Hospital, KaradSatara , Maharashtra, 415 110 drkumarnilesh@yahoo.comReceived: 19/09/2014Accepted: 05/02/2015Abstract Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic fungal infection that commonly affects patients who are immuno-compro-mised. It invariably presents as an acute spreading infection, with very poor prognosis if not treated promptly. We report a case of mucormycosis in immuno-competent elderly patient, presenting as oro-antral communication. Patient’s history, clinical and laboratory evaluation revealed no systemic predisposing factors. The disease was non-fulminant, localized and showed remission after local measures, without parentral anti-fungal therapy.Key words: Mucormycosis, maxilla, elderly, oroantral communication.doi:10.4317/jced.52064http://dx.doi.org/10.4317/jced.52064Nilesh K, Malik NA, Belgaumi U. Mucormycosis in a healthy elderly patient presenting as oro-antral fistula: Report of a rare incidence. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(2):e333-5.http://www.medicinaoral.com/odo/volumenes/v7i2/jcedv7i2p333.pdfIntroductionMucormycosis, also known as zygomycosis, is a rare, life-threatening fungal infection caused by saprophytic organism of the order mucorales (1). Most of the in-fection is caused by genera rhizopus, mucor, and rhi-zomucor. These fungi usually do not cause disease in healthy people with intact immune systems. However a number of conditions can predispose to development of this disease, including diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failu-re, malignancies, intravenous drug abuse, malnutrition, neutropenia due to haematological disease (leukaemia, lymphoma or aplastic anaemia), anti-neoplastic drugs, organ transplant, acquired immune-deficiency syndrome and chronic corticosteroid therapy (2). If not recognized early or treated inadequately, they are among the most acutely fatal infections known.This paper reports a rare case of mucormycosis in a healthy elderly patient, presenting as a chronic oroantral communication. The patient’s history revealed no pre-disposing factors, nor the clinical and haematological evaluation gave any indication of mucormycosis, thus presenting as a diagnostic dilemma.  Unlike acute and fulminant nature of mucormycosis, the disease was self-limiting and showed remission after local measures wi-thout parentral anti-fungal therapy. The protocol of the present report has been approved by the ethical review board of the author’s institution.Case ReportA 72 years old male patient and farmer by occupation presented with complaint of escape of fluid from his left nostril after drinking water since one month. There was Article Number: 52064                http://www.medicinaoral.com/odo/indice.htm© Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - eISSN: 1989-5488eMail:  jced@jced.esIndexed in:PubmedPubmed Central® (PMC)ScopusDOI® SystemJ Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(2):e333-5.                                                                                                                                     Kumar Nilesh; mucormycosis presenting as oro-antral fistulae334no associated pain, swelling or discomfort. Patient gave history of traumatic extraction one month earlier at rural dental hospital.  No significant medical or family history was reported. Extra-oral examination showed no apparent abnormality. On intra-oral examination, the patient had a partially edentulous maxillary arch with non-healing extraction sockets of maxillary left molars. Dehiscence of gingival tissue and exposed alveolar crestal bone was noted at the site of extraction. Escape of water through left nostril was demonstrated on oral intake. Panoramic radiograph of the jaw bone showed a linear radiolucency extending from alveolar crest to floor of maxillary sinus, with breach in continuity of the sinus floor, suggestive of oro-antral communication (OAC). Routine blood exa-mination, including serum glucose and haemogram of the patient was within normal limits. Diagnosis of OAC subsequent to extraction of maxillary molar teeth was established. Patient was put on pre-operative antibiotics (Tablet Amocicillin 500mg + Potassium Clavulanate 125 two times a day) and nasal decongestant. Surgical closure of the OAC was planned and executed under lo-cal anaesthesia. Intra-operatively on reflection of buccal and palatal mu-cosal flaps, necrotic maxillary alveolar bone was seen extending from midline to left maxillary tuberosity re-gion, including the extraction sockets of molars (Fig. 1). The block of maxillary left alveolus was mobile and easily elevated from its soft tissue attachments (Fig.  2). Interestingly the bone superior to the alveolus, in maxi-llary buttress region appeared completely healthy (Fig. 3). The area was irrigated and after attaining adequate haemostasis the defect was closed primarily, by advan-cing the buccal flap and suturing it to the palatal muco-sa. The necrotic maxillary alveolar bone was submitted for histopathologic evaluation. Computed Tomography (CT) was advised postoperatively, to study extent of ske-letal involvement. The CT scan showed thickening of the left maxillary sinus lining. Microscopic study of the alveolar bone revealed presen-ce of broad aseptate hyphae with acute angle branching pattern (Fig. 4a) surrounded by area of bone trabaculae Fig. 1. Intra-operative views: Necrotic alveolar bone extending from midline to left maxillary tuberosity region.Fig. 2. Intra-operative views: excised alveolar bone.Fig. 3. Intra-operative views: Surgical site after removal of the alveo-lar bone. Note the healthy bone at maxillary buttress region (white arrow) and breach in sinus lining (black arrow).(Fig. 4b). Based on the histopathologic examination diagnosis of mucormycosis was established.The patient was subjected to through clinical and la-boratory examination, including total and differential blood lymphocyte count, peripheral blood smear, liver function test, fasting and postpranadial blood sugar le-vels, serum immunoglobulin levels, liver function tests (LFT), to rule out underlying systemic and immunosu-ppressive diseases. Considering the fulminant and fatal course of the fungal infection, hospitalization and pa-renteral antifungal therapy was advised. However the patient was not willing for admission. Oral antifungal therapy (Posaconazole; 400 mg twice daily for 6 weeks) was prescribed and the patient was kept on daily recall. The post-operative healing was uneventful and the in-fection showed complete remission. At 6- month follow up there was satisfactory healing of the surgical site. On radiological assessment no significant finding was seen and both the maxillary sinuses appeared normal. J Clin Exp Dent. 2015;7(2):e333-5.                                                                                                                                     Kumar Nilesh; mucormycosis presenting as oro-antral fistulae335Fig. 4. Photomicrograph showing a) presence fungal hyphae (block arrow), bone trabaculae (hollow arrow) and b) broad aseptate hyphae with acute irregular branching pattern characteristic of mucormyco-sis (hematoxylin and eosin stained, ×400). a bDiscussionMucormycosis is a rare fungal infection, first reported in humans by Paultaufin in 1885 (3). It is also called as zygomycosis and is caused by fungi belonging to the order Mucorales. Most of the species known to cause human disease belong to the family Mucoraceae, which includes the Rhizopus, Mucor, and Absidia genera. The-se fungi exist in environment in soil, air, food, compo-site piles, and animal excreta and play a major role in decomposition in the natural world. The major mode of disease transmission for the fungi is presumed to be via inhalation of spores from environmental sources. Less often, primary mucormycosis is caused by implantation of fungal elements in traumatic cutaneous lesions, burns or in association with intravenous drug abuse. Our patient was a farmer by occupation and would have possibly got infected with the fungi by inhalation of sporangiospores from the atmosphere or contact with contaminated soil.Mucormycosis is characterized by rapid growth rate and typically cause acute, aggressive, and frequently angio-invasive infections, especially in immunosuppressed hosts. Its clinical presentation is variable and depends upon the site of entry of micro-organism and organ sys-tems involved. The most common form is rhinocerebral, involving the nose, paranasal sinuses, orbits and central nervous system. Other forms of mucormycosis include cutaneous, gastrointestinal, pulmonary and dissemina-ted. Early symptoms of rhino-cerebral mucormycosis are peri-nasal paresthesia, cellulitis, periorbital edema, rhinorrhea and nasal crusting. These features are quic-kly superseded by eschar formation and necrosis of the naso-facial region (4). Unlike the acute and fulminant course of this infection, our case presented as a localized necrosis of left maxillary alveolar bone, in an immune-competent patient. The only clinical finding on presenta-tion was an OAC subsequent to extraction of maxillary molar teeth. Mucormycosis typically colonizes and widely spreads in susceptible immune-compromised host by vascular invasion with subsequent tissue necrosis and infarction. The possible hypothesis to explanation the localized na-ture of the infection in our patient can be the compromi-sed local host defense mechanism. Mucosal epithelium and vascular endothelium presents an effective barrier against tissue invasion by micro-organisms. Epithelium and endothelium damaged by prior infection (chronic si-nusitis in our case, as evident on post-operative CT scan) and trauma (traumatic tooth removal) could have made this otherwise systemically healthy individual, prone to acquire the infection. Despite many advances in diagnosis and treatment, mu-cormycosis still carries a high mortality rate (75–95%) (1). Management of mucormycosis requires hospitali-zation and combination of parenteral antifungal thera-py, surgical intervention, and control of the underlying risk factors. Unlike the acute and fulminant course of the disease, our case presented as a self-limiting, locali-zed low-grade fungal infection in an immuno-competent hosts. Also to best of our knowledge this is the first case report of oral mucormycosis in english literature, pre-senting as OAC. References1. Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL. Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a re-view of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:634-53.2. Kofteridis DP, Karabekios S, Panagiotides JG, Bizakis J, Kyrmiza-kis D, Saridaki Z, et al. Successful treatment of rhinocerebral mucor-mycosis with liposomal amphotericin B and surgery in two diabetic patients with renal dysfunction. J Chemother. 2003;15:282-6.3. Paultauf A. Mycosis mucorina. Arch Path Anat. 1885;102:543-5.4. Ferguson BJ. Mucormycosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Oto-laryngol Clin North Am. 2000;33:349-65.

Mucormycosis in a healthy elderly patient presenting  as oro-antral fistula: report of a rare incidence

Mucormycosis in a healthy elderly patient presenting as oro-antral fistula: report of a rare incidence

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