The decrease of muscle strength and general physical fitness is a big problem in the elderly group. It often prevents the proper functioning of a person, which makes him/her dependent on caretakers. It is believed that the some polymorphisms in ACTN3 geneare associated with better results in strength sports. If those polymorphisms affect muscle strength, they may also be related to the health condition of older people. Our study was conducted on a group of 60 people over 60 years of age. The relationship between overall fitness and muscular strength of elderly patients with ACTN R577X gene polymorphism was checked. The ACTN3 gene was tested by PCR-RFLP. Overall fitness was tested using the IPAQ questionnaire and fitness tests: Tinetti, DGI, Up&Go, SPPB, standing on one leg (both right and left). Based on the results of the survey, the MET and BMI coefficients were determined. It was found that the RX genotype is associated with better results achieved in the SPPB test. Genotype XX was associated with worse results in the right leg standing test (p<0.05). The R-allele of the ACTN3 gene wasassociated with better results obtained during the standing test on the right leg (p<0.05).Based on obtained results it was impossible to determine a clear impact of the ACTN3 gene on muscle strength and health of the older adults

Androsiuk-Perkowska, Joanna

Gębka, Dominika

Kozłowski, Henryk

Kożuchowski, Marcin

Kujawski, Sławomir 

Kędziora-Kornatowska, Kornelia

Kłoska, Sylwester

Marciniak, Anna

Perkowski, Radosław

Podhorecka, Marta

Woźniak, Marcin

Żukow, Walery

Journal of Education Health and Sport

English

Kłoska Sylwester, Marciniak Anna, Woźniak Marcin, Perkowski Radosław, Podhorecka Marta, Gębka Dominika, Androsiuk-Perkowska Joanna, Kujawski Sławomir, Kożuchowski Marcin, Kozłowski Henryk, Kędziora-Kornatowska Kornelia, Zukow Walery. Association between ACTN3 gene polymorphism and muscle strength in older adults. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2018;8(9):155-165. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345234

http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5814

 

 

 

 

 

 

The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017).

1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7

 

© The Authors 2018;

This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland

Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.

 

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

 

Received: 28.07.2018. Revised: 28.07.2018. Accepted: 14.08.2018.

 

 

 

 

 

Związek pomiędzy polimorfizmem genu ACTN3 i siłą mięśni u osób starszych

Association between ACTN3 gene polymorphism and muscle strength in older adults


 

Sylwester Kłoska1), Anna Marciniak1), Marcin Woźniak1), Radosław Perkowski2), Marta Podhorecka2), Dominika Gębka2), Joanna Androsiuk-Perkowska2), Sławomir Kujawski3), Marcin Kożuchowski2), Henryk Kozłowski1), Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska2), Walery Zukow4)

1) Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Forensic Genetics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, Poland

2) Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, Poland

3) Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Division of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland

4) Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun’, Poland


 


 

Adres korespondencyjny: Sylwester Kloska, ul. Grójecka 5 85-373, Bydgoszcz, Polska, adres e-mail: mkloska93@gmail.com; tel: 510 145 456

Abstract

The decrease of muscle strength and general physical fitness is a big problem in the elderly group. It often prevents the proper functioning of a person, which makes him/her dependent on caretakers. It is believed that the some polymorphisms in ACTN3 geneare associated with better results in strength sports. If those polymorphisms affect muscle strength, they may also be related to the health condition of older people. Our study was conducted on a group of 60 people over 60 years of age. The relationship between overall fitness and muscular strength of elderly patients with ACTN R577X gene polymorphism was checked. The ACTN3 gene was tested by PCR-RFLP. Overall fitness was tested using the IPAQ questionnaire and fitness tests: Tinetti, DGI, Up&Go, SPPB, standing on one leg (both right and left). Based on the results of the survey, the MET and BMI coefficients were determined. It was found that the RX genotype is associated with better results achieved in the SPPB test. Genotype XX was associated with worse results in the right leg standing test (p<0.05). The R-allele of the ACTN3 gene wasassociated with better results obtained during the standing test on the right leg (p<0.05).Based on obtained results it was impossible to determine a clear impact of the ACTN3 gene on muscle strength and health of the older adults.

Key words: sport genetics, ACTN3, older adults, geriatric patient


 

Streszczenie

Spadek siły mięśniowej oraz ogólnej sprawności fizycznej jest dużym problemem w grupie osób starszych. Często uniemożliwia prawidłowe funkcjonowanie danej osoby, przez co staje się ona zależna od swoich opiekunów. Uważa się, że gen ACTN3 ma związek z lepszymi wynikami osiąganymi w sportach siłowych. Ze względu na swój domniemany związek z siłą mięśni może mieć on również wpływ na stan zdrowia osób starszych. Niniejsze badanie przeprowadzono na grupie 60 osób powyżej 60 roku życia. Poddano analizie związek pomiędzy ogólną sprawnością fizyczną i siłą mięśni starszych pacjentów a polimorfizmem genu ACTN3 R577X. Polimorfizm genu ACTN3 został zbadany metodą PCR-RFLP. Ogólną sprawność badano przy użyciu kwestionariusza IPAQ oraz testów sprawnościowych: testu Tinetti, DGI, Up&Go, SPPB, stania na jednej nodze (zarówno prawej jak i lewej). Na podstawie wyników ankiety określano współczynnik MET oraz BMI. Wykazano, że genotyp RX ma związek z osiąganiem lepszych rezultatów podczas testu SPPB (p<0,05). Genotyp XX powiązany jest z gorszymi wynikami podczas testu stania na prawej nodze (p<0,05). Allel R genu ACTN3 jest związany z lepszymi wynikami osiąganymi podczas testu stania na prawej nodze (p<0,05). Dodatkowo, występuje on częściej u mężczyzn (p<0,05). Bazując na otrzymanych rezultatach niemożliwe jest jednoznaczne stwierdzenie wpływu genu ACTN3 na siłę mięśni i stan zdrowia osób starszych.

Słowa kluczowe: genetyka sportowa, ACTN3, osoby starsze, pacjent geriatryczn

Kujawski, Sławomir

Zukow, Walery

NEUROSURGERY ENTHUSIASTIC WOMEN SOCIETY

Association between ACTN3 gene polymorphism and muscle strength in older adults

The decrease of muscle strength and general physical fitness is a big problem in the elderly group. It often prevents the proper functioning of a person, which makes him/her dependent on caretakers. It is believed that the some polymorphisms in ACTN3 geneare associated with better results in strength sports. If those polymorphisms affect muscle strength, they may also be related to the health condition of older people. Our study was conducted on a group of 60 people over 60 years of age. The relationship between overall fitness and muscular strength of elderly patients with ACTN R577X gene polymorphism was checked. The ACTN3 gene was tested by PCR-RFLP. Overall fitness was tested using the IPAQ questionnaire and fitness tests: Tinetti, DGI, Up&Go, SPPB, standing on one leg (both right and left). Based on the results of the survey, the MET and BMI coefficients were determined. It was found that the RX genotype is associated with better results achieved in the SPPB test. Genotype XX was associated with worse results in the right leg standing test (

Sylwester Kłoska

Anna Marciniak

Marcin Woźniak

Radosław Perkowski

Marta Podhorecka

Dominika Gębka

Joanna Androsiuk-Perkowska

Sławomir  Kujawski

Marcin Kożuchowski

Henryk Kozłowski

Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska

Walery Zukow

Directory of Open Access Journals

Kłoska  Sylwester,  Marciniak Anna,  Woźniak  Marcin,  Perkowski  Radosław,  Podhorecka  Marta,  Gębka  Dominika,Androsiuk-Perkowska  Joanna,  Kujawski  Sławomir,  Kożuchowski  Marcin,  Kozłowski  Henryk,  Kędziora-KornatowskaKornelia, Zukow Walery. Association between ACTN3 gene polymorphism and muscle strength in older adults. Journal ofEducation, Health and Sport. 2018;8(9):155-165. eISNN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345234http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5814The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part b item 1223 (26/01/2017).1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eissn 2391-8306 7© The Authors 2018;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in anymedium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike.(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 28.07.2018. Revised: 28.07.2018. Accepted: 14.08.2018.Związek pomiędzy polimorfizmem genu ACTN3 i siłą mięśni u osób starszychAssociation between ACTN3 gene polymorphism and muscle strength in olderadultsSylwester Kłoska1), Anna Marciniak1), Marcin Woźniak1), Radosław Perkowski2),Marta Podhorecka2), Dominika Gębka2), Joanna Androsiuk-Perkowska2),Sławomir Kujawski3), Marcin Kożuchowski2), Henryk Kozłowski1),Kornelia Kędziora-Kornatowska2), Walery Zukow4)1) Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Forensic Genetics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, Poland2) Faculty of Health Sciences, Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University Toruń, Poland3) Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Ergonomics, Division of Ergonomics and Exercise Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland4) Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun’, PolandAdres  korespondencyjny:  Sylwester  Kloska,  ul.  Grójecka  5  85-373,  Bydgoszcz,Polska, adres e-mail: mkloska93@gmail.com; tel: 510 145 456155AbstractThe decrease of muscle strength and general physical fitness is a big problem in theelderly group. It often prevents the proper functioning of a person, which makes him/herdependent on caretakers. It is believed that the some polymorphisms in ACTN3 geneareassociated with better results in strength sports. If those polymorphisms affect musclestrength, they may also be related to the health condition of older people. Our study wasconducted on a  group of 60 people over  60 years of age.  The relationship betweenoverall  fitness  and  muscular  strength  of  elderly  patients  with  ACTN  R577X  genepolymorphism  was  checked.  The  ACTN3  gene  was  tested  by  PCR-RFLP.  Overallfitness was tested using the IPAQ questionnaire and fitness tests: Tinetti, DGI, Up&Go,SPPB, standing on one leg (both right and left). Based on the results of the survey, theMET and BMI coefficients  were determined.  It  was found that the RX genotype isassociated with better results achieved in the SPPB test. Genotype XX was associatedwith worse results in the right leg standing test (p<0.05). The R-allele of the ACTN3gene wasassociated with better results obtained during the standing test on the right leg(p<0.05).Based on obtained results it was impossible to determine a clear impact of theACTN3 gene on muscle strength and health of the older adults.Key words: sport genetics, ACTN3, older adults, geriatric patientStreszczenieSpadek siły mięśniowej oraz ogólnej sprawności fizycznej  jest  dużym problemem wgrupie osób starszych. Często uniemożliwia prawidłowe funkcjonowanie danej osoby,przez co staje się ona zależna od swoich opiekunów. Uważa się, że gen ACTN3 mazwiązek z lepszymi wynikami osiąganymi w sportach siłowych. Ze względu na swójdomniemany związek z siłą mięśni może mieć on również wpływ na stan zdrowia osóbstarszych. Niniejsze badanie przeprowadzono na grupie 60 osób powyżej 60 roku życia.Poddano analizie związek pomiędzy ogólną sprawnością fizyczną i siłą mięśni starszychpacjentów a polimorfizmem genu ACTN3 R577X. Polimorfizm genu ACTN3 zostałzbadany metodą PCR-RFLP. Ogólną sprawność badano przy użyciu kwestionariuszaIPAQ  oraz  testów  sprawnościowych:  testu  Tinetti,  DGI,  Up&Go,  SPPB,  stania  na156jednej nodze (zarówno prawej jak i lewej). Na podstawie wyników ankiety określanowspółczynnik MET oraz BMI. Wykazano, że genotyp RX ma związek z osiąganiemlepszych  rezultatów  podczas  testu  SPPB  (p<0,05).  Genotyp  XX  powiązany  jest  zgorszymi  wynikami  podczas  testu  stania  na  prawej  nodze  (p<0,05).  Allel  R  genuACTN3 jest związany z lepszymi wynikami osiąganymi podczas testu stania na prawejnodze (p<0,05). Dodatkowo, występuje on częściej u mężczyzn (p<0,05). Bazując naotrzymanych  rezultatach  niemożliwe  jest  jednoznaczne  stwierdzenie  wpływu  genuACTN3 na siłę mięśni i stan zdrowia osób starszych.Słowa kluczowe: genetyka sportowa, ACTN3, osoby starsze, pacjent geriatryczny157Introduction Sports  genetics  is  a relatively new branch of genetic  research.  It  focuses mainly onidentifying polymorphisms associated with muscle strength or endurance in athletes.Due to the fact that older people often suffer from muscle weakness or muscle loss(sarcopenia), they are an interesting group to carry out such tests.[1] The InternationalPhysical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a tool used to assess the physical fitness ofelderly  people.  It  is  a  questionnaire  consisting  of  a  set  of  questions  and  physicalefficiency tests. The questionnaire contains questions about everyday activities, walksand sports. Italso contains an interview about the state of health, injuries and falls andtheir  consequences.  Based  on  the  questionnaire,  the  Metabolic  Equivalent  of  Work(MET) can  becalculated.  Determining  MET allows to classify a  person in  terms ofphysical activity.[2] In the physical efficiency test section, the subject is tested to assessthe risk of falling and overall physical condition. The following fitness tests are carriedout: Tinetti test, Up&Go, Dynamic Gate Index (DGI test), Short Physical PerformanceBattery (SPPB test) and one leg standing test.  [3–7].Each test has a specific scoringscale and criteria on the basis of which the obtained result is interpreter.[2]ACTN3 is the gene coding α-actinin type 3. coding gene. It is located on the long armof 11th chromosome (locus:11q13.2). Actinins are proteins produced in skeletal muscle.The  most  popular  types  are  α-actinin  type  2  and  3.  Actinins  stabilize  the  musclecontractile apparatus. The expression of α-actinin type 3, in contrast to α-actinin type 2,which is expressed in all skeletal  muscles, is limited only to fast-twitch muscles. Itspresence increases the dynamics of contraction and its strength, while reducing muscleendurance for long-lasting effort.[8] The R577X polymorphism alters position 577 ofthe alpha-actinin-3 protein. It results in a partial deletionof  α-actinin 3 protein, whichleads to a disruption of the muscle fiber structure and a decrease in muscle strength.[9]Research  carried  out  so far  on a  group of  athletes  suggest  that  the  allele  R of  theACTN3  gene  is  associated  with  better  results  in  strength  sports  and  allele  X  isassociated with better  results  in endurance sports.[10,11] Identifying the relationshipbetween individual gene variants and ailments of elderly patients can help those patientsby using the right set of exercises or medications before the discomfort occurs.Materials and methods 158SubjectsOurstudy was carried out on a group of people over 60 years of age. To ensure safetyduring physical tests, this study was carried out in cooperation with physiotherapists.The test consisted of the questionnaire part and the fitness part: one leg standing test,Tinetti  test,  Up&Go Test,  Dynamic  Gait  Index  (DGI),  Short  Physical  PerformanceBattery  (SPPB test)..  The  tests  were  carried  out  with  the  consent  of  the  bioethicalcommission.Genetic testsDNA  isolation  was  performed  using  a  DNA  isolation  kit  from  biological  tracesGeneMATRIXBio-Trace DNA Purification Kit (version 3.1, cat. nr E3510EURx). TheACTN3 gene polymorphism was tested using PCR-RFLP method. The PCR reactionwas carried out according to  Eduardo MendonçaPimenta  protocol.  [12] The primersused for the reaction had the following sequence: F - 5’-CTG TTG CCT GTG GTAAGT GGG-3’, R -5’-TGG TCA CAG TAT GCA GGA GGG-3’ (synthesized by Sigma-Aldrich).  The reaction  was  carried  out  in  a  volume of  25  μl.Final concentration ofl.Final  concentration  ofreagents:  Green GoTaq Flexi  Buffer  (Promega)  1x,  R and F starters  1  μl.Final concentration ofM, dNTPs0.2mM  (Promega),  MgCl2 1.75mM,  GoTaq  Hot  Start  polymerase  (Promega)1U/reaction and about 100 ng template DNA. The PCR reaction was performed in aGeneAmp  2720  Applied  Biosystems  thermocycler.  The  amplification  programconsisted of the following steps: preliminary denaturation at 94°C for 5 minutes, 30cycles of: denaturation (94°C, 1 minute),  annealing (64°C, 1 minute) and elongation(72°C, 1 minute)  and with a 5 minute elongation at  72°C. The product of the PCRreaction was digested with restriction enzyme HpyF3I (Thermo Scientific). This processwas carried out at 37°C for 16 hours, followed by enzyme inactivation - 20 minutes at65°C. The digested product was separated on a 3% agarose gel in TAE buffer (SigmaLife Science).Statistical analysis The effect of ACTN3 gene variants on individual test results has been checked. Thetests that were selected for further analysis were: SPPB, Tinetti, Up & Go, DGI, one legstanding and parameters: BMI, total MET, sex and number of falls. The frequency of159genotypes and alleles for each trait and group was calculated. On this basis, statisticalsignificance was examined using the Statistica 13.1 program. For each feature and itsgenotypic  variant,  a  two-sided  difference  was  calculated  between  the  two  structureindices. If the p-value was less than 0.05 (p<0,05), the result was considered statisticallysignificant.[13]ResultsOf all  the results,  2 were found to be statistically  significant.  The difference in theresults of the SPPB test is significant - higher scores are achieved by people with theRX genotype. In the one leg standing test on right leg, better results are achieved bypeople with RX genotypes, while worse people with the XX genotype. Summary of theresults of selected tests are shown in Table I.160Table I Summary of the results of selected tests that were carried out. Average values are displayed with standard deviations.The bold scores are showing statistically important results.Trait/testACTN3RR RX XXNumer ofpeople12 15 7Age 73,5 (±8,2) 73,6 (±4,6) 75 (±6,8)BMI29,33(±4,96)30,09(±5,98)31,27(±2,88)SPPB11,75(±3,67)14 (±2,03)11,71(±2,62)DGI20,92(±3,53)20,79(±3,47)20,57(±4,08)Tinetti25,67(±2,42)26,2 (±2,48)26,43(±1,9)Right leg [s] 11,6 (±8,09) 11,3 (±7,15) 5,1 (±5,12)Left leg [s]12,72(±12,58)12,22(±14,88)4,84(±2,77)Up&Go [s]10,95(±4,98)9,83 (±3,61)10,74(±4,16)MET3345(±2213)4755(±5941)5538(±3425)161DiscussionCurrently  researchers  are  trying  to  understand  the  interactions  between  genes  andenvironment. A popular subject of research are gene relationships with sports resultscarried out on professional groups of athletes. One of the more frequently studied genesis ACTN3. As the published results are contradictory, thequestion of actual influence ofACTN3 polymorphismson the results achieved in strength sports andphysical fitness ofelderly people remains open. In studies carried out by Wang et al., the association of theACTN3 gene with the results achieved in strength sports was examined. In this case, norelationship was identified. The lack of association was also confirmed in several otherstudies.[14,15] Research  conducted  by  Papadimitriou  et  al.  on  a  group  of  Greeksprinters suggest a close relationship between the RR genotype and better performancein  strength  sports.[16] The  relationship  between  the  genotype  RR  and  betterperformance in short-distance swimming in women has been demonstrated by Chiu etal.[17] There was no relationship between BMI and genotypic variants of the ACTN3gene. In the J. Ho Kim study, the same results were achieved.[18]Our study showed a statistically significant relationship between the RX genotype of theACTN3 gene and the results of the SPPB test (p <0.05). The RX genotype was morecommon in people qualified for the group with no physical limitations (60%) than in thegroup  with  such  limitations  (21%).  These  results  are  not  confirmed  by  the  studyconducted  by  Delmonico.  After  examining  1367 people  aged 70-79,  there  were  nostatistically  significant  differences  in  the  occurrence  of  genotypes  in  groups  withdifferent efficiencies.[19]As our study was conducted on a relatively small  group ofpatientsand our results has not been confirmed in the literature, there is a possibility thatour result is an artifact of small sample size and thus additional analyses on larger groupof patients are necessary. The analysis of the MET results suggests that ACTN3 genepolymorphisms  are  not  related.  None  of  the  results  was  statistically  significant.Delmonico et al. identified a relationship between the RX genotype and lower physicalactivity in men (p<0.05). In the case of women, there were no differences between theactivities  in  different  groups.[19]In  our  study  there  was  no  association  of  ACTN3genotypes with the results oftheUp&Go test. In studies carried out by Pereira et al. on agroup of women over 57 years of age, no relationship between genotypes was found too(p>0.05).[20] The analysis of the relationship between results for right leg in one leg162standing test and the genotypic variants suggests that the XX variant of the ACTN3gene is associated with worse results achieved in this test (p<0.05). The RX genotype ofthe ACTN3 gene is on the verge of statistical significance (p=0.0548) and is potentiallyassociated with better results achieved in this test. In the case of a standing on the leftleg test,  no statistically  significant  results  were noted.  The relationship  between thegenotype and the results of the equilibrium tests was also examined (Tinetti, DGI). Inthis case, none of the features was statistically significant. The obtained results suggest that the association of ACTN3 gene polymorphisms withthe efficiency of older people is possible. Further research is needed to demonstrate thisrelationship.References[1] K. Wieczorowska-Tobis, T. Kostka, Fizjoterapia w geriatrii, 2010.[2] R. Stupnicki, A.K. Gajewski, A.W. Fizycznego, Międzynarodowy Kwestionariusz Aktywności Fizycznej (IPAQ) – wersja polska, Wych. Fiz. I Sport. 2007; 51:47–54.[3] M.E. Tinetti, F.T. Williams, R. Mayewski, Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities., Am. J. Med. 1986; 80: 429–434.[4] S. Mathias, U. Nayak, B. Isaacs, Balance in elderly patients: the “get-up and go” test., Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1986 ;67:987–389.[5] J. McConvey, S.E. Bennett, Reliability of the dynamic gait index in individuals with multiple sclerosis, Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2005; 86:130–133. [6] J.M. Guralnik, E.M. Simonsick, L. Ferrucci, et al., A Short Physical PerformanceBattery Assessing Lower Extremity Function: Association With Self-Reported Disability and Prediction of Mortality and Nursing Home Admission, J. Gerontol.Med. Sci. 1994; 49:85–94.[7] T. Michikawa, Y. Nishiwaki, T. Takebayashi, et al., One-leg standing test for elderly populations, J. Orthop. Sci. 2009 ;14:675–685.[8] M. Mills, N. Yang, R. Weinberger, et al., Differential expression of the actin-163binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy., Hum. Mol. Genet. 2001; 10:1335–46.[9] J.T. Seto, M. Lek, K.G.R. Quinlan, et al., Deficiency of ??-actinin-3 is associated with increased susceptibility to contraction-induced damage and skeletal muscle remodeling, Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011; 20:2914–2927.[10] A.-K. Niemi, K. Majamaa, Mitochondrial DNA and ACTN3 genotypes in Finnish elite endurance and sprint athletes, Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2005; 13:965–969.[11] N. Yang, D.G. MacArthur, J.P. Gulbin, et al., ACTN3 Genotype Is Associated with Human Elite Athletic Performance, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003; 73:627–631.[12] E.M. Pimenta, D.B. Coelho, I.R. Cruz, et al., The ACTN3 genotype in soccer players in response to acute eccentric training, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2012; 112:1495–1503.[13] Statsoft.com, Statistica, (2017). http://statistica.io/.[14] R.A. Scott, R. Irving, L. Irwin, et al., ACTN3 and ACE genotypes in elite Jamaican and US sprinters, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2010; 42:107–112.[15] F. Sessa, M. Chetta, A. Petito, et al., Gene polymorphisms and sport attitude in Italian athletes., Genet. Test. Mol. Biomarkers. 2011; 15:285–290.[16] I. Papadimitriou, C. Papadopoulos, A. Kouvatsi, et al., The ACTN3 gene in elite Greek track and field athletes., Int. J. Sport. Med. 2008; 29:352–355.[17] L. Chiu, Y. Wu, M. Tang, et al., ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance inTaiwan., Int. J. Sports Med. 2011; 32:468–480.[18] J. Ho Kim, E. Sun Jung, et al., Genetic associations of body composition, flexibility and injury risk with ACE, ACTN3 and COL5A1 polymorphisms in Korean ballerinas, J. Exerc. Nutr. Biochem. 2014; 18:205–214.[19] M.J. Delmonico, J.M. Zmuda, B.C. Taylor, et al., Association of the ACTN3 genotype and physical functioning with age in older adults, J. Gerontol. A. Biol. 164Sci. Med. Sci. 2008; 63:1227–1234.[20] A. Pereira, A.M. Costa, J.C. Leitão,et al., The influence of ACE ID and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms on lower-extremity function in older women in response to high-speed power training, BMC Geriatr. 2013; 13:131.165

Repository of Nicolaus Copernicus University

ZENODO

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism

https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/download/5814/pdf

Association between ACTN3 gene polymorphism and muscle strength in older adults

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

NEUROSURGERY ENTHUSIASTIC WOMEN SOCIETY

Directory of Open Access Journals

Repository of Nicolaus Copernicus University

ZENODO

Akademicka Platforma Czasopism