Bednarek, Renata

Charzyński, Przemysław

Markiewicz, Maciej

Świtoniak, Marcin

English

Repository of Nicolaus Copernicus University

111 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS  IN CLUJ-NAPOCAPrzemysław Charzyński Maciej Markiewicz Renata Bednarek Marcin ŚwitoniakCluj-Napoca is the second most populous city in Romania after the national capital Bucharest, and is the seat of Cluj County located in the northwestern part of the country (Fig. 1). The city is situated in the Someşul Mic River valley, and is considered to be an uno¸cial capital of the historical province of Transylvania. The Cluj-Napoca metropolitan area has a population of 411 379 people and 324 576 inhabitants live within the city limits (2011). The boundaries of the municipality contain an area of 179.52 square kilometres. Today, Cluj-Napoca is one of the most important academic, cultural, industrial and busi-ness centres in Romania. At the site of the present-day city, there was a pre-Roman settle-ment called Napoca. After the Roman conquest of the area in 106 AD, the place was known as Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca (Dragos et al. 2007). Cluj-Napoca is located within the Somesul Mic corridor at the intersection of three major geo-graphical units: the Transylvanian Plain, the Someş Plateau and the Apuseni Moun-tains, at an average altitude of 360 m and is intersected by the parallel of 46°46' north latitude and the meridian of 23°36' east longitude. It extends over the valleys of Someşul Mic and Nadăş. The southern part of the city covers the upper terrace of the northern slope of Feleac Hill, and is surrounded along three sides by hills or mountains with an altitude between 500 m and 700 m. The Someş plateau is situated to the east, while the northern part of the city includes Dealurile Clujului (‘the Hills of Cluj’), with Fig. 1. Location of Cluj-NapocaTECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK12the following peaks: Lombului (684 m), Dealul Melcului (617 m), Techintău (633 m), Hoia (506 m) and Gârbău (570 m). Other hills are located in the western districts, and the hills of Calvaria and Cetăţuia (Belvedere) are located near the centre of the city.The natural dominant soils in the surroundings of the city are Eutric Cambisols, Haplic Luvisols and most fertile Haplic Phaeozems. In the river valleys, Eutric Gleyic Fluvisols predominate (Soil Atlas of Europe 2005). The research on the urban soil cover was carried out in the city. Information on the lead contamination in Cluj-Napoca soils can be found in the paper by Rusu and Bartok (2002). The soils in the industrial zone Somes-Nord of Cluj-Napoca were described by Micle et al. (2005). The e§ects of a waste platform on soil pollution near the city of Cluj-Napoca was investigated by Cacovean et al. (2007). Studies of bacterial communities and enzymatic activities in the polluted soils of the tra¸c, industrial and household waste dumping ground in Cluj-Napoca was carried out by Simule and Bularda (2009a, b). Ekranosols in the Cluj-Napoca city centre was investigated by Charzyński et al. (2011a).Acknowledgments We are grateful to Marcin Chmurzyński and Jolanta Błaszkiewicz for support in the field and laboratory.13 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 1 – Ekranic Technosol (Calcaric, Skeletic)Location:  Tipografiei 10 st.,  Cluj-Napoca, Romania Coordinates:  46o46’39.7’’ N 23o35’40.4’’ EAltitude:  341 m a.s.l.Climate: Average annual temperature: 8.3oC  Average annual precipitation:  594 mmLand-use: side-streetVegetation: noneTECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK14Site 1 – Ekranic Technosol (Calcaric, Skeletic)Morphology:0–20 cm: technic hard rock (asphalt). Bu1 – 20–73 cm: sand, white, granular structure, dry, few artefacts (tile fragment; about 5%), clear boundary.Bu2 – 73–97 cm: sandy loam, very pale brown, granular structure, slightly moist, few artefacts (grout; 5%).0 cm50 cm100 cm15 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 1 – Ekranic Technosol (Calcaric, Skeletic)Selected soil propertiesHORIZON Bu1 Bu2DEPTH [cm] 20–73 73–97PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ø [mm] [%]>2.0 40 62.0–1.0 24 11.0–0.5 26 10.5–0.25 22 20.25–0.1 15 230.1–0.05 4 370.05–0.02 2 230.02–0.002 5 6<0.002 2 8TEXTURE CLASS (USDA) sand sandy loamSOIL MATRIX COLOUR dry 10YR 8/1 10YR 8/2wet 10YR 5/1 10YR 7/3OC [%] 0.22 0.16Nt [%] 0.006 0.008C:N 37 20Pt [mg·kg-1] 268 331pHH2O 8.0 9.31M KCl 7.4 8.0CaCO3 [%] 3.1 1.6TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK16Site 2 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic)Location: Cardinal Luliu Hossu 37 st., Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaCoordinates:  46o46’11.8” N 23o34’15.0” E Altitude: 343 m a.s.l.Climate:  Average annual temperature: 8.3oC  Average annual precipitation:  594 mmPosition: bridge over rain channelVegetation:  grass (Poaceae sp.)17 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 2 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic)Selected soil propertiesHORIZON AuCuDEPTH [cm] 0–(1–3)PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONø [mm] [%]>2.0 42.0–1.0 71.0–0.5 130.5–0.25 180.25–0.1 16 0.1–0.05 300.05–0.02 90.02–0.002 7<0.002 0TEXTURE CLASS (USDA) loamy sandSOIL MATRIX COLOUR dry 10YR 5/3wet 10YR 5/1OC [%] 7.03Nt [%] 0.281C:N 25pHH2O 7.31M KCl 7.1CaCO3 [%] 3.2Pca [mg·kg-1] 198HEAVY METALS EXTRACTED IN MIXTURE OF ACIDS HF AND HClO3Pb [mg·kg-1]<16Zn 297Cu 84Cd <5TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK18Site 3 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic)Location:  Cardinal Luliu Hossu 37 st., Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaCoordinates:  46o46’11.8” N 23o34’15.0” E Altitude: 343 m a.s.l.Climate: Average annual temperature: 8.3oC Average annual precipitation:  594 mmPosition: bridge over rain channelVegetation:  ruderal species (e.g. Plantago sp., Taraxacum sp., Poaceae  sp.)19 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 3 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic)Selected soil propertiesHORIZON AuCuDEPTH [cm] 0–(1–4)PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONø [mm] [%]>2.0 62.0–1.0 121.0–0.5 200.5–0.25 260.25–0.1 150.1–0.05 110.05–0.02 110.02–0.002 4<0.002 1TEXTURE CLASS (USDA) loamy sandSOIL MATRIX COLOUR dry 10YR 4/2wet 10YR 2/2OC [%] 4.84Nt [%] 0.279C:N 17pHH2O 7.41M KCl 7.2CaCO3  [%] 3.2Pca [mg·kg-1] 210HEAVY METALS EXTRACTED IN MIXTURE OF ACIDS HF AND HClO3Pb[mg·kg-1]365Zn 569Cu 48Cd <5TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK20Site 4 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic)Location:  Prahovei 5 st.,  Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaCoordinates:  46o46’10.6’’ N 23o35’25.6’’ E Altitude: 350 m a.s.l.Climate: Average annual temperature: 8.3oC Average annual precipitation:  594 mmPosition: Top of brick wall at a height of 2.5 mVegetation:  Chelidonium maius  L.21 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 4 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic)Selected soil propertiesHORIZON AuCuDEPTH [cm] 0–(2–3)PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONø [mm] [%]>2.0 132.0–1.0 91.0–0.5 210.5–0.25 310.25–0.1 220.1–0.05 50.05–0.02 50.02–0.002 5<0.002 2TEXTURE CLASS (USDA) sandSOIL MATRIX COLOUR dry 10YR 8/1wet 10YR 7/2OC [%] 10.4Nt [%] 0.068C:N 152pHH2O 8.21M KCl 8.0CaCO3 [%] 9.5Pca [mg·kg-1] 161HEAVY METALS EXTRACTED IN MIXTURE OF ACIDS HF AND HClO3Pb[mg·kg-1]<16Zn 87Cu 91Cd <5 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK22Site 5 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric)Location:  Prahovei 5 st., Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaCoordinates:  46o46’10.6’’ N 23o35’25.6’’ E Altitude: 350 m a.s.l.Climate:  Average annual temperature: 8.3oC  Average annual precipitation:  594 mmPosition: Foundation of partly ruined building at a height of 0.4 mVegetation:  grass (Poaceae sp.)23 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 5 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric)Selected soil propertiesHORIZON AuCuDEPTH [cm] 0–(3–5)PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONø [mm] [%]>2.0 122.0–1.0 81.0–0.5 170.5–0.25 250.25–0.1 240.1–0.05 50.05–0.02 60.02–0.002 9<0.002 6TEXTURE CLASS (USDA) loamy sandSOIL MATRIX  COLOUR dry 7.5YR 8/1wet 7.5YR 4/4OC [%] 0.45Nt [%] 0.187C:N 2pHH2O 7.81M KCl 7.7CaCO3 [%] 8.3Pca [mg·kg-1] 216HEAVY METALS EXTRACTED IN MIXTURE OF ACIDS HF AND HClO3Pb[mg·kg-1]<16Zn 70Cu 17Cd <5TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK24Site 6 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic) Location:  Avram Iancu 23 st.,  Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaCoordinates:  46o46’00.2’’ N 23o35’33.5’’ EAltitude: 354 m a.s.l.Climate: Average annual temperature: 8.3oC  Average annual precipitation:  594 mmPosition: Top of the wall at a height of 3.0 mVegetation:  Chelidonium maius L.,  Chenopodium bonus-henricus L.25 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 6 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic)Selected soil propertiesHORIZON AuCuDEPTH [cm] 0–(3–7)PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONø [mm] [%]>2.0 102.0–1.0 51.0–0.5 80.5–0.25 120.25–0.1 170.1–0.05 120.05–0.02 100.02–0.002 21<0.002 15TEXTURE CLASS (USDA) sandy loamSOIL MATRIX  COLOUR dry 7.5YR 8/1wet 7.5YR 4/4OC [%] 1.88Nt [%] 0.178C:N 11pHH2O 8.31M KCl 7.4CaCO3 [%] 8.3Pca [mg·kg-1] 78,2HEAVY METALS EXTRACTED IN MIXTURE OF ACIDS HF AND HClO3Pb[mg·kg-1]256Zn 96Cu 60Cr <5TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK26Site 7 – Protofolic Linic TechnosolLocation:  Avram Iancu 23 st.,  Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaCoordinates:  46o46’00.8’’ N 23o35’37.1’’ E Altitude: 354 m a.s.l.Climate:  Average annual temperature: 8.3oC  Average annual precipitation:  594 mmPosition: roof of the outbuilding at a height of 3.0 m Vegetation:  Cheliodonium maius L.27 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 7 – Protofolic Linic TechnosolSelected soil propertiesHORIZON OuDEPTH [cm] 0–(5–7) SOIL MATRIX  COLOUR dry 7.5YR 3/2wet 7.5YR 3/1OC [%] 25.8Nt [%] 2.05C:N 13pHH2O 7.21M KCl 6.8CaCO3 [%] —Pca [mg·kg-1] 267HEAVY METALS EXTRACTED IN MIXTURE OF ACIDS HF AND HClO3Pb[mg·kg-1]67Zn 124Cu 17Cr <5TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK28Site 8 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic, Paraskeletic)Location:  Uzinei Electrice / Stadion, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaCoordinates:  N 46o45’58.3’’ E 23o34’12.7’’Altitude: 343 m a.s.l.Climate:  Average annual temperature: 8.3oC  Average annual precipitation:  594 mmPosition: Roof of transformer substation at a height of 5.0 m Vegetation:  Acer negundo L.29 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 8 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic, Paraskeletic)Selected soil propertiesHORIZON AuCuDEPTH [cm] 0–(1–4)PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONø [mm] [%]>2.0 292.0–1.0 101.0–0.5 180.5–0.25 160.25–0.1 190.1–0.05 90.05–0.02 120.02–0.002 13<0.002 3TEXTURE CLASS (USDA) sandy loamSOIL MATRIX  COLOUR dry 10YR 8/1wet 10YR 5/2OC [%] 1.52Nt [%] 0.101C:N 15pHH2O 7.91M KCl 7.6CaCO3 [%] 4.7Pca [mg·kg-1] 1115BASE CATIONSCa2+[cmol·kg-1]21.5Mg2+ 0.5K+ 0.6Na+ 0.3HEAVY METALS EXTRACTED IN MIXTURE OF ACIDS HF AND HClO3Pb[mg·kg-1]<16Zn 128Cu 22Cr <5TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK30Site 9 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic)Location:  Uzinei Electrice/Stadion,  Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaCoordinates:  46o45’58.3’’ N 23o34’12.7’’ E Altitude:  343 m a.s.l.Climate:  Average annual temperature: 8.3oC Average annual precipitation:  594 mmPosition: Roof of transformer substation at  a height of 5.0 m Vegetation:  Populus L.31 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 9 – Linic Technosol (Paracalcaric, Parahumic)Selected soil propertiesHORIZON AuCuDEPTH [cm] 0–(3–5)PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONø [mm] [%]>2.0 302.0–1.0 111.0–0.5 310.5–0.25 280.25–0.1 140.1–0.05 40.05–0.02 30.02–0.002 5<0.002 4TEXTURE CLASS (USDA) sandSOIL MATRIX  COLOUR dry 10YR 2/2wet 10YR 2/1OC [%] 9.58Nt [%] 0.238C:N 40pHH2O 8.11M KCl 7.7CaCO3 [%] 4.7Pca [mg·kg-1] 151HEAVY METALS EXTRACTED IN MIXTURE OF ACIDS HF AND HClO3Pb[mg·kg-1]<16Zn 143Cu 110Cr <5TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK32Site 10 – Urbic Ekranic Technosol (Calcaric)Location:  Tipografiei 12 st.,  Cluj-Napoca, Romania Coordinates:  46o46’39.7’’ N 23o35’40.6’’ EAltitude:  341 m a.s.l.Climate: Average annual temperature: 8.3oC Average annual precipitation:  594 mmLand-use: pavementVegetation: none33 TECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasTECHNOGENIC SOILS IN CLUJ-NAPOCASite 10 – Urbic Ekranic Technosol (Calcaric)Morphology:0–5 cm: technic hard rock (asphalt). Bu1 – 5–20 cm: sand, grey, granular structure, dry, clear boundary; common artefacts: (brick pieces, charcoals 30%).Bu2 – 20–45 cm: loam, light grey, angular structure, slightly moist, common artefacts: (bones, charcoals, wood, metal elements; 10%), clear boundary.Bu3 – 45–95 cm: loam, light brownish grey, angular structure, moist.0 cm50 cmTECHNOGENIC SOILS atlasP. CHARZYŃSKI, M. MARKIEWICZ, R. BEDNAREK, M. ŚWITONIAK34Site 10 – Urbic Ekranic Technosol (Calcaric)Selected soil propertiesHORIZON Bu1 Bu2 Bu3DEPTH [cm] 5–20 20–45 45–95PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ø [mm] [%]>2.0 50 0 192.0–1.0 10 4 41.0–0.5 35 5 70.5–0.25 24 8 100.25–0.1 16 20 160.1–0.05 5 11 110.05–0.02 5 13 100.02–0.002 4 27 28<0.002 1 12 14TEXTURE CLASS (USDA) sand loam loamSOIL COLOUR MATRIXdry 5Y 5/1 5Y 7/1 2.5Y 6/2wet 5Y 3/1 5Y 4/2 2.5Y 3/4OC [%] 0.53 — 1.53Nt [%] 0.012 0.119 0.138C:N 44 — 11Pt [mg·kg-1] 519 2 559 636pHH2O 9.3 8.6 8.31M KCl 8.0 7.3 7.2CaCO3 [%] 10.4 21.4 6.8

Technogenic soils in Cluj-Napoca

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Technogenic soils in Cluj-Napoca

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