OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rates and predictors of recurrent stroke among survivors of pediatric cancer who have had a first stroke. METHODS: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a retrospective cohort study with longitudinal follow-up that enrolled 14,358 survivors (<21 years old at diagnosis; diagnosed 1970–1986; survived ≥5 years after cancer diagnosis) and followed them prospectively since 1994. We surveyed 443 survivors who reported a first stroke to identify recurrent stroke, and estimated recurrent stroke rates ≥5 years after cancer diagnosis. RESULTS: Among 329 respondents (74% response rate), 271 confirmed a first stroke at a median age of 19 years (range 0–53), and 70 reported a second stroke at a median age of 32 years (range 1–56). In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model, independent predictors of recurrent stroke included cranial radiation therapy (CRT) dose of ≥50 Gy (vs none, hazard ratio [HR] 4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–13.7), hypertension (HR 1.9; 95% CI 1.0–3.5), and older age at first stroke (HR 6.4; 95% CI 1.8–23; for age ≥40 vs age 0–17 years). The 10-year cumulative incidence of late recurrent stroke was 21% (95% CI 16%–27%) overall, and 33% (95% CI 21%–44%) for those treated with ≥50 Gy of CRT. CONCLUSION: Survivors of childhood cancer, particularly those previously treated with high-dose cranial radiation, have a high risk of recurrent stroke for decades after a first stroke. Although these strokes are mostly occurring in young adulthood, hypertension, an established atherosclerotic risk factor, independently predicts recurrent stroke in this population
