The chaotic nature of liquid slosh and the complex fluid dynamic motion in the container makes the traditional model-based control techniques complex and difficult to synthesize

in practice. This paper presents investigations into the development of single input fuzzy logic controller (SIFLC) for liquid slosh control. The proposed approach, known as the SIFLC, reduces the conventional two-input FLC (CFLC) to a single input single output (SISO) controller. Two parallel SIFLC are developed for both lateral tank position and liquid slosh angle control. With the purpose to confirm the design of control scheme, a liquid slosh model is considered to represent the lateral slosh motion. The performances of the control schemes are accessed in terms of lateral tank tracking capability, level of liquid slosh reduction and time response specifications. Supremacy of

the proposed approach is shown by comparing the results with hybrid model-free Fuzzy-PID controller with derivative filter (PIDF). Finally, it is seen from the simulation results that the proposed control scheme has able to reduce the liquid slosh without unambiguously model the liquid slosh behavior

Ahmad, Mohd Ashraf

Bahari, Muhamad Falihan

Johal, Muhammad Syahrani

Kasno, Mohammad `Afif

Mohd Tumari, Mohd Zaidi

Saat, Shahrizal

English

The chaotic nature of liquid slosh and the complex fluid dynamic motion in the container makes the traditional model-based control techniques complex and difficult to synthesize in practice. This paper presents investigations into the development of single input fuzzy logic controller (SIFLC) for liquid slosh control. The proposed approach, known as the SIFLC, reduces the conventional two-input FLC (CFLC) to a single input single output (SISO) controller. Two parallel SIFLC are developed for both lateral tank position and liquid slosh angle control. With the purpose to confirm the design of control scheme, a liquid slosh model is considered to represent the lateral slosh motion. The performances of the control schemes are accessed in terms of lateral tank tracking capability, level of liquid slosh reduction and time response specifications. Supremacy of

the proposed approach is shown by comparing the results with hybrid model-free Fuzzy-PID controller with derivative filter (PIDF). Finally, it is seen from the simulation results that the proposed control scheme has able to reduce the liquid slosh without unambiguously model the liquid slosh behavior

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) Repository

  UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA INVESTIGATION ON CORRUGATION EFFECTS AND GROWTH IN HIGH SPEED RAILWAY BY USING CAE SOFTWARE This report is submitted in accordance with the requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Technology (Automotive Technology) with Honours. by CHARLIE A/L VISAL B071510046  930128-02-5065 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 2018 i        Tajuk: INVESTIGATION ON CORRUGATION EFFECTS AND GROWTH IN HIGH SPEED RAILWAY BY USING CAE SOFTWARE  Sesi Pengajian: 2018  Saya CHARLIE A/L VISAL mengaku membenarkan Laporan PSM ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Laporan PSM adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dan penulis. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja dengan izin penulis. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan PSM ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan (X)  UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA ii  ☐ SULIT* Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972.  ☐ TERHAD* Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan. ☒ TIDAK  TERHAD  Yang benar, Disahkan oleh penyelia: ........................................................ .................................................... CHARLIE A/L VISAL  KHAIRUL AZRI BIN AZLAN Alamat Tetap: Cop Rasmi Penyelia LOT 2298 KAMPUNG BARU TASEK, 33100 PENGKALAN HULU, PERAK.   Tarikh: 04.12.2018 Tarikh: 04.12.2018   *Jika Laporan PSM ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh laporan PSM ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD. iii  DECLARATION  I hereby, declared this report entitled INVESTIGATION ON CORRUGATION EFFECTS AND GROWTH IN HIGH SPEED RAILWAY BY USING CAE SOFTWARE is the results of my own research except as cited in references.       Signature: …………………………………… Author : CHARLIE A/L VISAL Date:  04.12.2018         iv   APPROVAL    This report is submitted to the Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology of Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Technology (Automotive Technology) with Honours. The member of the supervisory is as follow:     Signature: ………………………………………………. Supervisor : KHAIRUL AZRI BIN AZLAN Signature: ………………………………………………. Co-supervisor: AHMAD ZUL HUSNI BIN CHE MAMAT    v   ABSTRAK   Tajuk projek ini ialah 'Penyiasatan Kesan dan Pertumbuhan kecacatan (Corrugation) pada landasan Kereta Api Berkelajuan Tinggi dengan Menggunakan Software CAE. Getaran dan bunyi bising adalah kesan daripada pertumbuhan kecacatan pada permukaan jalan keretapi. Kecacatan ini akan menghasilkan bunyi bising yang menyebabkan ke tidak keselesaan kepada penumpang di dalam kereta api. Semakin panjang gelombongan kecacatan pada permukaan jalan kereta api,semakin kuat bunyi yang dihasilkan oleh jalan keretapi. Kajian ini akan memberi tumpuan lebih kepada kadar pertumbuhan kecacatan pada permukaan jalan keretapi berkelajuan tinggi. Pertumbuhan kecacatan pada permukaan jalan akan dikaji dengan membuat simulasi pergerakan roda keretapi yang berulang-alik dengan menggunakan perisian CAD dan CAE yang sesuai Hyperworks (HyperMesh, MotionView, HyperView) yang disediakan oleh Altair dan akan bandingkan hasil percubaan dengan kajian sebelumnya. Simulasi yang dibentuk adalah berdasarkan kajian “Simulation of the evolution of rail corrugation using a rotating flexible wheelset model” iaitu kajian terdahulu. Peningkatan hasil kajian yang di bandingkan dengan kajian yang sebelumnya akan menjadikan hasil kajian projek ini lebih sempurna. Akhirnya, prototaip rig ujian akan direkabentuk untuk tujuan kajian yang sebenar dan digunakan pada kajian yang akan datang. Dengan mempunyai hasil kajian yang sebenar dan hasil ‘simulation’, perbandingan akan dapat dibuat untuk mendapatkan hasil yang lebih sempurna.vi    ABSTRACT   The title of this project is ‘Investigation on Corrugation Effects and Growth in High Speed Railway by Using CAE Software’. Vibration and noise is the effect of corrugation on the railway surface. This abnormalities defect will produce the uncomfortable noise to passenger in the train. The bigger of wavelength of corrugation, the louder noise will produce by railway. This study will be more focus on the corrugation growth rate on the high speed railway. The corrugation growth will be study by create the simulation of whellset passage by using CAD and CAE software suite HyperWorks (HyperMesh, MotionView, HyperView) and compare the result of experiment with the previous study. The simulation will be based on the parameters of study “Simulation of the evolution of rail corrugation using a rotating flexible wheelset model” of the previous study. The improvement of the simulation result compare to the previous result will be the result of this project. Finally, the test rig prototype will be design for actual experiment in further improvement. By having the test rig, the result of the simulation can be compare with the actual result for perfect and accurate result.   vii   DEDICATION   This dissertation is decided to all my family members and friends. To my parents Mr Visal a/l Ai Reang and Mdm Sa Khon a/p Tom Too who take care of me with moral support whenever any challenges gets tougher. All my fellow friends are deserved to be partnership in my success of the project especially my housemates. They have provided me a lot of motivational and support. I also want to dedicate this dissertation to my supervisor Mr.Khairul Azri bin Azlan who taught and assisted me. Last but not least, thank you very much to Mr Saiful Naim bin Sulaiman and Mr Mohd Hafizi bin Abdul Rahman who expert in HyperWorks software and teach me how to use HyperWork software. Without them, my project result maybe will be not accurate and success.      viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS   Thanks god for His blessings and guidance, I have finally completed this project within my expectation even though there are many challenge and obstacle along the way. Though, I still managed to finish my part and I am very happy about it.   First of all, I would like to express my appreciation and deep respect to my supervisor, Mr.Khairul Azri bin Azlan for his guidance and support during the time phase of this project. His constant guidance and support during my thesis writing is invaluable to me and continuous direction and opinion regarding the flow of the project has contribute a lot in achieving the objectives of the project.  Thanks to my family, who has been the constant advisor for giving me continuous support and inspiration throughout my campus life. Their supports meant so much for me to finish this report.  Last but not least, I would like to thank everyone who involved directly and indirectly in this project. The sacrifice and commitment given towards me earning my Bachelor’s Degree are indescribable and without them, this PSM report will never be able to be completed in time.     ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS iix LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xv LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii  INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction  1 1.2 Background of Study 1 1.3 Problem Statement 2 1.4 Objective of Study 3 1.3 Work Scope 4  LITERATURE REVIEW 4 2.1 Introduction 4 2.2 Railway Infrastructure 5 2.3 Corrugation 8 2.3.1 Causes of Corrugation 14  x           2.3.1.1  Railway Wear                                14           2.3.1.2  Railway Roughness                            16           2.3.1.3  Track Vibration                               17 2.3.2 Corrugation Effect 18           2.3.2.1  Noise and Vibration                            18           2.3.2.2  Rolling Contact Fatigue                         22 2.3.3 Corrugation Growth 25 2.4 Summary 29  METHODOLOGY 32 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Limitation 32 3.3 Process Flow 33 3.4 Process Explenation 35 3.4.1 Identify Objective of the Study 35 3.4.2 Problem Statement Identification of the Corrugation 35 3.4.3 Literature Review on Corrugation Effects and Growth 36 3.4.4 Study on the Existing Simulation, Parameter and Targets of the Study 36 3.4.5 Design and Run the Simulation by Using CAE Software 37 3.4.6 Analyze the Result 37 3.4.7 Design a Test Rig 37  xi 3.5 CAE Design Process 38 3.5.1 Conceptual Design 39 3.5.2 CAD modelling 40 3.5.3 Pre-Processing 41 3.5.4 Analysis 42 3.5.5 Post-Processing 43  RESULT & DISCUSSION 45 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 Result from Wear Simulation 45 4.3 Test Rig Prototype 50 4.4 Discussion 52  CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK 54 5.1 Conclusion 54 5.2 Recommendation 55 REFERENCES 58 APPENDIX 61   xii LIST OF TABLES TABLE  TITLE PAGE  Table 2.1 Classification of corrugation(Grassie 2009) 13 Table 2.2 Summary of case study on corrugation effect and growth in high speed railway 29 Table 3.1 Parameter of the wheelset model 36 Table 3.2 Parameter of the railway model 36     xiii LIST OF FIGURES  FIGURE  TITLE PAGE  Figure 2.1 Cross-section of a single ballasted track on a fill (Bezgin, 2017) 5 Figure 2.2 Egg-IIIsystem track istalling with TRD on the experimental platform (Chen et al.,2017) 9 Figure 2.3 Corrugation Mechanism ( Ren et al., 2018)  10 Figure 2.4 Abrasive Wear (Lewis & Olofsson, 2009, p44) 15 Figure 2.5 Model for rolling noise generation (Thompson, 2009, p7) 19 Figure 2.6 Illustration of mechanism of generation of rolling noise (Thompson, 2009, p7) 22 Figure 2.7 Wheel surface fatigue damage (Lewis and Olofsson, 2009, p51) 23 Figure 2.8 A cut-out of the rail irregularity development (Carlberger 2016, p36) 27 Figure 2.9 Compared of the final and initial rail irregularities (Carlberger, 2016, p36) 27 Figure 2.10 Result of railhead wear depth after 10 000 wheelset passage with velocity 124 km/h (Villa et al, 2011) 29 Figure 3.1 Flow chart of research 34 Figure 3.2 Flow chart of CAE design process 38 Figure 3.3 Conceptual design 39 Figure 3.4 Wheel CAD modelling 40  xiv Figure 3.5 a) Railway CAD modelling, b) Corrugation wavelength and depth. 40 Figure 3.6 a) Pre-processing, meshing process b) Element mask 41 Figure 3.7 Analysis process by using MotionView 42 Figure 3.8 Post-processing of analysis in HyperView 43 Figure 4.1 Depth of railhead wear after 100 000 wheelset passage at a train velocity of 142 km/h 47 Figure 4.2 Comparison graph result between analysis graph and result from Villa et al (2011) with train velocity 142 km/h.  48 Figure 4.3 Contour plot of deformation on railway model after 100 000 wheelset passage 49 Figure 4.4 Test rig design for railway 50 Figure 4.5 Test rig design for train body 51 Figure 4.6 The complete design of test rig for actual simulation test 51       xv LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE  Appendix 1  Gantt Chart 62 Appendix 2  Turn-it-in Result 63      xvi LIST OF SYMBOLS m - Meter mm - Millimetre cm - Centimetre Km - Kilometre h - Hour                                         xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LRT Light Rail Transit SSP Sungai Buloh – Serdang – Putrajaya CAE Computer Aided Engineering RCF Rolling contact Fatigue TRD Tuned Rail Damper ISO International Organization for Standardization CAD Computer Aided Design                  1    INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The purpose of this study is to investigate on corrugation effect and growth in high speed railway. High speed rail is rapidly expending as new transport mode of the future in most of develop countries throughout the world. Rail corrugation encourages extreme vibration in trains as they pass over them, causing unwanted noise, limiting the vehicle speed. This abnormalities defect will cause uncomfortable to passenger when inside the train. The growth of these abnormalities will change the rail surface and produce more vibration and noise when the train passes the track.  1.2 Background of Study Nowadays, high speed railways become famous around the most of developed countries throughout the world. Usually the structure of railway consists of rail, sleeper entrenched in the ballast layer, attachment pieces that join the rails to sleepers, rail and fastenings, ballast layer supporting and laterally confining the sleeper and the sub-ballast layer below the ballast layer. At the moment, to many railway transportations needs ballast railways tracks to solve the economic problems. The railway system in Malaysia becomes important as a public transport in the main city around Kuala Lumpur. The rail transportation in Malaysia consist of heavy rail (including high-speed rail), light rail transit (LRT) and monorail line (Masirin et al, 2017). The latest project of Mass Rapid Transit Corporation Sdn Bhd has officially launched by  2 Prime Minister on 15 September 2016 as a twelfth rail transit line and will be fully operational in July 2022. The line will stretch from Sungai Buloh-Serdang-Putrajaya (SSP) with total length 52.2km which 13.5km is underground line. However, this research to study on corrugation effect and growth that occur on the rail surface by run the simulation using CAE software. There are many causes of corrugation occur on the railway surface. Material selection for design the rail is one of the reason defection occur on the railway. The result from this study can be used as improvement method to minimize corrugation phenomena on the rail surface in further study.        1.3 Problem Statement Vibration and noise is the effect of corrugation on the railway surface. This abnormalities defect will produce the uncomfortable noise to passengers in the train. The bigger of wavelength of corrugation the louder noise will produce by railway which can cause passengers distress or annoyance. After that, if the trains reach to the nearby buildings with abnormalities on the rail surface can cause the wall and floors of the building shake (Connolly et al., 2015). Railway system is environmentally friendly types of public transportation because of their characteristic such as require less energy. After that, rail transport also produces less hazardous substance. Unfortunately, the rail transport also contributes to the environment pollution. The abnormalities defect which occurs on rail surface will produce a vibration and noise lead to the environment pollution. Rail corrugation is one of the phenomenon that produce noise when train passes through it. Poor maintenance system will cause the railway to become getting worse.              3 1.4 Objective of Study  The specific objectives of this case study are listed as below: I. To investigation on corrugation effect in high speed railway. II. To investigation on corrugation growth in high speed railway. III. To design tests rig for run the simulation.  1.5 Work Scope   The scopes of this study are:  i. Design the railway by using CAE software. ii. To study the corrugation effect and growth using Hyperworks software then analyze and validate the result. iii. Focus on optimization of corrugation growth on railway with difference load of train and simulate by using Hperworks software. iv. Studied the previous experiment and collect the data and parameter of railway system to design the test rig.    4    LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction High speed rail is rapidly expending as new transport mode of the future in most of develop countries throughout the world. It’s made a faraway trip becomes more maintainable, easier and secure than others transport can provide to us. High speed railway operation is identifying as beneficial to economy in large population centre.  There is few ways to ensure high speed rails are economically feasible. Firstly, is to upgrade existing track by introducing tilting trains that can be accommodate with curves at higher speed at the same time maintaining passenger comfort. Second, is to pay special attention to vertical at dynamics, corrugation and RCF phenomena in the wheel-rail interface. Greater speed will affect the breakup of the vertical loads which result in increasing in high contact forces.  This also may develop a new structure for corrugation which leads to contact forces and expended wheel and rail RCF that may cause risky splinter of wheel rim material.  Hence, high speed wheel must be handling carefully in term of material and regular check-up must be done for crack in the wheel rims. To design the rail, the basic principle must be including in the designing the rail such as the optimum weight of steel, their dependable with maximum potential stiffness, durability and strength to give constant level surface and sufficient lateral guidance for wheels to pass over on it.    5 2.2 Railway Infrastructure       Rail transport also recognized as a train transport. It is a means of transport on vehicle which run on the track, rails or tracks. Based on Taylor and Francis Group (2015, p9) state that locomotive has been divided into four categories that is steam locomotive, diesel locomotive, gas turbine and electric locomotive. Since this system drives on metal rails and wheels, it has an inherent advantage of lesser frictional resistance which supports attach more loads in terms of wagons or carriages. This system is known as a train. Nowadays, to many railway transportations needs ballast railways tracks to solve the economic problems. Figure 1 show the cross-section of a single ballast track on a fill.   Figure 2.1: Cross-section of a single ballasted track on a fill (Bezgin, 2017) Rail and fastening Sleeper  Sub-ballast Ballast Subgrade  Natural Ground  6 In studied of Bezgin (2017) defines the superstructure of ballast railway consist of rail, sleeper entrenched in the ballast layer, attachment pieces that join the rails to sleepers, rail and fastenings, ballast layer supporting and laterally confining the sleeper and the sub-ballast layer below the ballast layer. Timber sleeper have been used since the creation of the first railway construction. The characteristic of sleeper design must be provided resistance to the estimated stresses. Nowadays, ballasted railway tracks typically assembled with monobloc concrete sleeper such as twin-bloc concrete sleeper. Because of the characteristics of concrete sleeper are batters than wooden sleeper such as higher density and weight, modern high-speed railway tracks are require using the prefabricated high performance concrete sleepers. The concrete sleepers are heavy which can give stability to the track and inflammable then can prevent from the corrosion happen (Mundrey, 2003). Furthermore, concrete provides an important significant basis with higher durability become first choice of the concrete as the construction material for railway track sleeper compare to wood sleeper. In their study, Bezgin also study various types of the concrete sleepers such as B58, B70 and B90 which use in Germany. The letter B means “beton” and the last two digits signifies their year production. After that, Bezgin has been introduce the technique of prestressing force into the sleeper has important implications in term of the design requirements and manufacture of the sleeper.  According to the using wooden sleepers, various possible regimes of corrugation may occur in the rail. In case to keep the track quality to specified usage level and confirm a safe track operation, damage and deteriorated sleeper are being replaced with better 

Single input fuzzy logic controller for liquid slosh suppression

http://eprints.utem.edu.my/24060/1/Investigation%20On%20Corrugation%20Effects%20And%20Growth%20In%20High%20Speed%20Railway%20By%20Using%20CAE%20Software.pdf

Single Input Fuzzy Logic Controller For Liquid Slosh Suppression

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