Journal ArticleBirdsong production requires coordinated activity of syringeal and respiratory muscles, Phonation occurs during the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle, and expiratory muscles generate the pressure head for sound production

Goller, Franz

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The University of Utah: J. Willard Marriott Digital Library

551.6 CONTRIBUTJO;':S OF EXPIRATORY MUSCLES TO SONG PRODUCTION IN ZEBRA FINC!!FS. E....G.uIkr*. Dept. of Biology. University oft)!;lh. Salt Lake City, U r 04112. Birdsong produ~tlOn require" C00fdllnted activity of syringcaJ and rcspiratory muscles_ Phonation (le,Un during thc expirntory phase of the respiratory cycle, and exp!rntory muscles genernle the pressure head for sound production. Together with the syringeaJ muscles, expiratory muscles may also contribute to the fine regulation of the airflow conditions that are requircd for production of stereotyped acoustic signals. To study the role of expiratory muscles during spontaneous song production in zebra finches (Totllliopygia gutta/a), I have recorded clcctromyograms (EMG) and muscle length changes (using 50no-micrometry) of the M. obliquus extemus abdominis together with subsyringeaJ air sac pressure and the vocalizations. During quiet respiration as wcl! us song each expiratory pulse is accompanied by a shortening of the abdominal muscle, which is reversed during inspirntion. Compared to quiet respiration. EMG activity and expiratory air sac pressure increase drastically for each expiratory pulse of the song, but abdominal muscle length does not decrease proportionally. IntersyJlable inspirations arc accompanied by rapid lengthening of the abdominal muscle such that the following contrnction is initiated from a stretched position. Some, but not all modulations of air sac pressure during the course of a single eXpIratory pulse arc correlated with respective changes in muscle length, suggesting a complex interplay between syringeal and abdominal museles in regulating airflow and pressure conditions during song. 

Contributions of expiratory muscles to song production in zebra finches

https://collections.lib.utah.edu/dl_files/f4/23/f423968f757c0c0804be931ea03de1c841a9475c.pdf

Contributions of expiratory muscles to song production in zebra finches

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The University of Utah: J. Willard Marriott Digital Library