Résumé — La thèse porte sur le rapport que la société béninoise entretient avec le médicament pharmaceutique industriel, dans le contexte globalisé actuel. Ce rapport est décrit à travers le concept de socialisation du médicament, concept central de la thèse. Une fois la problématique et la méthodologie de recherche présentées, la thèse débute par l’investigation du phénomène du marché informel du médicament, particulièrement dynamique dans les pays francophones d’Afrique. Les acteurs de la v..

Baxerres, Carine

ARNOLD ARBORETUM,HARVARD UNIVERSITY.Jamaica Plain, Mass.,..............April 8,...........1890.My dear Muir:I have just got your letter with enclosures which I return. I an glad some one has made an impression on Hermann. It shows what oppression will do to these sort of fellows. Sheep-grazing is just as bad in Oregon as it is in California, but Oregon politicians favor it and so the Oregon forests are destroyed. There won\u27t be much progress until this man is out of office, although of course everything helps and you ought to be very gratified with what you have accomplished in California.I think I had better stay at home this summer and finish my book instead of adopting your suggestion and going to the Yukon. There are probably only about two trees there I want to see and I have learnt a good deal about these in the last few days through one of the members of the Geological Survey of Canada. Gorman of Portland is also in the Klondike. He is a good keen botanist and I have written him for further information. The only things which I think would really tempt me west this summer are the Juniper which grows on the John Day River in Oregon and that Mendocino County Cypress, but I hope to learn something about them without leaving home. I want very much to finish up my book, if I can, this summer and then I shall be ready to look at the rest of the world. All my inclinations are for China and I am0256/ ARNOLD ARBORETUM.2thinking rather seriously of devoting the rest of my life to Chinese botany.Let me hear from you again soon.Faithfully yours,[illegible]John Muir, Esq.Martinez, Cal

Sargent, Charles Sprague

Pacific McGeorge School of Law

Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1899 Apr 8.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM,HARVARD UNIVERSITY.Jamaica Plain, Mass,...........April 3,............... 1890.My dear Muir:I have yours of the 28th with photograph of Picea engelmarmi in the Bitterroot Reservation. The picture is a lovely one and, ifit will answer for the purpose, I will have a transparency made from it. Will let you know in a few days what luck I have in this. I still want the Redwood and Sugar Pine, hut these are difficult fellows to manage, for the bigger the tree the harder It is to photograph it well.I return Mr. Sawyer\u27s letter and enclose the notice about The Silva from The Evening,Post and Nation. Like most people who write about the book, this writer devotes more attention to the question of nomenclature than to the true inwardness of the work.I am horribly busy with new trees which keep cropping up always in the most inaccessible part of the country, but today I have really learnt two facts; one is that the Birch of the Yukon Basin which we hear so much about and which appears in all the photographs of the country is not out Canoe Birch, as has generally been supposed, but the species which we saw at the head of the Lynn Canal; and second that the Alder of the Yukon Basin, or one of them at least, is the same species which grows on the coast and which used to be confounded with the Al-nus viridis. This we found, as you remember, a tree at Skaguay and I am going to call it Alnus Sitchensis.These facts I discovered from specimens collected by some Britisher at Dawson thatsummer and sent02558https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmcl/27303/thumbnail.jp

Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1899 Apr 3.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM,HARVARD UNIVERSITY.Jamaica Plain, Mass,...........April 3,............... 1890.My dear Muir:I have yours of the 28th with photograph of Picea engelmarmi in the Bitterroot Reservation. The picture is a lovely one and, ifit will answer for the purpose, I will have a transparency made from it. Will let you know in a few days what luck I have in this. I still want the Redwood and Sugar Pine, hut these are difficult fellows to manage, for the bigger the tree the harder It is to photograph it well.I return Mr. Sawyer\u27s letter and enclose the notice about The Silva from The Evening,Post and Nation. Like most people who write about the book, this writer devotes more attention to the question of nomenclature than to the true inwardness of the work.I am horribly busy with new trees which keep cropping up always in the most inaccessible part of the country, but today I have really learnt two facts; one is that the Birch of the Yukon Basin which we hear so much about and which appears in all the photographs of the country is not out Canoe Birch, as has generally been supposed, but the species which we saw at the head of the Lynn Canal; and second that the Alder of the Yukon Basin, or one of them at least, is the same species which grows on the coast and which used to be confounded with the Al-nus viridis. This we found, as you remember, a tree at Skaguay and I am going to call it Alnus Sitchensis.These facts I discovered from specimens collected by some Britisher at Dawson thatsummer and sent02558 ARNOLD ARBORETUM.2to me by the Geological Survey at Ottawa.Canby is feeling pretty lively and has been to Cape May to find that Myrica which we saw on that miserable day in Delaware and has found it, making a new northern station for this southern tree.The only thing which makes me look forward with any pleasure at all to the idea of going to the Pacific coast this summer is the chance it would give me of seeing you. I hardly think I shall go, although there is a question of a Juniper or two and of that Mendocino Cypress which is bothering me a good deal.I went over to see Mrs, Gray the other day, and During the winter she has been shut up six weeks with the grippe. I never saw her looking better or in better spirits.With kind regards to your family,Faithfully yours,[illegible]John Muir, Esq.Martinez, Cal

Scholarly Commons

University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons John Muir Correspondence (PDFs) 1899-01-28 Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1899 Apr 3. Charles Sprague Sargent Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir-correspondence Recommended Citation Sargent, Charles Sprague, "Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1899 Apr 3." (1899). John Muir Correspondence (PDFs). 2373. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir-correspondence/2373 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in John Muir Correspondence (PDFs) by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact mgibney@pacific.edu. 

English

OpenEdition

 Bulletin Amades
Anthropologie Médicale Appliquée au Développement Et
à la Santé 
82 | 2010
82
Du médicament informel au médicament
libéralisé. Les offres et les usages du médicament
pharmaceutique industriel à Cotonou (Bénin)
Thèse pour l’obtention du doctorat d’Anthropologie sociale, EHESS Paris,
mars 2010, 421 p. + annexes, sous la direction de Doris Bonnet
Carine Baxerres
Édition électronique
URL : http://journals.openedition.org/amades/1158
ISSN : 2102-5975
Éditeur
Association Amades
Édition imprimée
Date de publication : 30 octobre 2010
ISSN : 1257-0222
 
Référence électronique
Carine Baxerres, « Du médicament informel au médicament libéralisé. Les offres et les usages du
médicament pharmaceutique industriel à Cotonou (Bénin) », Bulletin Amades [En ligne], 82 | 2010, mis
en ligne le 30 octobre 2011, consulté le 20 avril 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/
amades/1158 
Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 20 avril 2019.
© Tous droits réservés
Du médicament informel au
médicament libéralisé. Les offres et les
usages du médicament pharmaceutique
industriel à Cotonou (Bénin)
Thèse pour l’obtention du doctorat d’Anthropologie sociale, EHESS Paris,
mars 2010, 421 p. + annexes, sous la direction de Doris Bonnet
Carine Baxerres
1 Résumé — La  thèse  porte  sur  le  rapport  que  la  société  béninoise  entretient  avec  le
médicament pharmaceutique industriel, dans le contexte globalisé actuel. Ce rapport est
décrit à travers le concept de socialisation du médicament, concept central de la thèse.
2 Une fois la problématique et la méthodologie de recherche présentées, la thèse débute
par l’investigation du phénomène du marché informel du médicament, particulièrement
dynamique dans les pays francophones d’Afrique. Les acteurs de la vente (détaillants et
grossistes),  de même que leurs clients,  les produits distribués ainsi  que leurs sources
d’approvisionnement  sont  scrupuleusement  interrogés.  Le  caractère  avant  tout
marchand  de  ce  marché  informel,  de  même  que  la  fonction  de  distribution
pharmaceutique qu’il  remplit  auprès  des  habitants  de  Cotonou sont  mis  en avant  et
permettent de déconstruire les images d’ordinaire véhiculées sur ce phénomène.
3 Au-delà des médicaments du marché informel, ce sont les usages que les habitants de
Cotonou  font  globalement  des  médicaments  pharmaceutiques  industriels  qui  sont
révélateurs de la socialisation du médicament au Bénin. Extrêmement familiers et banalisés,
ces objets tendent à être aujourd’hui utilisés au quotidien de manière plus importante
que les tisanes à bases de plantes, de racines et d’écorces. Des perceptions spécifiques
sont développées par les habitants de Cotonou à leur endroit et l’utilisation qu’ils en font
est influencée à la fois par les expériences de soins qu’ils acquièrent dans les centres de
santé  biomédicale  et  à  la  fois  par  les  savoirs  qu’ils  disent  « traditionnels »  et  se
transmettent de génération en génération. Ces influences que l’on peut dire globales et
Du médicament informel au médicament libéralisé. Les offres et les usages du ...
Bulletin Amades, 82 | 2011
1
locales s’associent aujourd’hui pour favoriser une consommation importante et quasi-
quotidienne  de  médicaments  pharmaceutiques  industriels.  Celle-ci  se  pratique  bien
souvent sur le mode de l’automédication, selon des objectifs de santé spécifiques (curatifs,
préventifs,  de maintien de la santé) mais dont les modalités sont loin d’être toujours
conformes aux recommandations biomédicales.
4 Les  situations  qui  viennent  d’être  présentées  sont  finalement  analysées  à  travers  la
description du système pharmaceutique effectivement à l’œuvre au Bénin. Les logiques et
modalités de fonctionnement des différents acteurs de la distribution pharmaceutique –
publics, privés et informels – qui le composent sont explicitées. La prégnance actuelle, au
sein de ce système pharmaceutique, de la valeur marchande du médicament sur sa valeur
thérapeutique  encadrée  par  un  professionnel  de  la  biomédecine  est  explicative  des
situations observées. La description des sources d’approvisionnement en médicaments
permet  de  prolonger  cette  analyse.  Elle  conduit,  grâce  à  l’ethnographie  précise  des
modalités  d’approvisionnement des acteurs du marché informel  du médicament,  à  la
comparaison des sources d’approvisionnement pharmaceutique du Bénin avec celles de
ces voisins anglophones (Nigeria,  Ghana).  Plus globalement,  le modèle de distribution
pharmaceutique en vigueur dans ces différents pays, qualifié pour le Bénin de « modèle
administré » et pour le Nigeria et le Ghana de « modèle libéral », sont mis en relief les uns
vis-à-vis des autres.
5 Finalement, l’étude fait apparaître que les réalités observées à Cotonou sont opérantes à
une  échelle  plus  globale.  Elle  met  en  avant  l’impact  des  modes  de  distribution  des
médicaments  en  cours  dans  un  pays  sur  la  consommation  pharmaceutique  de  ses
habitants.
Du médicament informel au médicament libéralisé. Les offres et les usages du ...
Bulletin Amades, 82 | 2011
2


Du médicament informel au médicament libéralisé. Les offres et les usages du médicament pharmaceutique industriel à Cotonou (Bénin)

University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons John Muir Correspondence (PDFs) 1899-04-08 Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1899 Apr 8. Charles Sprague Sargent Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir-correspondence Recommended Citation Sargent, Charles Sprague, "Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1899 Apr 8." (1899). John Muir Correspondence (PDFs). 2376. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir-correspondence/2376 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in John Muir Correspondence (PDFs) by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact mgibney@pacific.edu. 

ARNOLD ARBORETUM.2thinking rather seriously of devoting the rest of my life to Chinese botany.Let me hear from you again soon.Faithfully yours,[illegible]John Muir, Esq.Martinez, Cal.https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmcl/27615/thumbnail.jp

ARNOLD ARBORETUM, HARVARD UNIVERSITYJamaica Plain, Mass, August 4, 1899.My dear Muir:I see by the papers that your party has been in Oregon. I hope you are with it, but as the despatch says nothing about an epidemic of premature deafness among the members of the expedition I am afraid they may have left you somewhere behind. Please relieve my anxiety on this point as soon as possible, and, if this letter reaches you, tell me something of your experiences and of the new sights and especially of the new trees which you have seen. Please also make all your arrangements to meet me in St. Louis about the middle of September. I am projecting a great Crataegus-hunting trip and I cannot bear the thought of starting out on this, my last botanical journey in North America, without your companionship. You need not\u27 be two months from home and I will guarantee to show you much that you have never seen before and of particular interest. Canby has been rather under the weather this summer and is talking of the possibility of his not being able to go. I think, however, that when the time comes he will be with us. At any rate I must have you, so do not plead the importance of staying at home to do literary work which you can best do in the winter. Summer and autumn are too valuable for the field to waste in blacking paper. I will make a date for meeting later as soon as I hear that you will be on hand. Whatever you do don\u27t back out.02603 ARNOLD ARBORETUM.Lots of new Crataegus everywhere and I am badly demoralized a bout them. Among other things I am going to show you our new Texas Gleditschia and a supposed new Hickory, and we are bound to find a lot of other things we do not know much about.With kind regards to your family,Faithfully yours,[illegible]P. S.--I have been feeling very lonely indeed while you were so far away.John Muir, Esq.Martinez, Cal.0260

Letter from C[harles] S[prague] Sargent to John Muir, 1899 Aug 4.

ARNOLD ARBORETUM,HARVARD UNIVERSITY.Jamaica Plain, Mass.,..............April 8,...........1890.My dear Muir:I have just got your letter with enclosures which I return. I an glad some one has made an impression on Hermann. It shows what oppression will do to these sort of fellows. Sheep-grazing is just as bad in Oregon as it is in California, but Oregon politicians favor it and so the Oregon forests are destroyed. There won\u27t be much progress until this man is out of office, although of course everything helps and you ought to be very gratified with what you have accomplished in California.I think I had better stay at home this summer and finish my book instead of adopting your suggestion and going to the Yukon. There are probably only about two trees there I want to see and I have learnt a good deal about these in the last few days through one of the members of the Geological Survey of Canada. Gorman of Portland is also in the Klondike. He is a good keen botanist and I have written him for further information. The only things which I think would really tempt me west this summer are the Juniper which grows on the John Day River in Oregon and that Mendocino County Cypress, but I hope to learn something about them without leaving home. I want very much to finish up my book, if I can, this summer and then I shall be ready to look at the rest of the world. All my inclinations are for China and I am0256/https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmcl/27614/thumbnail.jp

https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3375&context=muir-correspondence

Du médicament informel au médicament libéralisé. Les offres et les usages du médicament pharmaceutique industriel à Cotonou (Bénin)

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