Traffic contributes to a high amount of total greenhouse gas emission. This paper examines the issue whether road slope has a significant influence on carbon dioxide emission when driving a car. CO2 measurements are temporally and spatially restricted when using conservative methods, so this work makes use of extended floating car data (xFCD). An experiment is being set up for collecting data, which has been acquired for four months using an xFCD-equipped vehicle. In this time period, about 100 recordings have been acquired. Findings include a moderate positive correlation between road slope and CO2 pollution. This fact has been substantiated by a Pearson Correlation analysis. Consequently, an influence of slope on greenhouse gas emissions appears to be present for a certain local area

Keler, Andreas

Krisp, Jukka M.

Röger, Christian

English

OPUS Augsburg

Research CollectionConference PaperExamining the Influence of Road Slope on Carbon DioxideEmission using Extended Floating Car DataAuthor(s): Röger, Christian; Keler, Andreas; Krisp, Jukka M.Publication Date: 2018-01-15Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000225605Rights / License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 InternationalThis page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For moreinformation please consult the Terms of use.ETH LibraryExamining the Influence of Road Slope on Car-bon Dioxide Emission using Extended Floating Car Data Christian Röger*, Andreas Keler*, Jukka M. Krisp* * University of Augsburg, Alter Postweg 118, 86169 Augsburg, {chris-tian.roeger, andreas.keler, jukka.krisp}@geo.uni-augsburg.de Abstract. Traffic contributes to a high amount of total greenhouse gas emission. This paper examines the issue whether road slope has a signifi-cant influence on carbon dioxide emission when driving a car. CO2 meas-urements are temporally and spatially restricted when using conservative methods, so this work makes use of extended floating car data (xFCD). An experiment is being set up for collecting data, which has been acquired for four months using an xFCD-equipped vehicle. In this time period, about 100 recordings have been acquired. Findings include a moderate positive correlation between road slope and CO2 pollution. This fact has been sub-stantiated by a Pearson Correlation analysis. Consequently, an influence of slope on greenhouse gas emissions appears to be present for a certain local area.  Keywords. Floating car data (FCD), xFCD, CO2, Emission 1. IntroductionCarbon dioxide (CO2) is considered as one of the main causes of global warming. Because of the increasing use of cars, CO2 values in the atmos-phere rise, even though the combustion technologies get more efficient. In 2013, about 20 percent of global greenhouse gases in the European Union have been emitted due to the infrastructural sector. In the United States, the transportation sector even comprises an amount of about 33 percent on greenhouse gases (Gately et al. 2013). Consequently, improving vehicle techniques is a very important research area (Stocker 2014). LBS 2018 http://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000225605135Introducing the extended Floating Car Data technology (xFCD), Pucher (2015) and Krampe et al. (2013) have been establishing a capable technique for traffic analysis. Enriching the common FCD technique with data ac-quired from vehicle diagnostic systems, it is possible to analyze CO2 emis-sion with respect to spatio-temporal phenomena. The aim of this paper is to show that the composition of the roads, in par-ticular the slope, has a direct influence on carbon dioxide emissions. There-fore, extended Floating Car Data is being analyzed. 2. Using Extended Floating Car Data for TrafficAnalysisFloating Car Data has evolved to a reliable and cost-effective way to gather accurate traffic data. Whilst many conservative methods for collecting vehi-cle data like inductive loops or video cameras are inflexible, FCD technology is capable of providing real-time traffic data without high maintenance or installation costs (Fabritiis et al. 2008). Apart from coordinates, Floating Car Data includes a timestamp. Hence, spatio-temporal processes can be analyzed and depicted. Since FCD is very suitable for traffic pattern analysis, highly frequented means of transporta-tion like taxis or busses preferably get equipped with this technology (Körner 2011).  For tooling up a vehicle with FCD qualified gear, the SAE J1962 standard of interest can be utilized. Since 1993, every European vehicle owns an elec-tronic system in order to control driving-specific functions like fuel injec-tion, temperatures or appearing trouble codes. In 2001, this procedure has been standardized in the course of the Euro III agreement. For extracting this kind of data, an OBD connector can be used. When enriching this out-put with corresponding spatial data using an external device, Floating Car Data is being produced (Ortenzi et al. 2010).  Since other vehicle parameters like fuel consumption can also be extracted easily using vehicle diagnostics, there is a development of the common FCD technique. Extended Floating Car Data (xFCD) is a combination of spatio-temporal data and further vehicle parameters. These days, xFCD is a popu-lar technology utilized for analyzing CO2 emission (Pucher 2015). LBS 2018 http://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-0002256051363. Examining the Influence of Road Slope on CO2-Emission using xFCDFor reviewing the influence of road slope on carbon dioxide emission values of a car using xFCD, an experiment has been set up. Within a period of time lasting from October the first of 2015 until February the first of 2016, an xFCD equipped vehicle has been used in order to acquire traffic data. For a route located within the Bundesstraße 17 in Augsburg, Germany, about 100 records have been acquired. In order to enhance the relevance of the results of the experiment, a dataset has been created for both the outbound trip and the way back. As a platform for xFCD measurements, a 2014 petrol-fueled Seat Leon with the specification of 110 HP has been used (Seat 2016). Furthermore, an OBD2 Bluetooth adapter has been utilized. For collecting data from the interface and enriching it with spatial information, the application 'Torque Pro' running on a Samsung Galaxy tablet has been applied. The selected route line acquired from OpenStreetMap (OSM) has been split into segments. Figure 1 illustrates averaged instantaneous CO2 emission values for the outbound trip. As seen, pollution varies by more than 100 g/km across the route. Figure 1. Averaged instantaneous CO2 emission values (outbound trip). Important information for the experiment is the development of slope val-ues throughout the given route. Therefore, the following formula has been used (Taborton 2011): (1) LBS 2018 http://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000225605137Once the CO2 emission of the car and the slope values of the road segments are acquired, a first comparison can be done. Figure 2 shows the develop-ment of the computed values for both the outbound trip and the way back. Figure 2. Comparison of CO2 emission and slope for the outbound trip (a) and the way back (b). The values of CO2 emission and slope are illustrated with a line plot. A cor-relation can be approximated when comparing the development of both graphs. A Pearson Correlation analysis has been conducted using the fol-lowing formula (Rubin 2012):  (2) LBS 2018 http://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000225605138Results computed with Equation 2 are being listed in Table 1. Both datasets show a moderate positive correlation of about 0.4. Thus, there is a certain correlation between slope and CO2 emission, at least for a local area. Pearson Analysis Outbound trip Way back Slope CO2-Emission Slope CO2-Emission Slope 1 1 CO2-Emission 0.370952331 1 0.407700613 1 Table 1. Pearson Analysis for the outbound trip and the way back. 4. Conclusions and DiscussionThe issue of the present work is to show that road slope influences carbon dioxide emission. Therefore, extended floating car data (xFCD) is used. The paper describes an experiment in order to examine the influence of slope on CO2 emission. An amount of about 100 recordings has been acquired for a car driving on a part of a motorway back and forth for four months. Find-ings include a moderate positive correlation of about 0.4 for the outbound trip as well as the way back. An influence of road slope on CO2 emission is shown for a local area.  A positive correlation of about 0.4 is a good result for a real-world envi-ronment. Challenges occur in the data collection process. Within three months of acquiring data, there is always the possibility of appearing sources of error like traffic jams, car accidents or building sites. Still both outbound trip and way back results show analogical correlations, which is an indicator of accuracy. Nevertheless, there are some factors to improve for further analysis. Re-garding the process of preparing the CO2 emission values for computing the influence, averaging has been performed. The use of other statistical methods like standard deviations need to be utilized in order to evaluate the results. Further experimental setups should consider more complex road systems than just a part of a motorway. Additionally, there are multiple types of cars with different fuel types and consumption specifications. Furthermore, a higher sample size increases the significance of the results. References Fabritiis C, Ragona R, Valenti G (2008) Traffic estimation and prediction based on real time floating car data. In: Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2008. ITSC 2008. 11th Interna-tional IEEE Conference on. IEEE, S. 197–203 LBS 2018 http://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000225605139Gately C, Hutyra L, Wing IS, Brondfield M (2013) A bottom up approach to on-road CO2 emissions estimates: Improved spatial accuracy and applications for regional planning. In: Environmental science & technology 47 (5), S. 2423–2430 Körner M (2011) Nutzungsmöglichkeiten von Floating Car Data zur Verkehrsflussoptimie-rung. In: Wichmann Fachmedien-Angewandte Geoinformatik 2011 Krampe S, Leitinger S, Pucher G, Rehrl K (2013) FCD Modellregion Salzburg: Einsatz und Nutzen von Extended Floating Car Data im Bundesland Salzburg: na Ortenzi F, Costagliola MA (2010) A new method to calculate instantaneous vehicle emissions using OBD data. In: SAE Technical Paper, S. 1–1289 Pucher G (2015) Quantifizierung verkehrsbedingter CO2-Emissionen auf der Grundlage von extended Floating Car Data. In: AGIT - Journal für Angewandte Geoinformatik (2015-1), S. 198–203 Rubin A (2012) Statistics for evidence-based practice and evaluation: Cengage Learning Seat (2016) Leon Modellreihen. Hg. v. Seat. Online verfügbar unter http://media.seat.de/flv/seatde/pdf/SEAT_Prospekturen/Modellkatalog/SEAT_Leon_MMagalo.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2016 Stocker TF (2014) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contri-bution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Cambridge University Press Tarboton D (2011) Computation of Slope. Online verfügbar unter http://www.caee.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/giswr2013/Synopsis/Slope.pdf. Accessed 1 March 2016 LBS 2018 http://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000225605140

Examining the influence of road slope on carbon dioxide emission using extended floating car data

Krisp, Jukka Matthias

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Examining the Influence of Road Slope on Carbon Dioxide Emission using Extended Floating Car Data

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Examining the influence of road slope on carbon dioxide emission using extended floating car data

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