Background: The problem of glucose variability has been in focus for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on insulin treatment. Daily profile of blood glucose was studied on Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) using Free Style Libre.
Case presentation and results: Patient is 54 year-old T1DM female, with HbA1c 7.8%. The blood glucose variability was measured by Free Style Libre. Insulin therapy included multiple daily insulin injection (MDI) of Insulin Glargin and Aspart. The result revealed unstable blood glucose profile in day 1 and 2. After that, the level and fluctuation of blood glucose gradually decreased from day 3 to 14. Average blood glucose in a day was 174mg/dL, 159mg/dL, 138mg/dL, 125mg/dL and 110mg/dL, in day 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, respectively. There was a discrepancy of HbA1c between 7.8% by laboratory measurement and 6.3% presumed value by Free Style Libre.
Discussion and Conclusion: Free Style Libre showed satisfactory results as CGM. There was lower HbA1c value by presumed calculation, which would be possibly due to every 15minutes measurement and difficulty in checking abrupt glucose surges. CGM application would probably bring diabetic subjects behavioral change of life style, leading to better diabetic control. These results would become reference data in CGM study for future research

Aihara, Aya

Bando, Hiroshi

Kanagawa, Hiroe

Kanazawa, Setsuko

Kato, Yoshikane

Kawahito, Atsuko

Kawata, Takafumi

Sueki, Etsuko

Tanaka, Mayumi

Tokushima University Institutional Repository

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.comIntroductionAs to diabetes mellitus, the adequate management and treatment has been one of the important medical problems worldwide.1 The prevalence of diabetes has been gradually increasing every year.2 For the diabetic treatment, diet therapy is the fundamental therapy, and various dietary therapies have been reported so far.3 There are variety kinds of diet, including low-carbohydrate diet (LCD), low-fat diet (calorie restriction, CR), vegetarian diet, high protein diet, Mediterranean dietary pattern, Paleolithic diet, low-glycemic index/load diet. Among them, recent topic has been the clinical application of LCD.4 There were lots of papers about comparison between LCD and CR.5 CR has been prevalent for standard diabetic nutritional therapy before. After that, Bernstein and colleagues initiated LCD some decade’s ago.6 Consecutively, the efficacy of LCD has been reported by the investigators of Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group and others.7 Consequently, the nutrition method of LCD has been prevalent in North American and European countries.8 In contrast, authors and colleagues have firstly reported LCD in medical practice in Japan.9 Furthermore, authors have continued various clinical researches concerning LCD for years. LCD has brought patients with gestational diabetes improved glucose variability and increased values of blood ketone bodies in fetuses, placenta, neonates, and mother, indicating the physiological role of ketone bodies.10 Moreover, we have reported the correlation between daily profile of blood glucose and M value.11 We have continued clinical research of LCD and given lectures about LCD through Japan LCD promotion association (JLCDPA).12 On the other hand, clinical application of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has recently started, which is FreeStyle Libre (Abbott).13 It automatically measures blood glucose every 15minutes. From clinical experiences, it has been evaluated to be simple and useful that can be available in the medical practice.14 Using CGM, we have studied glucose variability in diabetic patients.15 Among them, we have several clinically impressive cases. A case with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was presented studied by CGM in this report. Case reportPresent History: Subject enrolled was a female patient who was diagnosed as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) at the age of 44. She has continued to be treated with insulin for 10years. Currently, her diabetic control has been not so stable. HbA1c values for 1year have been about 7.5-8.8%. She is 54 years old treated with insulin therapy for 10years. The diabetic control was formerly stable, but it is rather unstable with HbA1c around 8% during half year. There are rather often hypoglycemic episodes when her daily life becomes rather unstable. Her blood glucose variety has ranged about from 50mg/dL to 380mg/dL.Because of this unstable diabetic situation, it was advised that further evaluation of glucose variability would be necessary for better glucose control. Consequently, we have tried to investigate the detail profile of blood glucose using Free Style Libre.Physical examination: Her consciousness is alert, and her physicals are unremarkable including pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature and respiration rate. Her physicals were normal with lung, heart and abdomen. Neurologically, there are no remarkable findings. Her body mass index (BMI) was 21.4kg/m2.J Diabetes Metab Disord Control. 2019;6(2):24‒26. 24©2019 Bando et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.Daily improvement of blood glucose profile by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) Volume 6 Issue 2 - 2019Hiroshi Bando,1,2 Yoshikane Kato,3 Setsuko Kanazawa,3 Mayumi Tanaka,3 Etsuko Sueki,3 Hiroe Kanagawa,3 Takafumi Kawata,3 Atsuko Kawahito,3 Aya Aihara31Tokushima University/Medical Research, Tokushima, Japan2Japan Low Carbohydrate Diet Promotion Association, Kyoto, Japan3Kanaiso Hospital, Tokushima, JapanCorrespondence: Hiroshi Bando, Tokushima University/Medical Research, Japan, Tel +81 90 3187 2485, Email Received: February 19, 2019 | Published: March 07, 2019AbstractBackground: The problem of glucose variability has been in focus for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on insulin treatment. Daily profile of blood glucose was studied on Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) using Free Style Libre. Case presentation and results: Patient is 54 year-old T1DM female, with HbA1c 7.8%. The blood glucose variability was measured by Free Style Libre. Insulin therapy included multiple daily insulin injection (MDI) of Insulin Glargin and Aspart. The result revealed unstable blood glucose profile in day 1 and 2. After that, the level and fluctuation of blood glucose gradually decreased from day 3 to 14. Average blood glucose in a day was 174mg/dL, 159mg/dL, 138mg/dL, 125mg/dL and 110mg/dL, in day 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, respectively. There was a discrepancy of HbA1c between 7.8% by laboratory measurement and 6.3% presumed value by Free Style Libre.Discussion and Conclusion: Free Style Libre showed satisfactory results as CGM. There was lower HbA1c value by presumed calculation, which would be possibly due to every 15minutes measurement and difficulty in checking abrupt glucose surges. CGM application would probably bring diabetic subjects behavioral change of life style, leading to better diabetic control. These results would become reference data in CGM study for future research.Keywords: Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM), Free Style Libre, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), mean absolute relative difference (MARD), low carbohydrate diet (LCD), Japan LCD promotion association (JLCDPA)Journal of Diabetes, Metabolic Disorders & ControlCase Report Open AccessDaily improvement of blood glucose profile by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 25Copyright:©2019 Bando et al.Citation: Bando H, Kato Y, Kanazawa S, et al. Daily improvement of blood glucose profile by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). J Diabetes Metab Disord Control. 2019;6(2):24‒26. DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2019.06.00177Laboratory examination: Her results of laboratory examination on routine were in the following. The main data were: Hb 14.1 g/dL, WBC 6000/μL, Plt 31.4 x 104/μL, AST 24U/mL, ALT 26U/mL, r-GT 23U/mL, Alb 4.2mg/dL, BUN 17mg/dL, Cre 0.7mg/dL, Uric Acid 5.5mg/dL, HDL 41mg/dL, LDL 103mg/dL, TG 146mg/dL. Laboratory data concerning diabetes include that HbA1c 8.2%, glucose 367mg/dL. Treatment with insulin: The patient has been treated with 2kinds of insulin for years. The insulin administration method has been multiple daily insulin injection (MDI). It includes Insulin Glargin (Eli Lilly and Company) at night once a day and Novo rapid (Novo Nordisk) three times a day. The former is Insulin Glargin by BS injection kit FFP including 300units/mL and the latter is Insulin Aspart provided by pre–filled pen including 100units/mL. The schedule of the insulin therapy a day was that Glargin is given 13units on 2300h and Aspart is given 23, 23, 23units on 0800h, 1200h, 1700h.Blood variability by CGM: The patient had the study of CGM by Free Style Libre (Abbott, USA) in January 2019. The profile of blood glucose for continuous 14days was investigated. During two weeks, there were no specific symptoms, signs or problems related to diabetes.  The glucose variability for day 2 to day 11 is revealed in Figure 1. The average glucose level a day was decreased from day 1 to day 14. Average blood glucose in a day was 174mg/dL, 159mg/dL, 138mg/dL, 125mg/dL and 110mg/dL, in day 2, 4, 7, 9, 11, respectively. In day 2 and 4there were rather larger fluctuation of daily glucose profile. In day 9, 11, however, there was little fluctuation of daily glucose.Figure 1 Blood Glucose variability by Free Style Libre from day 2 to day 11.According to the results of Figure 1, the relationship between blood glucose value at any moment and symptom/sign can be studied. She felt a little thirsty at 2130h on day 2 with blood glucose 380mg/dL, and moderate hungry at 1600h on day 11 with blood glucose 70mg/dL. These episodes are beneficial for investigating the correlation between hyperglycemia / hypoglycemia and present symptom / sign in each patient. Furthermore, Figure 1 showed the estimated HbA1c value which was 6.3% or 45mmol/mol. At that time, her HbA1c value was 7.8% on day 1. Thus, some discrepancy was found between the actual HbA1c value in the out clinic and that calculated by the FreeStyle Libre. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)Recently, Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) system has been introduced in the medical practice as a sensor-based device for blood glucose monitoring.16 It is the Free Style Libre, which was produced by Abbott, USA.16 From its continuous research and clinical trials for long years, it has been estimated to be simple and useful for detecting blood glucose variability. It is also beneficial for convenient and precise, as well as small size for actual clinical practice.17DiscussionThis report presented 54 year-old female with T1DM on multiple daily insulin injection (MDI). Her problem has been unstable blood glucose variability for several months. It included several factors, such as irregular lifestyle, persisting general malaise physiologically and various stressful situation psychologically.18 Using the useful Free Style Libre, blood variability in daily profile was studied for 14days. According to the data of CGM, blood glucose had gradually decreased. Not only the average glucose but also the fluctuation of the blood glucose were also decreased gradually. There are some reasons why she could bring her blood glucose controlled in 10days. The possibilities were that i) her daily life became rather stable in diet, work and exercise, ii) psychological stressors were moderately reduced as to inter-personal communication, iii) the amount of carbohydrate such as bread, rice and noodles was a little decreased, iv) she can always grasp the current blood glucose variability for 24hours, just manipulating her Smartphone and v) changing levels of glucose can control her behaviors.19 As mentioned above, moving data of blood glucose calculated by CGM have definitely good opportunity to make the diabetic patient change the lifestyle. In other words, CGM can cause behavioral change for the patient, which would be greatly beneficial medically, physically and psychologically. According to the description of CGM recommendations in the guideline-2019, it is to improve glycemic control without an increase in hypoglycemia or severe hypoglycemia.20 Its benefits will correlate with adherence to ongoing use of the device, which has the level of evidence as rank A. From the basic aspect of Free Style Libre, Updike et al. introduced the enzyme electrode method long ago.21 Consecutively, the electrodes were developed and various experiments were tried for CGM.22 The guideline of CGM has been shown and many research have continued about concerning international standardization, which are mean absolute relative deviation (MARD) and precision absolute relative difference (PARD).23,24 From clinical aspect of Free Style Libre, the beneficial point would be the easy measurement of blood glucose variability. On the other hand, there was the discrepancy between HbA1c value from the laboratory company and the estimated HbA1c value calculated by Free Style Libre from obtained blood glucose data. This phenomenon would be partly due to the fact that CGM would not detect occasional abrupt changes or spike-like elevation of blood glucose.25 There would be another reason that blood glucose is measured in every 15minutes Daily improvement of blood glucose profile by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 26Copyright:©2019 Bando et al.Citation: Bando H, Kato Y, Kanazawa S, et al. Daily improvement of blood glucose profile by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). J Diabetes Metab Disord Control. 2019;6(2):24‒26. DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2019.06.00177for Free Style Libre. Consequently, further evaluation with various data accumulation would be necessary in the future.In summary, blood glucose variability was monitored by Free Style Libre in a female patient with T1DM. Average and fluctuation of blood glucose were decreased during 2weeks. It is supposed that CGM application would bring the subject behavioral changes, leading to better diabetic control. These results are expected to be reference data in CGM study for future research.Acknowledgment None.Conflicts of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.References1. American Diabetes Association. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes‒2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(1):90–102.2. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2018;138:271–281.3. Schwingshackl L, Chaimani A, Hoffmann G, et al. Impact of different dietary approaches on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a protocol for a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2017;6(1):57.4. Slomski A. Low-Carb Diets Help Maintain Weight Loss. Clinical Trials Update. JAMA. 2019;321(4):335. 5. Korsmo HHK, Brurberg KG, Mann J, et al. Carbohydrate quantity in the dietary management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21:15–27.6. Bernstein RK. Dr. Bernstein’s Diabetes Solution. Little, Brown and company. 1997.7. Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT) Group. Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet. N Engl J Med. 2008;359: 229‒241.8. Tay J, Thompson CH, Luscombe MND, et al. Effects of an energy-restricted low carbohydrate, high unsaturated fat/low saturated fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes: A 2-year randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:858–871.9. Ebe K, Ebe Y, Yokota S, et al. Low Carbohydrate diet (LCD) treated for three cases as diabetic diet therapy. Kyoto Medical Association Journal. 2004;51:125‒129.10. Muneta T, Kawaguchi E, Nagai Y, et al. Ketone body elevation in placenta, umbilical cord, newborn and mother in normal delivery. Glycative Stress Research. 2016;3(3):133‒140.11. Bando H, Ebe K, Muneta T, et al. Effect of low carbohydrate diet on type 2 diabetic patients and usefulness of M-value. Diabetes Res Open J. 2017;3(1):9‒16.12. Ebe K, Bando H, Yamamoto K, et al. Daily carbohydrate intake correlates with HbA1c in low carbohydrate diet (LCD). J Diabetol. 2018;1(1):4‒9.13. Bolinder J, Antuna R, Geelhoed DP, et al. Novel glucose-sensing technology and hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes: a multicentre, non-masked, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2016;388(10057): 2254‒2263. 14. Fokkert MJ, van Dijk PR, Edens MA, et al. Performance of the FreeStyle Libre Flash glucose monitoring system in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5(1):320.15. Bando H. Clinically Beneficial Application of Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM). Biomed J Sci & Tech Res. 2018;11(3):2095.16. Edge J, Acerini C, Campbell F, et al. An alternative sensor-based method for glucose monitoring in children and young people with diabetes. Arch Dis Child. 2017;102(6):543‒549. 17. Taylor PJ, Thompson CH, Luscombe MND, et al. Efficacy of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Improve Effects of a Prescriptive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot Study. Diabetes Ther. 2019;1-14.18. Kebede MM, Schuett C, Pschke CR. The Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Diabetes Smartphone Applications, and Self-Care Behavior in Glycemic Control: Results of a Multi-National Online Survey. J Clin Med. 2019;8:109.19. American Diabetes Association. 7. Diabetes technology: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetesd2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(1):71–80.20. Updike SJ, Hicks GP. The enzyme electrode. Nature. 1967;214:986‒988.21. Skyler JS. Continuous glucose monitoring: an overview of its development. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11(1):5‒10.22. Liebl A, Henrichs HR, Heinemann L, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring working group of the working group diabetes technology of the German diabetes association: Continuous glucose monitoring: evidence and consensus statement for clinical use. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2013;7:500‒519.23. Obermaier K, Schmelzeien RG, Schoemaker M, et al. Performance evaluations of continuous glucose monitoring systems: precision absolute relative deviation is part of the assessment. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2013;7:824‒832.24. Fokkert MJ, van DPR, Edens MA, et al. Performance of the FreeStyle Libre Flash glucose monitoring system in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;17;5(1):320. 25. Olafsdottir AF, Attvall S, Sandgren U, et al. A Clinical Trial of the Accuracy and Treatment Experience of the Flash Glucose Monitor FreeStyle Libre in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2017;19(3):164‒172. 

Daily improvement of blood glucose profile by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

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Daily improvement of blood glucose profile by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

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