Bonner, F.

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u n i ve r s i t y  o f  co pe n h ag e n  Glossary of Seed Germination Terms for Tree Seed WorkersBonner, F.Publication date:1985Document versionEarly version, also known as pre-printCitation for published version (APA):Bonner, F. (1985). Glossary of Seed Germination Terms for Tree Seed Workers. Danida Forest Seed Centre.Technical Note no. 21Download date: 09. okt.. 2020TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 21 -  March 1985 (Re-issued September1994)GLOSSARY OF SEED  GERMINATION TERMS  FOR TREE SEED WORKERS compiled by F.T. BonnerTitelGlossary of seed germination terms for tree seed workersAuthorF.T. BonnerPublisherDanida Forest Seed CentreSeries - title and no.Technical Note no. 21ISSN: 0902-3224DTPMelita JørgensenCitationBonner, F.T., 1985 (Re-issued 1994) Glossary of seed germination terms for tree seed workers, Technical Note 21,  Danida Forest Seed Centre, DenmarkCitation allowed with clear source indicationWritten permission is required if you wish to use Forest & Landscape's name and/or any part of this report for sales and advertising purposes.The report is available free of chargeSL-International@life.ku.dkElectronic Versionwww.SL.life.ku.dkFOREWORDThis glossary is designed for scientists and technicians who are concerned with testing or research with forest tree seeds. Its sole purpose is to improve communications between tree seed workers, especially where language differences may be confusing. For this reason, the definitions have been simplified as much as possible without sacrificing their technical meaning.This glossary is a project of  IUFRO WORKING PARTY S2.01-.06 ’Seed Problems.’ The following refe-rences were used in its preparation:Ford-Robertson, F.C. (ed.) 1971. Terminology of  forest science, technology practice and products. Eng-lish-language version. Multiling. For. Term Ser. No. 1, Soc. Amer. Foresters, Washington, DC. 349 p.Gray, P. 1967. The dictionary of  the biological sciences. Reinhold Publ. Corp., New York. 602 p.International Seed Testing Association. 1976. International rules for seed testing: rules 1975. Seed Sci. and Technol. 4: 3-177. USDA, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of  woody plants in the United States. USDA Agri. Handb. No.450. 883 p.When references differed, preference was given to those definitions conforming to current usage as deter-mined by the majority of  the authorities who reviewed this work.Invaluable reviews were provided by Dr. S. Asakawa (Japan), Dr. M. Bonnet-Masimbert (France), Prof. C. Bulard (France), Dr. F. Devillez (Belgium), Dr. D. Donald (South Africa), Dr. V. Enescu (Romania), Dr. G. Eicke (West Gernany), Mr. I. Fystro (Norway), Mr. F. Haavisto (Canada), Mrs. G. Saether (Norway), Dr. M. Simak (Sweden), Mr. B. Wang (Canada), and Dr. J. Yozzo (United States). Special thanks are due  to Dr. Bonnet-Masimbert for help with the French synonyms and Dr. Eicke for help with the German..........................................................................................F. T. Bonner. Supervisory Plant Physiologist and Project Leader at the Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Starkville, Mississippi, USA. Chairman of  IUFRO W.P.52.0l.06.February l984. This glossary was first issued as General Technical Report S0-49 from Southern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service. It was sent out as DFSC Technical Note No.21 in its original version in March l985.Abnomal seedlings. In seed testing, seedlings which do not possess all normal structures required for growth, nor show the capacity for continued development.    Ger. anomale Keimlinge, abnorme           Keinlinge   Fr. germe anormal, plantule anormaleAfterripening. Physiological processes in seeds (or bulbs, tubers, and fruits) after harvest or abscission, which occur prior to and are often necessary for germination or resumption of  growth under favourable external conditions. (See: Chilling, Pre-chilling, Stratification. )  Ger. Nachreifen  Fr. postmaturationChilling. Subjection of  seeds to cold, moist conditions to bring about afterripening. It may occur in natural environments or may be applied artificially. (See: Pre-chilling, Stratifi-cation. )  Ger. Kühlung, Källtebehandlung  Fr. réfrigerationCotyledon. Modified leaf  or leaves of  the embryo or seedling, which may contain the stored food reserves of  the seed. They are formed at the first node or at the upper end of  the hypocotyl.   Ger. Kotyledonen, Samenblatt, Keimblatt   Fr. cotylédonDormancy. A physiological state in which a seed pre-disposed to germinate does not, even in the presence of  favourable environmental conditions.  Ger. Keimruhe, Samenruhe, Dormanz,          Keimhernrnung  Fr. dormanceDormancy, Combined. Dormancy as a result of  two or more primary factors, such as seed-coat dormancy and embryo dormancy.  Ger.  Kombinierte Keimruhe  Fr. dormance combinéeDormancy, Double. Dormancy in both the radicle and the epicotyl of  the embryo. To overcome it normally requires a warm treat-ment followed by chilling, or two periods of  chilling, interrupted by a warm treatment.  Ger. doppelte Keimruhe  Fr. dormance doubleDormancy, Embryo. Dormancy as a result of  conditions within the embryo itself: inhibiting substances, cotyledon influences, impermeable structures. Syn. : Internal Dormancy.  Ger.  embryonale Keimruhe  Fr. dormance embryonnaireDormancy, Imposed. Dormancy as a result of  some action, treatment, or injury to seeds in the course of  collecting, handling’ or sowing. Syn.: Secondary Dormancy, Induced Dormancy.  Ger.  induzierte Keimruhe  Fr. dormance induiteDormancy, Induced. Syn. : Dormancy, Imposed; Dormancy, Secondary. Dormancy, Internal. Syn.: Dormancy, Embryo.  Ger.  innere Keimruhe  Fr. dormance interneDormancy, Physiological. An embryo dormancy due to physiological conditions which can be overcome by pretreatments other than scarifica-tion.  Ger.  physiologische Keimruhe  Fr. dormance physiologiqueDormancy, Secondary. See: Dormancy, Induced.  Ger.  sekundäre Keimruhe Fr.  dormance secondaireDormancy, Seedcoat. Dormancy as a result of  seed-coat conditions: impermeability to gases or moisture or mechanical restrictions.  Ger.  Keimruhe durch die Samenschale  Fr. inhibition to gr:mentaireEmbryo. The rudimentary plant within the seed; sometimes called the germ.  Ger.  Embryo, Keim  Fr. embryon Empty seed. A seed testing term for a seed unit which does not contain all tissues essential for germination. This condition can result from in-sect or disease attack, or incomplete development of  the ovule. Intact seed coats devoid of  internal tissue are considered ’empty seeds’ under this concept.  Ger. Hohlkorn, tauber Same  Fr.  semence videEndospem. Triploid nutrient storage tissue sur-rounding the embryo in seeds of  angiosperms.  Ger. Nährgewebe, Endosperm  Fr. albumendue to an impermeable seedcoat.  Ger. harte Samen  Fr. semences duresHypocotyl. That part of  the embryonic axis which is between the cotyledons and the radicle. In seedlings, the juvenile stem which is between the cotyledons and the root system.  Ger. Hypokotyl  Fr. hypocotyleEypogeal germination. Germination in which the cotyledons remain in the seed below the ground while the epicotyl elongates.  Ger. hypogäische Keimung  Fr. germination hypogéeImmature enbryo. Condition in which a morpho-logically immature embryo delays germination.  Ger. unreifer Embryo, unterent-wickelter   embryo  Fr. immaturité embryonnaireInbibition. The mechanism of  initial water uptake by seeds. The taking up of  fluid by a colloidal system.   Ger. Aufnahme von Wasser, Quellung,    Einweichen  Fr. imbibitionInhibition. A restraining or repression of  a func-tion of  a seed.  Ger. Verhinderung, Keimherrrung  Fr. inhibitionIntegument. The one or two layers of  tissue, often fused, that enclose the nucellus of  an ovule and that develop after fertilization into seed coats. (See Seed coat.)  Ger. Integument  Fr. intégumentKernel. Edible portion of  a seed embryo or seed storage tissues.  Ger. Kern, Samenkorn  Fr. amandeMegagametophyte. Syn. : Female gametophyte.Micropyle. Minute opening in the integument of  an ovule through which the pollen grain or pollen tube passes to reach the embryo sac. It is usually closed in the mature seed to form a superficial scar.  Ger. Mikropyle, Keimloch, Samenmund  Fr. micropyleNaked stratification. Chilling of  seeds without the use of  a moisture-holding medium.Epicotyl. Portion of  the axis of  a plant embryo or seedling stem between the cotyledons and the primary Leaves. Ger. Epikotyl, Keimblattstamm Fr.  épicoty1eEpigeal germination. Germination in which the cotyledons are forced above the ground by the elongation of  the hypocotyl.  Ger. epigäische Keimung  Fr. germination épigéeFemale gametophyte. Haploid nutrient sto-rage tissue in seeds of  gymnosperms. It is of-ten mistakenly called the ’endosperm’ of  seeds of  gymnosperms. Syn.: Megagametophyte.  Ger. Nährgewebe, weiblicher Gameto-  phyt, primäres Endosperm  Fr. gamétophyte femelleFilled seed. A seed with all tissues essential for germination.  Ger. Vollkorn, voller Same  Fr. semence pleineGermination. Resumption of  active growth in an embryo which results in its emergence from the seed and development of  those structures essential to plant development.  Ger. Keimung  Fr. germinationGemination capacity. Proportion of  a seed sample that has germinated normally in a spe-cified test period, usually expressed as a per-centage. Syn. : Germination percentage  Ger. Keimfähigkeit, Keimkraft  Fr. capacité germinativeGermination energy. That proportion of  ger-mination which has occurred up to the time of  peak germination, the time of  maximum germination rate, or some preselected point, usually 7 test days. (The critical time of  mea-surement can be chosen by several means. ) Ger. Keimschnelligkeit, Keimenergie Fr. énergie germinativeGermination percentage. Syn. : Germination capacity.  Ger. Keimprozent  Fr. pourcentage de germinationHard seeds. Seeds which remain hard and ungerminated at the end of  a prescribed test period because they have not absorbed water, pressed as a percentage by weight. Ger. Reinheit, Reinheitsgrad Fr. puretéRadicle. Portion of  the axis of  an embryo from which the primary root develops.  Ger. Keimwurzel, Radikula  Fr. radiculeSample, suhitted. The sample of  seed submitted to a seed testing station.  Ger. Einsendungsprobe  Fr. échantillon soumis å 1’analyseSample, working. A reduced seed sample taken from the submitted sample in the laboratory, on which some test of  seed quality is made.  Ger. engere Mittelprobe  Fr. échantillon moyen, échantillon d’analyseScarification. Disruption of  seed coats, usually by mechanical abrasion or by brief  chemical treat-ment in a strong acid, to increase their permeabi-lity to water and gases, or to lower their mechani-cal resistance.   Ger. Samenschalenritzung  Fr. scarificationSeed. A matured ovule which contains an embryo and nutritive tissue and is enclosed in protective layers of  tissue (seed coat).   Ger. Same, Frucht (Angiosperms only)  Fr. semence, graineSeed coat. Protective outer layer of  a seed derived from the integuments of  the ovule. (Syn.: Sper-moderm). When two coats are present, the thick outer coat is the testa and the thin inner coat is the tegmen. ( See: Testa, Pericarp. )  Ger. Samenschale, Testa  Fr. tégument externeSeed lot. A specified quantity of  seed of  reaso-nably uniform quality.  Ger. Saatgutpartie  Fr. lot des semencesSeed quality. A general term that may refer to the purity, germination capacity, or vigour of  a seed lot.  Ger. Saatgutqualität  Fr. qualité des semencesSound seed. A seed which contains, in viable con-dition, all tissues necessary for germination. Syn. Viable seed.  Ger. Vollkorn, gesunder Same  Ger. einfache Stratifizierung  Fr. préréfrigération sans milieuPeak germination. A loose term which descri-bes the specific time when rate of  germinati-on is highest. It may be derived in many ways. (See: Germination energy. )  Ger. maximale Keimrate, Kulminations  punkt der Keimung  Fr. pic de germinationPericarp. In Angiosperms, a fruit wall which developed from the ovary wall; it may be dry, hard, or fleshy. (See: Seed coat.)  Ger. Fruchtwand, Perikarp  Fr, péricarpePhysiological maturity. A general term for the stage in the life cycle of  a seed when develop-ment is complete and the biochemical compo-nents necessary for all physiological processes are active or ready to be activated.  Ger. physiologische Reife  Fr. maturite physiologiquePlumule. Primary bud of  a plant embryo situ-ated at the apex of  the hypocotyl. Portion of  the seedling axis above the cotyledons con-sisting of  leaves and an epicotyl, which elon-gates to form the primary stem.  Ger. Plumula  Fr. plumule, premiéres feuillesPolyembryony. Formation of  two or more em-bryos from a single ovule in a seed.  Ger. Polyembronie  Fr. polyembryoniePrechilling. Cold moist treatment applied to seeds to hasten after-ripening or to overcome dormancy before sowing in soil or germina-tion in the laboratory. (See: Stratification. )  Ger. Kalt-Nass-Vorbehandlung,          Kalte vorbehandlung  Fr. préréfrigération, pregermination,          stratification froidePretreatment. Any kind of  treatment applied to seeds to overcome dormancy and hasten germination. ( See: Chilling, Prechilling, Stra-tification)   Ger. Vorbehandiung  Fr. prétraitementPurity. Proportion of  clean, intact seed of  the designated species in a seed lot, usually ex-  Fr. semence pleine, semence bonneSpemoderm. See: Seed coat   Ger. Samenschale, Spermoderm  Fr. spermodermeStratification. Practice of  placing seeds in moist medium, often in alternate layers, to hasten after-ripening or overcome dormancy. Commonly applied to any technique which keeps seeds in a cold and moist environment. ( See: Prechilling. )  Ger. Stratifizierung, Stratifikation  Fr. stratificationTegmen. The inner seed coat; usually thin and delicate. ( See: Seed coat, Testa, Pericarp. )  Ger. Samenhaut  Fr. tégument interneTesta. The outer coat of  a seed, usually hard or tough. (See: Seed coat, Tegmen, Pericarp. )  Ger. Samenschale  Fr. tégument externeTolerance. A permitted deviation (plus or minus) from a standard. In seed testing, the permitted difference between or among re-plicated measurements beyond which the measurements must be repeated.  Ger. Toleranz, zulässige Abweichung  Fr. toléranceVernalization. Treatment of  seeds, bulbs, or seedlings with low temperatures (0 to 5oC) to hasten flowering of  the subsequent plant.  Ger. Vernalisation  Fr. vernalisationViability. The state of  being capable of  germi-nation and subsequent growth and develop-ment of  the seedling.  Ger. Lebensfähigkeit  Fr. viabilitéViable seed. Syn.: Sound seed.  Ger. Lebensfähiger Same  Fr. semence viableVigour. Those seed properties which determine the potential for rapid, uniform emergence and development of  normal seediings under a wide range of  field conditions.  Ger. Triebkraft, Lebenskraft  Fr. vigeur

Glossary of Seed Germination Terms for Tree Seed Workers

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Glossary of Seed Germination Terms for Tree Seed Workers

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