Sacande, Moctar

Sanogo, Sidi

English

Copenhagen University Research Information System

u n i ve r s i t y  o f  co pe n h ag e n  Københavns UniversitetAnogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr.Sacande, Moctar; Sanogo, SidiPublished in:Seed LeafletPublication date:2007Document versionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordCitation for published version (APA):Sacande, M., & Sanogo, S. (2007). Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. Seed Leaflet, (119).Download date: 02. Feb. 2020Forest & Landscape Denmark • Hørsholm Kongevej 11 • DK-2970 HørsholmEmail: SL-International@life.ku.dk • Website: www.SL.ku.dkSEED LEAFLETAnogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr.No. 119 September 2007Taxonomy and nomenclatureFamily: CombretaceaeSynonyms: Conocarpus leiocarpus DC.; A. schim-peri Hochst. ex Hutch. & Dalz.; A. leiocarpus var. schimperi (Hochst. ex Hutch. & Dalz.) Aubrev. Vernacular/common names: English name: African birch. Local names: pako dudu, ayin (Yoruba), n’galama (Bambara), siiga (Moré) godoli (Peulh). Distribution and habitatAnogeissus leiocarpus has a large ecological distri-bution, ranging from the borders of the Sahara up to the outlier humid tropical forests. In west Africa it is present from Senegal to Cameroon, and extends into Ethiopia in East Africa. It grows in dry forests, fring-ing forests and semi-arid savannah areas. It grows around swamps, in valleys and forest galleries, where it usually forms pure, dense and closed stands. It is quite common, gregarious and locally abundant, and may be considered a pioneer species on open forest clearings. It is typically found at altitudes of 450 to 1900 m. It can grow on a range of soil type including compact clay soils (Vertisols). A. leiocarpus is listed as »Vulnerable« on Burkina Faso’s national biologi-cal diversity monograph because of its very high uses. It has a very slow initial growth, low regrowth abil-ity and is very sensitive to bush fi re. These factors, in addition to the poor germination of its seeds, are adverse factors for long term conservation and sus-tainable uses of the species.UsesThe wood of A. leiocarpus is well appreciated as a carving wood and is used for construction and tool handles because it is fairly insect and termite resist-ant. It has yellowish sapwood, and a dark brown-black core. It is important for fi rewood and charcoal production. The ashes are used for tanning leath-ers and the leaves and bark are used as yellow dyes for fabric and leather. The gum is used to make ink more viscous or to glue leather and is used occasion-ally as arabic gum replacement. The roots are used as chew sticks for cleaning teeth, and the leaves as fodder for small ruminants. Leaves, roots and trunk bark are used by traditional practitioners for the treat-ment of helminthiasis, trypanosomiasis, malaria and dysenteric syndrome. Other medicinal uses include treatment for diarrhoea, fever, coughs, rheumatism, leprosy, wounds and skin diseases. A. leiocarpus extract shows excellent activity against the bacteria responsible for opportunistic infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas and B. cepacia in addition to activity against MRSA bacteria causing dental caries and periodontal disease. The glucoside, recently described in this species, showed antimicro-bial activities.A. leiocarpus seeds from Burkina. Photo: H. Vautier.Botanical descriptionA. leiocarpus is a tree of up to 30 m in height, typi-cally 15-18 m with light green foliage. The trunk is wider at the base and sometimes striped. The crown is dense and the branches are often drooping. The bark is grey to beige in colour, becoming blackish with age, and fi brous with thin scales. The stems are fi nely pubescent. Leaves are alternate to subopposite, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate in shape, and 2-8 cm long and 1.5-3.5 cm across. The leaves are acuminate or mucronate at the apex and cuneate at the base. The petiole is 1-6 mm long. Individuals growing in drier areas tend to have smaller leaves and hairier fl owers.The infl orescence is a spherical, axillary and terminal cluster. The yellow-green scented fl owers are brown-ish-orange at the centre and with white hairs. The fl owers are bisexual, apetalous, 5-6 mm in diameter, and with 10 stamens. Seedleaﬂ ets are a series of species wise extension leaﬂ ets for tropical forest species with special emphasis on seed technology. Leaﬂ ets are compiled from existing literature and research available at the time of writing. In order to currently improve recommendations, FLD encourage feedback from users and researchers who have experience with the species. Comments, corrections, improvements and amendments will be incorporated into future edited leaﬂ ets. Please write your comments to: SL-International@life.ku.dkFruit and seed descriptionFruit: Fruits are yellowish to reddish brown, trape-ziform samaras, 4-7 mm long and 6-10 mm across. When on the plant, the fruits are in dense subglobose cone-like heads. Each fruit is broadly winged, and beaked by a persistent tubular portion of the recepta-cle and contains 1 seed.  Seed: Seeds are small in size but are produced in high number, about 140 000 seeds per kg (TSW = 6-8 g). Flowering and fruiting habitFlowering occurs at the end of the dry season, or the beginning of the rainy season, just after leaf fl ushing. The seeds are dispersed by wind. HarvestThe dry fruits are harvested from adult trees by manu-ally shaking fruit bearing branches and then collect-ing from the ground. Fruits are typically mature be-tween March and June in West Africa.Processing and handlingSeeds are manually extracted by removing the winged pericarp. Extracted seeds are fragile and easily dam-aged. Seed extraction should preferably be delayed until just before sowing, thus being a pretreatment. Storage and viabilitySeeds are orthodox and can be dried, cooled and stored. In the MSB seeds of this species have been stored since 1998. Because of the risk on mechanical damage of ex-tracted seeds, entire fruits are often stored.Dormancy, pretreatment and germinationGermination percentage of collected seeds is usually low. This has been shown to be primarily due to a large proportion of infertile ovules (sometimes up to 95%). Infertility could be due to lack of pollina-tion or inbreeding. At CNSF a maximum germina-tion of 10-15% can be reached. However a thorough cleaning and selection (sorting) methods that were used at CRRA Sikasso, Mali, managed to eliminate most infertile seeds. Elimination was based on small size (though not all bigger seeds have normal em-bryo). In this way germination was increased to more than 50%. Even higher germination, up to 90%, was achieved when seeds were removed from their cover-ing structures and sown for germination on 1 % agar, at 26°C with a daily photo period of 12/12 h (RBG Kew, Wakehurst Place). Selected readingsArbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs and lianas of West Af-rican dry zones. CIRAD, Montpellier; Museum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris.Seed Information Database (SID). 2006. http://www.rb-gkew.org.uk/data/sid (release 7.0, October 2006) Hutchinson, J. & Dalziel, J.M. 1954. Flora of West Tropi-cal Africa, Volume 1 part 1. Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations, London.Nansen, C., Tchabi, A. and Meikle, W.G. 2001. Succes-sional sequence of forest types in a disturbed dry forest reserve in southern Benin, West Africa. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17: 525–539.Some, L.M., Gamene, C.S. & Verwey, H. 1989. A Study of the Causes of Poor Germination of Anogeissus leiocar-pus Seeds. In: Tropical Tree Seed Research: Proceedings of an international workshop at the Forestry Training Cen-tre, Gympie, Qld, Australia (Turnbull JW, Ed).THIS NOTE WAS PREPARED IN COLLABORATION WITH IER-CRRA BP 16 SIKASSO, MALI AND THE CENTRE NATIONAL DE SEMENCES FORESTIÈRES BURKINA FASOAuthor: Moctar Sacande and Sidi SanogoMillennium Seed Bank project  Phone: +44-1444 894100Wakehurst Place, Ardingly Fax: +44-1444 894110West Sussex  Email: msbsci@kew.orgRH17 6TN, UK Website: www.kew.org/msbp

<em>Anogeissus leiocarpus</em> (DC.) Guill. &amp; Perr.

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<em>Anogeissus leiocarpus</em> (DC.) Guill. & Perr.

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<em>Anogeissus leiocarpus</em> (DC.) Guill. &amp; Perr.

Abstract

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<em>Anogeissus leiocarpus</em> (DC.) Guill. & Perr.